IS. Should and ought to (Modal verbs p.9)

Дата публикации: Apr 09, 2016 8:12:46 AM

SHOULD vs. OUGHT TO

These two modal verbs are treated together as there is hardly any difference between them. They are often interchangeable.

Note: ‘should’ was originally the Past form of ‘shall’ but in course of its development it has acquired new shades of meaning.

Care should be taken to the construction of phrases with them. Whereas ‘should’ is followed by the Infinitive w/o particle ‘to’, ‘ought’ requires this particle.

In wartime, a man should not part with the rifle.

It is a murder. You ought to stop it!

When reference is made to the Present or to the Future, the Simple Infinitive is used. In case reference is made to the Past and is followed by the Perfect Infinitive it means that obligation was not carried out.

This information should be shared immediately.

You should have been here last weekend.

She ought to have known that this subject was too dangerous to be discussed with them.

Sometimes these modals can be followed by Continuous or Perfect Continuous Infinitive.

You should be learning your lessons, dear, and not talking to me.

He should have been trying to break through the isolation.

Functions

The verbs in question express obligation, advisability and something that is naturally expected.

1. Obligation, very often a moral obligation or duty.

Promises of that sort should never be broken.

2. Advisability in the meaning of some personal interest.

You should be more careful.

3. Something that is naturally expected.

If it is a story by Woodhouse, it should be interesting.

see should vs. ought to (Modal verbs p.10)

Advise your friend to do the following or express your disapproval:

1. Keep regular hours.

You should keep regular hours if you want to be energetic everyday.

2. Get more sleep.

You should get more sleep if you want to be active and creative.

3. Have more exercises.

You should have more exercises if you want to be healthy and live long.

4. Have a balanced diet.

You should have a balanced diet if you want to get thinner.

You should have had a balanced diet to get thinner.

You should have had a balanced diet than you wouldn't put on weight.

5. Don’t worry over trifles.

You shouldn't worry over trifles.

You shouldn't have worried over trifles.

6. Avoid hurting other people’s feelings.

You should avoid hurting people's feelings.

You should have avoided hurting people's feelings.

7. Why didn’t you check the brakes before setting off?

You should have checked the brakes before setting off.

see break vs. brake (паронимы, омофоны)

8. Why did you take along so much luggage?

You shouldn't have taken along so much luggage

9. Why didn’t you book hotel accommodation beforehand?

You should have booked a hotel accommodation beforehand

10. Why didn’t you stay with Watsons when you were in Glasgow?

You should have stayed with Watsons when you were in Glasgow

React to these statements:

1. I didn’t ask him for permission and he got angry.

You should have asked him for permission then he wouldn't have got angry.

2. Why did he wait for us? The question could have been settled without him.

He shouldn't have waited for us because the question could have been settled without him.

3. I set up late and didn’t have time to sleep.

You shouldn't have set up late then you would have had enough time to sleep

4. He signed the paper without reading and this caused a lot of problems.

He shouldn't have signed the paper without reading then he would have avoided a lot of problems

5. Harry produced references but they would have taken him without any references.

He could have produced no references as they would have taken him without any references.

He should have produced no references as they would have taken him without any references.

6. They spoke loudly and woke up the children.

They should have spoken softly then they wouldn't have woken up the children

7. George wrote a twenty - page essay, but a ten – page paper would have been sufficient.

He shouldn't have written a twenty-page essay as a ten–page paper would have been sufficient

8. Tom wrote a detailed account. But a brief outline would have been just as good.

He shouldn't have written a detailed account as a brief outline would have been just as good.

9. Michael interfered and spoiled everything.

He shouldn't have interfered and spoiled everything

10. Frank told Mary about it and upset her.

He shouldn't have upset her by telling her about it.

Wordlist

to keep regular hours - ложиться спать и вставать каждый день в одно и то же время

to worry over trifles - беспокоиться по пустякам

set off фраз. гл.

1) отправляться (в путь)

2) намереваться (сделать что-л.)

