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Дата публикации: Nov 25, 2015 9:0:46 AM
1. if/when (+ will) vs if/when (- will)
Задание:Переведите на русский язык:
Tell me if they call.
Tell me if they will call.
Tell me when they call.
Tell me when they will call.
Call me if they tell you.
Call me if they will tell you.
Call me when they tell you.
Call me when they will tell you.
Вопросы:
1. В каких случаях придаточное предложение, является придаточным дополнительным?
2. Какую функцию выполняет наличие/отсутствие will?
Ответы:
Tell me if they call. Сообщите мне (это,) (только) если они позвонят. {Придаточное условия}.
Tell me if they will call. Сообщите мне позвонят ли они. {Придаточное дополнительное}.
Tell me when they call. Сообщите мне (это,) (только) когда они позвонят. {Придаточное времени}.
Tell me when they will call. Скажите, когда они планировали позвонить. {Придаточное дополнительное}.
Call me if they tell you. Позвоните мне (только) если они скажут вам. {Придаточное условия}.
Call me if they will tell you. Позвоните мне (и сообщите) собираются ли они вам рас/сказать. {Придаточное дополнительное}.
Call me when they tell you. Позвоните мне (сразу) как только они скажут вам. {Придаточное времени}.
Call me when they will tell you. Позвоните мне (и сообщите) когда они собираются вам рас/сказать. {Придаточное дополнительное}.
Will маркирует функциональное дополнение (как член предложения), отвечающее на вопрос “что?”
Скажите мне (что?) позвонят ли они.
Без will (пример функциональной лакуны) будет придаточное условия/времени, отвечающее на вопросы когда?/при каком условии?
Скажите мне (когда?/при условии) они позвонят.
Доп. Вопрос: Какую функцию выполняет наличие/отсутствие will с т.з. стяжения?
Там где will - это придаточное дополнительное, а там где нет will - там придаточное условное/времени: в каком типе придаточного связи/стяжения больше: в дополнительном или условном/времени? Или так: что общего между условием и временем, что они маркируются одинаково - отсутствием will?
A: отсутствие will = наличие причинно-следственной связи, в условном больше стяжения
некая точка во времени, когда выполняется условие, служит начальной точкой нового процесса.
В дополнительном типе связи больше последовательности, а не одномоментности, как в условном/времени.
>Tell me about this when they come. = Скажешь мне про это, когда они придут. ← как в этом высказывании представлено стяжение?
<условием представлено, скажешь только в случае когда они придут
>условное придаточное более тесно связано с главной часть сложного предложения, чем дополнительное = ведь придаточное дополнительное даже можно через точку сделать/отделить большой паузой, в условное нет.
2. British Council: Verbs in time clauses and if clauses
Verbs in time clauses and conditionals follow the same patterns as in other clauses except:
a) In clauses with time words like when, after, until we often use the present tense forms to talk about the future:
I’ll come home when I finish work.
You must wait here until your father comes.
They are coming after they have had dinner.
b) In conditional clauses with if or unless we often use the present tense forms to talk about the future:
We won’t be able to go out if it is raining.
If Barcelona win tomorrow they will be champions.
I will come tomorrow unless I have to look after the children.
c) We do not normally use will in clauses with if or with time words:
I’ll come home when I will finish work.
We won’t be able to go out if it will rain rains.
It will be nice to see Peter when he will get home gets home.
You must wait here until your father will come comes.
d) But we can use will if it means a promise or offer:
I will be very happy if you will come to my party.
We should finish the job early if George will help us.
"if" clauses and hypotheses
Some clauses with if are like hypotheses so we use past tense forms to talk about the present and future.
We use the past tense forms to talk about the present in clauses with if:
a) for something that has not happened or is not happening:
He could get a new job if he really tried = He cannot get a job because he has not tried.
If Jack was playing they would probably win = Jack is not playing so they will probably not win.
If I had his address I could write to him = I do not have his address so I cannot write to him.
We use the past tense forms to talk about the future in clauses with if:
a) for something that we believe or know will not happen:
We would go by train if it wasn’t so expensive = We won’t go by train because it is too expensive.
I would look after the children for you at the weekend if Iwas at home = I can’t look after the children because I will not be at home.
b) to make suggestions about what might happen:
If he came tomorrow we could borrow his car.
If we invited John, Mary would bring Angela.
When we are talking about something which did not happen in the past we use the past perfect in the if clause and amodal verb in the main clause:
If you had seen him you could have spoken to him = You did not see him so you could not speak to him
You could have stayed with us if you had come to London = You couldn’t stay with us because you didn’t come to London.
If we hadn’t spent all our money we could take a holiday. = We have spent all our money so we can’t take a holiday
If I had got the job we would be living in Paris = I did not get the job so we are not living in Paris.
If the main clause is about the past we use a modal with have:
If you had seen him you could have spoken to him. = You did not see him so you could not speak to him.
You could have stayed with us if you had come to London. = You couldn’t stay with us because you didn’t come to London.
If you had invited me I might have come. = You didn’t invite me so I didn’t come.
If the main clause is about the present we use a present tense form or a modal without have:
If I had got the job we would be living in Paris now. = I did not get the job so we are not living in Paris now.
If you had done your homework you would know the answer. = You did not do your homework so you do not know the answer.
CAE conditionals
4. Provided (that)
if, or only if, on the condition that:
He's welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself.
We'll be there at about 7.30, provided that there's a suitable train.
Provided that there are enough seats, anyone can come on the trip.
Provided that the boat leaves on time, we should reach France by morning.
I will come, provided that I am invited.
I will help you, provided that you pay me.
