Hydraulics

This  pallet truck provides the user with a inexpensive reliable way to transport pallets and other heavy products with ease. is features polyurethane Wheels to support loads up to 5500 lb while still rolling smoothly.The base is made of welded Steel and sits upon four wheels to directly under the pump and one on each fork. This device is sold at warehouse suppliers and online. It is designed to pick up pallets so they can be transported choose their needed destination. the handle has a lever that can make slight adjustments 2 high up or low to the ground the base is. This product also has reinforced forks for insured years of use with little to no maintenance. This pallet truck uses one piston to carry and the list many different types of loads. 

This product was sold in the 1970’s and 80’s, and is a home and garden tractor equipped with a 19.9 HP engine for powering the hydraulic functions, including the hydro-static transmission. From the brakes to the drive base, everything except for the Kohler engine is powered by one form of hydraulics or another. With many add-ons ranging from plows to snow blowers, mowing decks to a backhoe, the John Deere 400 series tractor can do everything needed in the backyard garden. The hydrostatic transmission provides plenty of power to the back wheels, while the power steering makes easy work of turning, and the hydraulically actuated mowing deck provides easy adjustment of cutting height. The plow rotates and lifts up with the pull of a lever, and the backhoe does the same. The tractor is equipped with a power take off (PTO) system, which enables the tractor to launch without strain on the engine, while still powering all of the actuators. The tractor also comes equipped with independent braking, which allows the tractor to turn in a tighter radius. The drive-train consists of a Sunderland shaft driven hydrostatic transmission complete with a 5.5 quart capacity, and an extra quart with the filter. The pump is inside of the transmission, driven by an external source, and driving the oil to power a hydrostatic motor with infinite variability in speed. 

Salon chairs or barber chairs can be found for sale on many salon equipment websites online and very few select cosmetic stores. These chairs are designed to lift people up so that barbers and hairdressers can more easily cut people’s hair while their client is in a comfortable sitting position. Without this special kind of chair, barbers and haircutters would have to be squatting or kneeling on the ground awkwardly to cut hair. To lift people up, these chairs have a hydraulic pump close to the base that has an attached lever for the barber/hairdresser to step on. The large circular base allows these chairs to be pretty sturdy in order to avoid falling over despite not having four legs like a normal chair but on a plush carpet or surface that isn't flat, this base might not be very effective in its job. Many barber/salon chairs have a rubber ring around the circular base to make certain it does not move either which would work best on a smooth tile floor. Depending on the model and manufacturer of the salon chair, the average salon chair can hold around 300 pounds, but that doesn’t mean a chair that can only hold 300 pounds would break if someone weighing 310 pounds sat on it but the risk of causing the hydraulic pump to dysfunction is very possible. In order to accommodate people who might be considered obese, hair cutting companies try to purchase chairs with as high a weight limit as possible, but these models are often more expensive and at times unaffordable. For example, purchasing a “heavy duty barber chair” from Keller is $700 - $3,500 in comparison to a $200 chair from Buy-Rite.

These wheels are made out of polyurethane so they will roll smoothly on most surfaces. as they are made for a warehouse there's no need to have any traction. The objective is to roll as smoothly as possible so that it is easier on the operator.

Handle

The handle comes as two pieces,The handle itself and then  the lever.The only assembly on the handle that is required is that putting the lever assembly together so that you can adjust height on the Fly. the handle is in a ergonomic shape so that it can be gripped from many different angles to to create good leverage in different positions. The arm of the handle is made out of steel and the handle itself is made out of plastic for more Comfort while using the  pallet truck. 

Pump Cylinders

These two pictures are showing the smaller cylinder that pumps the fluid into the larger cylinder.  the springs wrapped around the pistons that provide an upward force on the lever arm, making it very easy to lift the lever arm.  The cylinder pumps the fluid when a downward motion of the lover arm takes place. 

Main Cylinder

These pictures show the piston coming out of the large cylinder. After the pump cylinder forces oil into the larger cylinder The pressure forces the piston and lift the base. because of the short length of the pump cylinder and the long length of the hand alarm this provides a good mechanical advantage to lift objects.

Main Lifting Arm and lifting assembly

The main lifting arm is the yellow base because it is one solid piece it is very strong.the base lifts as the fork wheels rotate around the fork axles and lift the front end. This happens because there is an axle on each fork that pulls the wheels back and down when the base is lifted 

Hydraulic Controls

The Piston is controlled by the lever on the handle when horizontal the arm is in neutral and the piston will not me affected by the arm moving.The height can be adjusted by having is the lever in the up position,  this slowly lowers the platform and is the operator the ability to make slight Corrections in height. When the weather is in the down position the movement of the arm downward will raise the platform. 