3) уравновешивать; компенсировать; засчитывать (денежную сумму)

4) выделять, оттенять, выгодно подчёркивать

5) отделять; выделять, отмечать

6) взрывать

7) побуждать (к чему-л.); вызывать (что-л.)

8) разг. завести (кого-л.)

Exercise 15. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian (should or ought).

1. If I do lose my temper, 'this not with you, or Cornelia either, but with him that should be helping me and never does. (Dreiser)

Если я все-таки выхожу из себя, то не из-за тебя или Корнелии, а из-за него, это должно мне помогать, но никогда не помогает.

Something that is naturally expected.

2. Dad's away at some parsonic conference. He should have taken me with him, but he didn’t. (Galsworthy)

Папа уехал на какую-то пасторскую конференцию. Он должен был взять меня с собой, но не сделал этого.

Obligation

He was to have taken me with him, but he didn’t.

Arrangement

3. The courage of a Military Tribune should not be squandered in banquet-halls. (Douglas)

Отвага военного трибуна не должна в пустую растрачиваться в банкетных залах

Something that is naturally expected.

4. "I was for letting you sleep on," she said, "but they should go up and wake you. I said you didn't really want to come," (Maugham)

Я не хотела вас будить, сказала она, но они должны были подняться и разбудить вас. Я сказала, что вы не очень-то и хотите идти.

Obligation

orig

- I was for letting you sleep on," she said, "but they would go up and wake you.I said you didn't really want to come."

- "Oh, yes, I did."

– Я их уговаривала, чтобы они дали вам еще поспать, – сказала она. – Но им во что бы то ни стало нужно было вас разбудить. А я ведь сказала им, что вам совсем и не хочется с нами идти.

– Нет, очень хочется.

ex.:

Martin was for throwing the Baron into the sea; Cacambo decided that it would be better to deliver him up again to the captain of the galley, after which they thought to send him back to the General Father of the Order at Rome by the first ship.

Мартен склонялся к тому, чтобы бросить барона в море; Какамбо считал, что нужно возвратить его левантинскому шкиперу на галеры, а потом, с первым же кораблем, отправить в Рим к отцу генералу.

He was for ever drawing the same landscape: in the foreground large disheveled trees, a stretch of meadow in the background, and jagged mountains on the horizon.

Он постоянно рисовал один и тот же пейзаж: на первом плане большие растрепанные деревья, в отдаленье поляну и зубчатые горы на небосклоне.

5. He ought to have phoned Simkin earlier, knowing his habits, (Bellow)

Ему надлежало позвонить Симкину раньше, зная его привычки, (но он этого не сделал)

Obligation

6. After a hasty breakfast they consulted. To whom should they go? "Not to the police," said Dinny. "No, indeed." "I think we should go to Uncle Adrian first." (Galsworthy)

После стремительного завтрака они посовещались. К кому им лучше пойти? Не в полицию, сказал Динни, только не туда. Я думаю нам следует сперва навестить дядю Адриана.

Advisability

7. The lady I liked should have married me — that is the main point, but that was fifteen years ago and now means nothing. (Forster)

Девушка, которую я любил, должна была выйти за меня замуж, но не вышла, это главное, но это было 15 лет назад и теперь не имеет значения.

Obligation

Something that is naturally expected.

8. The editor, he sometimes thought, should descend from his high seat of pride to write me one cheering line. (London)

Редактор, думал он иногда, мог бы снизойти и черкнуть мне строчку одобрения.

Advisability in the meaning of some personal interest.

"Если бы кто-нибудь из этих важных издателей,- думал иногда Мартин, - снизошел и написал мае хоть одну ободряющую строчку! Может быть, мое творчество слишком необычно, может быть оно им не подходит по различным соображениям, но неужели нет в моих произведениях ничего, что могло бы хоть вызвать желание ответить"

9....I did something — a certain thing — something I shouldn't have done— but couldn't help it. (Catdwelt)

Я сделал кое-что, кое-что, что я определенно не должен был желать, но не смог устоять (и сделал)

Something that is naturally expected.