5. Conditionals: other expressions (unless, should, as long as)
1) Unless Conditional clauses can begin with unless. Unless means something similar to ‘if … not’ or ‘except if’.
The verb forms in the examples are similar to sentences with if: we use the present simple in the unless-clause and shall, should, will, would, can, could, may or might in the main clause:
Unless I phone you, you can assume the train’s on time. (If I do not phone you /except if I phone you, you can assume the train is on time.)
We’ll have to cancel the show unless we sell more tickets at the last minute. (We’ll have to cancel the show if we do not sell more tickets/except if we sell more tickets at the last minute.)
We don’t use unless for impossible conditions:
If the government had not raised food prices, there would not have been so many protests.
Not: Unless the government had raised food prices …
We don’t use unless and if together:
We’ll go to the coast tomorrow unless it rains.
Not: We’ll go to the coast tomorrow unless if it rains.
2) Should you (Should with inversion)
In formal situations, we can use should + subject (s) + verb (v) instead of if:
Should you wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department on 02317 6658932. (or If you should wish to cancel your order …)
Should your child become anxious or nervous about any activity, it is a good idea to inform the team-leader. (or If your child should become …)
3) Had you (Had with inversion)
In formal situations, we can use had + subject + verb instead of if in third conditional sentences:
Had I known you were waiting outside, I would have invited you to come in. (If I had known you were waiting outside …)
Had Margaret realised she would be travelling alone, she would never have agreed to go.
4) If + were to
In formal situations, we can use if + were to when we talk about things that might happen but which we think are unlikely:
If the Prime Minister were to resign, there would have to be a general election within 30 days.
In even more formal styles, we use were + subject-verb inversion + to-infinitive:
Were we to give up the fight now, it would mean the end of democracy in our country. (If we gave up the fight now …)
Were the economy to slow down too quickly, there would be major problems. (If the economy slowed down too quickly …)
see also Hardly had she sat down when ... (эмфатическая инверсия) (Speech patterns)
As long as, so long as, providing, etc.
Sometimes we need to impose specific conditions or set limits on a situation.
In these cases, conditional clauses can begin with phrases such as as long as, so long as, only if, on condition that, providing (that), provided (that).
As long as is more common in speaking;
[to a group of children] You can play in the living room as long as you don’t make a mess.
So long as and on condition that are more formal and more common in writing:
So long as a tiger stands still, it is invisible in the jungle.
The bank lent the company 100,000 pounds on condition that they repaid the money within six months.
Providing (that) is more common in speaking; provided (that) is more formal and more common in written language:
[talking about rail travel in the UK] You can get a senior citizen’s reduction providing you’ve got a railcard.
They may do whatever they like provided that it is within the law.
Or and otherwise
We often use or and otherwise with conditional meanings:
You’ve got to start studying, or you’ll fail all those exams. (If you don’t start studying, you will fail the exams.)
[talking about sending a package by mail] We’d better send it express, otherwise it’ll take days. (If we do not send it express, it will take days.)
Supposing
Supposing may be used with a conditional meaning. It can be used in first, second or third conditional sentences.
The speaker invites the listener to imagine a situation:
Supposing I don’t arrive till after midnight, will the guest-house still be open? (Imagine if I don’t arrive till after midnight …)
Supposing you lost your passport, you’d have to go to the embassy, wouldn’t you?
Supposing he hadn’t recognised us – he might never have spoken to us.
In case of
We use in case of + noun to mean ‘if and when something happens’:
[notice in a lift] In case of breakdown, please press the alarm button and call this number. (if and when the lift breaks down, …)
6. given that, granted (that), owing to
"On condition that" and "provided that" both mean that a certain restriction is in place.
You may go out tonight on condition that you are back by nine o'clock!
On the other hand, "given that" means that you are judging one thing while taking into consideration something else.
Given that there are over 20 students in the class, and only one teacher, I think they have done a marvelous job!
Given that we had so many places to stop on the way, we made pretty good time on our trip!
Given that X introduces proposition X as a fact which will be a basis of your subsequent discourse. The proposition is ‘given’ before you start your argument.
Given that John is an internationally renowned scholar, I think we may trust his professional judgment.
Granted that X usually concedes proposition X as a fact which your subsequent discourse must overcome.
Granted that John is an internationally renowned scholar, I think that in this case he is mistaken.
Occasionally you will find granted that X used to mean Assuming that you agree that X—in that case, you proceed as with given that X:
We have now surveyed John’professional qualifications. Granted that he is an internationally renowned scholar, I think we are called upon to trust his professional judgment.
given that conjunction BrE /ˈɡɪvn ðət/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɪvn ðət/ ; BrE /ˈɡɪvn ðæt/ ; NAmE /ˈɡɪvn ðæt/ - when you consider something
It was surprising the government was re-elected, given that they had raised taxes so much.
granted conjunction BrE /ˈɡrɑːntɪd/ ; NAmE /ˈɡræntɪd/ - granted (that…) because of the fact that
Granted that it is a simple test to perform, it should be easy to get results quickly.
owing to preposition BrE /ˈəʊɪŋ tu/ ; NAmE /ˈoʊɪŋ tu/ - because of
The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain.
Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies.
(also if it were not for) - если бы не, только благодаря ... мы ...
перенесено в Hardly had she sat down when ... (эмфатическая инверсия) (Speech patterns)
if you should… / if you happen to…
Note that we use should in the if-clause in the first conditional if we want to suggest that something is very unlikely. We can use happen to in a similar way or even combine them:
If you should / happen to change your mind about coming to the beach tomorrow, give me a ring.
I don't expect him to, but if he should happen to show up, whatever you do, don't let him in!
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