At the very front of the tractor above the front wheels is the engine compartment. This houses the 19.9 horsepower Kohler engine that powers the hydraulics, as well as the mower deck. With a fold up hood, the engine is easily accessible for maintenance, although it’s two cylinder engine rarely needs it other than regular maintenance like oil changes and air filter cleaning. 

Wheels

In both the front and back of the tractor are pneumatic wheels for power delivery and control of the tractor. Because of the high pressurized air inside of the tire, each wheel can carry a very large load, and the tires are rubber to provide adequate traction in most situations. The rear wheels are driven by a hydrostatic transmission, and the front wheels have power steering thanks to the hydraulics. The front tire is an 18” tire, with a 26” tire in the rear. 

Transmission

The transmission in a vehicle is what delivers the power from the engine to the axles and subsequently, the ground. In the tractor, it is a sundstrand shaft driven hydrostatic transmission, which is a hydraulic transmission. The engine turns a shaft similar to that of a driveshaft on a car, which then turns the hydraulic pump inside of the transmission. The transmission houses the pump, oil reservoir, and the oil filter for the hydraulic system, as well as a hydraulic motor to turn the driven axle. 

Pump

The pump is an integral part of the transmission on the tractor. Without the pump, none of the hydraulics would work, and the tractor would just be an engine. The engine's drive shaft is connected to the pump, which in turn makes the hydraulic fluid inside of the transmission flow. 

Motor

Another very important part of the transmission is the hydraulic motor. This is what turns the driven axle, and makes the tractor move. It takes the flowing hydraulic oil and converts it to rotational motion, which is then transferred to the driven axle. The speed is controlled based on the angle of a swash plate, which is a plate that rotates along an axis to determine the pumping rate of the oil. When the swash plate is angled positively, the motor rotates forward,and if it is angled negatively, the motor rotates backwards, switching the direction of the driven axle. Because the hydrostatic transmission is not dependent upon any gears to transmit torque in varying amounts of mechanical advantage, the transmission is much smaller than ones found on a car, while still being very efficient. 

Reservoir

The reservoir is located inside of the transmission casing, and is used to store excess oil while not in use. The reservoir is an unpressurized part of the system, and holds mostly oil, and some gas. Without the reservoir, the hydraulic lines would fill with air, and the whole system would feel squishy, similar to how it feels when air is in the brake line of a car. This is because the hydraulic fluid is non-compressible, while the gas is. 

Filter

The filter cleans the oil before it goes back into the pump so as not to damage any of the components. Because none of the seals are perfect on a hydraulic system, some dirt inevitably gets in, and mixes with the oil. The filter removes this dirt before it can get into the pump and damage it. 

System Operation

Check that the engine oil levels are full, as well as the hydraulic fluid and gas levels. 

• 1. Ensure that the tractor is in neutral. To do this, put the red lever to the right of the steering column into the neutral position. 

  2. Push in the tractors kill switch. It is the silver knob directly underneath the steering column.

  3. Pull out the choke. It is the black plastic knob to the left of the steering column. This makes the fuel mixture richer to allow the engine to start easier. 

  4. Turn the key to the start position, it is the farthest rotated position,. 

  5. Hold the key in the start position until the engine is running.

  6. Release the key. It will automatically go to the run position. 

  7. Simultaneously push in the choke slowly, ensuring not to make the fuel mixture too lean too fast. 

  8. Adjust the throttle of the engine to a proper speed. The throttle lever is the small red one to the left of the steering column. 

  9. Undo the parking brake by pushing down the two pedals by your right foot, and moving the black knob below the steering column up and to the right.\

  10. Slowly move the speed lever (this is the one that you put in neutral in the first step) forwards until the tractor starts moving. 

  11. To operate the hydraulics for the mowing deck and plow, use the three black control levers mounted to the left of the steering column. The leftmost lever controls the left and right rotation of the plow. The middle lever controls the height of the plow, and the rightmost lever controls the height of the mower deck. 

  12. To start the mowing blades, use the green and yellow lever mounted to the right of the steering column. Push down to start the blades, pull up to stop them. 

  13. Once done, park the tractor. 

  14. Put on the parking brake by pushing in the brake pedals (By your right foot) and moving the black knob underneath the steering column down and to the left. 

  15. Pull the kill switch (the silver knob underneath the steering column) out. 

  16. Turn the key to the off position.

Schematics

Transmission Exploded View

Usually barber/salon chairs have cushions on them to make them more comfortable for the client. These don’t move and are attached the frame of the chair that’s on the inside. These cushions are typically just filling sponge while the handrests are usually polyurethane material, metal material, or wood material and don’t usually have cushions on them. To cover the sponge material, most barber chairs are enclosed by leather because it can be sewn and manipulated like fabric, but it’s hard to clean hair off of like regular fabrics would be. 

