Engineering
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET):
"Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind."
Top Ranked Engineering Colleges in the United States
Professional Engineering Societies
History of Engineering
Engineering is the application of mathematics, empirical evidence and
scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build, maintain, research, and improve.
Technology Evolves over Time
Technology Plays a Major Role in the Outcome of Historic Events
Technology is Increasing at an Exponential Rate
The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques and is similar to other sides of the history of humanity.
Technology can refer to methods ranging from as simple as language and stone tools to the complex genetic engineering and information technology that has emerged since the 1980s.
New knowledge has enabled people to create new things, and conversely, many scientific endeavors are made possible by technologies
which assist humans in travelling to places they could not previously reach, and by scientific instruments by which we study nature in more detail than our natural senses allow.
Since much of technology is applied science, technical history is connected to the history of science. Since technology uses resources, technical history is tightly connected to economic history.
From those resources, technology produces other resources, including technological artifacts used in everyday life.
Technological change affects, and is affected by, a society's cultural traditions. It is a force for economic growth and a means to develop and project economic, political and military power.
When was the term Engineering is first used?
Antikythera - First mechanical computer
2630bc - column first used in architecture
The earliest engineer ever known was a civil engineer named Imhotep. He was probably the designer and supervisor for the Pyramid of Djoser. 2630-2611 BC (ancient era)
2021bc - Great Wall of China Built
Engineering comes from the word Engineer, which dates itself back to 1325; however, evidence shows that the word comes from an earlier origin. Coming from the Latin language.
The term Engineer was derived from the word engine’er (one who literally operates an engine) originally referred to as “a builder of military engines”.
Leonardo Da Vinci was officially called the Ingegnere Generale. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm
When did Engineering begins to be taught at universities?
The first PhD in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States went to Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_engineering)
When did engineers begin to be licensed and regulated by governments?
In order to protect the public health, safety, and welfare, the first engineering licensure law was enacted in 1907 in Wyoming.
Now every state regulates the practice of engineering to ensure public safety by granting only Professional Engineers (PEs) the authority to sign and seal engineering plans, and offer their services to the public.
1922 The American Association of Engineers (which later became the National Society of Professional Engineers) put forth a platform for engineering
that included the "passage of an engineers registration law in every state and the enforcement of existing registration laws.
1934 The National Society of Professional Engineers is formed, with the membership requirement of being a professional, licensed engineer.
At the time, only 28 states had engineering registration laws enacted.
1940 Between 1935 and 1940, 17 additional states adopted engineering registration laws, partly through the efforts of NSPE members
1947 Montana is the last state to enact engineering licensure laws.
https://www.nspe.org/resources/press-room/resources/100-years-engineering-licensure
Technological Ages are often Named of the Best Resource Available
Stone Age
The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years and ended around 8700 BC. Stone was widely used to make tools.
The earliest stone tool making was used at least 2.6 million years ago
Hammerstones were used for battering
Sharp stones used for cutting
Stone flake tools
Around 2000-4000 years ago, at the beginning of this time handaxes were made well
Smaller tools were being made later on.
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age began in Britain about 2000 BC in Britain. The Bronze age lasted for about 1,500 years.
The trading of bronze was in full swing when people discovered a spike in inventory on the island of Crete.
Mycenaeans were quick to engineer bronze weapons. Later on, the Bronze Age began to slowly fade away as the Europeans moved to making iron a priority over bronze.
The Bronze Age also began a rapid growth in weaponry such as spearheads, daggers, axes and many other bronze tools.
Early Bronze Age (3500-2000 BC)
Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC)
Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC)
The chinese made the first abacus.
Iron Age
The Iron age began in the 8th century BC in central Europe and the 6th century in Northern Europe.
The Near Eastern Iron Age is divided into two subsections,Iron 1 and Iron 2. Iron 1 (1200-1000 BC)Illustrates both continuity and discontinuity with the previous Late Bronze Age.
The First use of heated metal to “iron” clothes is to known to have occurred in China. The electric iron was invented in 1882,
Also at this time armies produced the prototype of every weapon that was developed for the next three thousand years.
Around 1500 B.C. Iron was probably discovered in Africa by accident when some ore was dropped into a fire and cooled into wrought iron, didn’t come to Europe for another 500 years
The period from 1500 B.C. to A.D. 100 was a time during which there occurred a genuine revolution in most aspects of people's existence and organization.
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One of the most important stimuli for this military revolution was the discovery and use of iron. Iron was first employed as a technology of war about 1300 B.C. by the Hittites.
Within a hundred years the secret of ironmaking and cold forging had spread at least to Palestine and Egypt and, perhaps, to Mesopotamia as well.
Iron weapons were heated and hammered into shape rather than cast, making them stronger, less brittle, and more reliable that bronze weapons.
Within a few hundred years the secret of tempering was discovered, and iron became the basic weapons material for all ancient armies of the period.
The importance of iron in the development of ancient warfare lay not in its strength or ability to hold a sharp edge.
Iron's importance rested in the fact that unlike bronze, which required the use of relatively rare tin to manufacture, iron was commonly and widely available almost everywhere.