Obligation

see can't help + Gerund/(but) Infinitive (Speech patterns)

10. It isn't the sort of thing one should talk of in private. (Wilde)

Это не то, о чем должно говорить наедине.

Something that is naturally expected.

11. He seemed to me quite normal, except that he should not go out or see anybody. (Galsworthy)

Он показался мне вполне обычным человеком, за исключением того, что он не должен выходить и видеться с кем бы то ни было.

Advisability in the meaning of some personal interest.

Obligation

12. "If Clare is to see Kit and Kat before we start," said Dinny, "we ought to go up, Fleur." (Galsworthy)

Если Клэр собирается/хочет увидеться с Кит и Кэт перед отъездом, сказал Динни, нам надлежит ехать, Флер

Advisability in the meaning of some personal interest.

parson noun BrE /ˈpɑːsn/ ; NAmE /ˈpɑːrsn/

1. (old-fashioned) an Anglican vicar or parish priest

2. (informal) a Protestant clergyman

parsonic пасторский

squander verb BrE /ˈskwɒndə(r)/ ; NAmE /ˈskwɑːndər/

squander something (on somebody/something) to waste money, time, etc. in a stupid or careless way

He squandered all his money on gambling.

She squandered her chances of winning.

He just squandered his talent.

The company squandered millions on two dead-end projects.

The team squandered several good scoring chances.

adduce verb BrE /əˈdjuːs/ ; NAmE /əˈduːs/

[often passive] adduce something (formal) to provide evidence, reasons, facts, etc. in order to explain something or to show that something is true

synonym cite

Several factors have been adduced to explain the fall in the birth rate.

The defending lawyer was able to adduce evidence of his client’s innocence.

Exercise 12. Translate into English using modal verbs and expressions (should, ought, must. to have to, to be to).

1. Вы должны были давно прочесть эту книгу. Ведь она, должно быть, издана в 2000 году.

You must have read the book many years ago. It must be published in 2000. Obligation

You should have read the book many years ago. It must be published in 2000. Obligation

2. Как это вы умудрились потерять книгу? Вы должны были положить ее в портфель, тогда вы бы ее не потеряли. Теперь вам придется расстаться с какой-нибудь из своих книг.

How have you managed to lose the book?

You should have put it into the suitcase then you wouldn't have lost it.

Now you have to lose one of your books.

Now you will have to part with one of your books.

You must have put it into the suitcase then you wouldn't have lost it. Вы должно быть положили её портфель

3. Собрание должно было состояться вчера, но не состоялось.

The meeting was to have taken place yesterday (but it wasn't).<- Overstatement

4. Мне придется пойти к ней, у нее отключен телефон.

I have to come to her as her telephone is switched off.

5. Вам бы следовало сделать то, что я вам говорила, а я говорила, что вы должны были встретиться и обговорить все пункты контракта, тогда вы не оказались бы в таком глупом положении теперь, и вам не пришлось приводить столь абсурдные доводы в свою защиту.

You ought to have done as I said to you.

You ought to have done as I told you.

Namely, you should have met and discussed all of the agreement's points then you wouldn't have found yourself in such a stupid position and you wouldn't have to adduce so ridiculous arguments to clear yourself.

6. Как мы условились, я должна была зайти к ней и привести ее сюда.

We arranged that I am to come to her and bring her here.

7. Вы должны были мне сказать, что вы были больны.

You should have told me that you were ill.

8.Это случилось как раз в то время, когда она должна была уехать на юг.

This happened exactly at the time she was to go to the south.

9. Я должен был прийти к ней в два часа, но я оставил дома ее адрес, и мне пришлось вернуться; поэтому я опоздал.

I was to have come to her at 2 o'clock but I had left her address home and had to come back. That's why I'm late.

10. Вам следует помочь ей, она ведь очень устала.

You ought to help her as she has been so tired.

she is very tired