Four

REMEMBERING AND LEARNING

Memory as Environment for Thought

p 102

...in the past decade research [...] has been turning more and more to semantically rich domains -domains that have substantial, meaningful content, where skillful performance calls upon large amounts of specialized knowledge retrieved from memory.

p 103

More memory does not necessarily mean more complexity.

SEMANTICALLY RICH DOMAINS

p 103

There is a certain arbitrariness in drawing the boundary between inner and outer environments of artificial systems.

Long-Term Memory

Intuition

How Much Information?

p 108

Even the most talented people require approximately a decade to reach top professional proficiency [mention of Bobby Fisher, Mozart]

Memory for Processes

UNDERSTANDING AND REPRESENTATION

p 111

Before a General Problem Solver can go to work [...], it has to extract from the written statement a description of the problem in terms of constructs that a GPS can deal with [...].

A Program that Understands

p 112

[UNDERSTAND program...] the parsed sentences are examined to discover what objects and sets of objects are being referred to, what properties of objects are mentioned and what are the relations among them, which of the predicates and relations describe *states* and which describe *moves*, and what the goal state is.

Understanding Physics

p 114

ISAAC [a program by Gordon Novak...] has stored in memory information about levers, masses, inclined planes, and the like in the form of simple schemas [...]

A ladder schema, for example, looks something like this:

Ladder Type: ladder Locations: (of foot, top, other points mentioned) Supports: Length: Weight: Attachments: (to other objects)

Size and Simplicity

p 117

We may say that the system becomes more complex because it grows in size, or we may say that it remains simple since its fundamental structure does not change.

LEARNING

Learning with Understanding

Production Systems

p 120

In the past few years a new form of program structure has become popular: the production system. [...] A production system is a set of arbitrarily many productions. Each production is a process that consists of two parts -a set of tests or conditions and a set of actions.

[...] Condition -> Action

Learning from Examples

DISCOVERY PROCESSES

Problem Solving without a Goal

Rediscovering Classic Physics

p 126