Chair Frame

In order for the chair to support all it’s moving parts, not to mention the client that will later sit in it, there has to be some kind of sturdy frame. Underneath the cushions, there is a frame, usually made of metal, that includes the seat of the chair, the back of the chair, the handrests, and the foot rest. The headrest is often attached to this frame as well, in such a way that it is able to move and the gas shocks and hinges that you can’t normally see are also connected to this frame in some way. There has to be a hinge connecting the back of the chair to the seat of the chair since it has to be able to change angle as the chair is reclined or set in an upright position. Some chairs, depending on the model, might also have a hinge between the seat of the chair and the foot rest because some salon/barber chair will have the footrest kick out like a recliner, when the back of the chair is reclined. While the frame does move a lot, it is still the structure that holds the product together. 

Headrest

While not all barber chairs have this feature, an adjustable headrest is necessary for barber/salon chairs to have because clients are made in all shapes and sizes, especially if you intend to work on their face. Similar to the concept of headrests in cars. There is a lever on the back side of the headrest that, when squeezed, releases the latch/lock holding the headrest in place. The lock used is called an infinite lock or a positive lock. This will allow the headrest to move vertically or be taken out altogether. When you release the lever, the latch will find a gap for it to lock against once more to hold the headrest in place. 

All barber/salon chairs have a base, because this is what allows for it to be a chair, otherwise you might as well just sit on the floor. The base is usually round, and sometimes square or other shapes and it has to be large enough for the chair to avoid tipping. They are usually chrome-plated or made of stainless steel which can be quite pricey. The base is connected to the hydraulic pump which is connected to the chair frame on the bottom side of the seat of the chair which makes it into a functioning chair. 

Hydraulic Pump

This pump, located near the base of the chair, is used to move the barber/salon chair, up or down, similar to the motion of an office chair. A foot pedal controls the pressurization that allows the chair to move up and down. This foot pedal creates mechanical action which makes a vacuum at the pump inlet which forces the liquid into the pump. This liquid is then transferred to the pump outlet and forced into the mechanical system. This happens because inside the cylinder that you can see, there is actually another cylinder inside, and the pressure created by the foot pedal pulls the hydraulic fluid from the reservoir and transfers it into the cylinder. As that cylinder builds pressure as more hydraulic fluid is poured into it, the chair rises, and when that fluid is released the chair lowers. This pump also acts as the connector between the base and the frame of the chair which is which it can raise and lower the chair frame because it builds the pressure underneath and it stays in the position you set it in because the pedal locks to hold the pressure in. 

Bearing

An important function of the barber/salon chair is its ability to turn or swivel so that you can position the chair to cut hair while still having access to the necessary products needed to cut said hair. The technology that allows it to do this is a bearing. The bearing consists of either steel balls or rollers between two plates and the movement between these two plates allow the chair to spin or swivel. Another equally important part to this movement is the ability to lock it in place so that the client isn’t spinning in circles while you are trying to cut hair. On many chairs to lock the swivel ability, you pull all the way back in a lever or push the foot pedal all the way up. This moves pieces into position that stops the steel balls or rollers of the bearing from moving anymore therefore locking it in place. 

System Operation

• 1. Seat the client in the chair so that they are comfortably sitting.

  2. If the client’s upper body is not tall enough to be taller than the back of the chair add a cushion underneath them to elevate their body.

  3. Unlock the chair by moving the foot lever down and turn the chair so that your right hip is to the counter  and the tools and products needed are easily accessible without wrapping up the client in wires.

  4. Lower or raise the client by pressing on the foot pedal located near the base of the chair so that you can maintain straight up posture, comfortable shoulders, and reasonable hand positioning especially when working at lower heights like the neckline.

  5. After moving the chair into position, push the lever  back up once again to lock it.

  6. When not in use, make sure the chair is in a forward locked position.

  7. Make sure to clean off all hair off the chair after the client.

  8. If you are washing the client’s hair before cutting, repeat step 3 but rather than turning the chair so that your hip is to the counter, rotate the chair so that the client’s and the chair’s back is facing the sink you are using to wash the hair. 

  9. To recline the chair use the lever on the side to unlock the back and the weight of the client should lower them backwards towards the sink and then to put it back up, have the client sit up and the chair should go with them. Remember to lock the chair in its upright position. 

  10. If you are shaving someone’s face, use the lever on the back of the headrest to adjust it to their head. 

  11. If you want to recline the chair while shaving, follow step 9 to recline the chair back but be sure that there is enough place for you to work and avoid hitting anything with the back of the client’s head. 

  12. If any of these functions do not work, see the user’s manual to troubleshoot the problem.

Schematics