It was also somewhat easier to extract from its carrier ore, and the plentiful supply of this new strategic material made it possible for states to produce enormous quantities of reliable weapons cheaply. https://www.google.com/search?q=Iron+age&safe=strict&espv=2&biw=1680&bih=925&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0tqzu_bnOAhUBxGMKHbZgAdQQ_AUIBygC#safe=strict&tbm=isch&q=Iron+age+engineering&imgrc=0zdGKpFQBOwBoM%3A
This fact made the weapons explosion possible. No longer was it only the major powers that could afford enough weapons to equip a large military force. Now almost any state could do it. The result was a dramatic increase in the frequency of war.
Middle Age Or Medieval Period (5th to 15th Century)
The middle ages (5th – 15th Centuries AD), often termed The Dark Ages, were actually a time of great discovery and invention.
The Middle ages also saw major advances in technologies that already existed, and the adoption of many Eastern technologies in the West. (http://listverse.com/2007/09/22/top-10-inventions-of-the-middle-ages/)
Some examples of Medieval engineering achievements are The Heavy Plough 5th Century AD, Tidal Mills 7th Century AD,
The Hourglass 9th Century AD, Blast Furnace 12th Century AD, Liquor 12th Century AD, Eyeglasses 13th Century,
The Mechanical Clock 13th Century AD, Spinning Wheel 13th Century AD, and The Printing Press of Gutenberg 15th Century AD. (http://listverse.com/2007/09/22/top-10-inventions-of-the-middle-ages/)
Renaissance
The Renaissance started in the 1450s in Europe following the Middle Ages, brought back the styles of the Greeks and Romans
The first steam engine was built in 1689, by Thomas Savery.
4 Of the greatest Renaissance Engineers during the Italian Renaissance:
Filippo Brunelleschi, Mariano di Lacopo, Francesco di Giorgio, and Leonardo da Vinci (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/400136/the-art-of-renaissance-engineering/)
The two major engineering innovations during the renaissance age was the steam engine and electrical engineering.
Da Vinci was a very well known renaissance artist, but he spent more time working on his inventions than his paintings.
He created things such as a flying machine, water systems, weapons of war, and many other items. One of his most famous inventions is his Flying machine.
Industrial Age
Began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other countries. The Industrial age is characterized by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven tools such as the power loom and steam engine.
In the industrial age mass production, modern medicine and running water was becoming more common.
The industrial age helped raise the standard of living for middle and upper classes.
Communication became easier due to the invention of the telegraph.
During this time, gas lighting became prevalent and allowed factories to stay open longer, thus increasing rates of production.
Development of transportation also increased during this time period. The first railways were constructed as well as some canals.
Cement was invented and used to construct London’s sewer system.
Information Age
The information age began when digital technology was introduced, every time a new tech is introduced, the engineering in this age gets a boost.
The Internet was created by digital engineers, designed to connect computers across the world and share information with other engineers and people.
Military needs in the information age drove the need for new technology designed by these engineers to share info across the warzone.
The digital technology continues to expand with every new innovation to cell phones, computers, and anything with the internet. Also known as the digital age.
Famous Engineers
Imhotep - Egyptian civil engineer - 1st named engineering
-287 Archimedes Greek mechanical engineer
Vitruvius Roman military engineer
1452 Leonardo da Vinci - Italian engineer
Al-Jazari - Turkish engineer
Charles Pasley English military engineer
John Smeaton 1st proclaimed civil engineer
William Gilbert, 1st electrical engineer
Alessandro Volta electrical engineer
Michael Faraday electrical engineer
Georg Ohm electrical engineer
1831 James Maxwell Scottish electrical engineer
Heinrich Hertz electrical engineer
Guglielmo Marconi Italian electrical engineer
Thomas Savery English mechanical engineer
1754 William Murdoch Scottish mechanical engineer
1770 Sarah Guppy English civil engineer
1781 George Stephenson English civil engineer
1791 Charles Babbage English mechanical engineer
1736 James Watt Scottish mechanical engineer
John Roebling American civil engineer
1806 Isambard Brunel English civil & mechanical engineer
1832 Nicolaus Otto German automotive engineer
1858 Rudolf Diesel German mechanical engineer
Sir George Cayley English aerospace engineer
Wright brothers American aeronautical engineers
Samuel Morse
1875 Ferdinand Porsche Bohemian automotive engineer
1830 Benjamin Bradley American engineer & inventor
1931 Anatoly Dyatlov Soviet electrical engineer
1834 Gottlieb Daimler German automotive engineer
1846 George Westinghouse American electrical engineer
1847 Thomas Edison American inventor
1847 Alexander Gram Bell Scottish electrical engineer
1863 Henry Ford American automotive engineer
1873 Lee de Forest American electrical engineer
1905 Tommy Flowers English electronic engineer
1907 Frank Whittle English aerospace engineer
1908 John Bardeen American electrical engineer
1912 Wernher von Braun German aerospace engineer
1914 Hedy Lamarr Austrian American inventor & actress
1916 Claude Shannon American electrical engineer
1923 Jack Kilby American electrical engineer
1925 John DeLorean American automotive engineer
1927 Vladimir Komarov Soviet aerospace engineer & cosmonaut
1929 Amar Bose American electrical & sound engineer
1930 Neil Armstrong American astronaut and aerospace engineer
1950 Steve Wozniak American electronics engineer
1943 Burt Rutan American aerospace engineer
1962 Kalpana Chawla Indian aerospace engineer & astronaut
1963 Julie Payette Canadian engineer & astronaut
1969 Linus Torvalds Finnish software engineer
1970 Grant Imahara American electrical engineer & roboticist