IS. Must vs. can/may/might. (Modal verbs p.5)

Дата публикации: Mar 20, 2016 1:22:18 PM

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Can vs. could vs. to be able to (ability, possibility) (Modal verbs p.1)

Must/have to/need (Modal verbs p.2)

Hill 5. Joe. Must/have got to/have to/need to/be to (Modal verbs p.3)

IS. Can, could, may. (Modal verbs p.4)

Must

Forms - The verb has only one form. The expressions “to have to” and “to be obliged to”, which have as good as the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb “must”

And now I must go back to duties.

Due to his type of work he was obliged to forget making friends.

You have to work harder to meet the deadline.

Functions – obligation, necessity, urgent command or prohibition and a supposition bordering on assurance (deduction).

1. Obligation, necessity

• due to circumstances (in this meaning it is followed by Simple Infinitive only in all types of sentences)

  • He must write.

  • He must earn money.

  • This education is indispensable for whatever career you select, and it must not be slipshod or sketchy.

• the absence of necessity is expressed by need not:

  • Must I go there tomorrow? Yes, you must/No, you need not

• arising of the nature of man and thus inevitable:

  • All experience tended to show that man must be born and die.

2. A command, an urgent request, a prohibition (in this meaning it is followed by Simple Infinitive only)

You must leave the place at once.

You must not use mobile phone here.

3. Probability or supposition (followed by all forms of the Infinitive in POSITIVE sentences only.) it corresponds to the Russian «должно быть»

If the action refers to the Present – Simple Infinitive is required. If the action refers to the Past – Perfect Infinitive is used.

They don’t tell me just for myself. They must tell me for something else.

Just imagine how they must be suffering.

What a solace it must have been to our grandparents.

Is she still here? She must have been waiting for an hour.

> In negative sentences supposition is expressed by the word “evidently”

Evidently she didn’t know the address.

> Supposition referring to the Future cannot be expressed by “must” – phrases “to be likely” and “probably” are used instead.

She is not likely (вряд ли) to come so late. She will probably come tomorrow. She probably won’t take children with her.

slipshod adjective BrE /ˈslɪpʃɒd/ ; NAmE /ˈslɪpʃɑːd/ - done without care; doing things without care

synonym careless

The work was done in a slipshod manner.

неаккуратный, небрежный, неряшливый

sketchy adjective BrE /ˈsketʃi/ ; NAmE /ˈsketʃi/ (sketchier, sketchiest)

1. not complete or detailed and therefore not very useful

synonym rough

He gave us a very sketchy account of his visit.

sketchy notes

2. (North American English, informal) that people consider to be dishonest or bad

a sketchy neighborhood

He was a man with a sketchy past and even sketchier morals.

1) а) эскизный, контурный; схематичный (дающий общее представление о чём-л.) б) фрагментарный, отрывочный; обрывочный в) поверхностный

2) разг. непрочный, некрепкий, ломкий; сделанный кое-как

3) подозрительный, сомнительный

solace verb BrE /ˈsɒləs/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːləs/ solace somebody(literary) - to make somebody feel better or happier when they are sad or disappointed

synonym comfort

She smiled, as though solaced by the memory.

solace noun BrE /ˈsɒləs/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːləs/ [uncountable, singular](formal) - a feeling of emotional comfort when you are sad or disappointed; a person or thing that makes you feel better or happier when you are sad or disappointed

synonym comfort

He sought solace in the whisky bottle.

She turned to Rob for solace.

His grandchildren were a solace in his old age.

1. сущ. утешение; смягчение (боли, страдания и т. п.)

2. гл. 1) утешать; успокаивать

2) а) подбадривать; отвлекать, развлекать б) облегчать (боль, страдание)

Exercise 4. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian.

1. I have brought back your man - not without risk or danger; but everyone must do his duty. (Hardy)

Obligation, necessity

Я привел вашего человека обратно, не без риска или опасности, но каждый должен делать свою работу.

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2. "May I escort you home?" he said. (Hichens)

permission

Могу я проводить вас домой? - спросил он.

3. Blanche: I'm sorry. I must have lost my head for a moment. (Tennessee Williams)

Probability or supposition

Простите, я похоже потеряла голову на секунду

4. "There must be something wrong somewhere," he said with a solemn, dejected movement of his head. (Caldwell)

Probability or supposition

Где-то должно быть что-то пошло не так, сказал он грустно, безнадежно мотнув головой.

5. Gracing the centre table was a Bible and a yellow plush album, in which was not a single picture... It must have been the yellow plush that had fascinated them. (Dreiser)

Probability or supposition

Украшая центр стола, лежала библия и альбом в желтой плюшевой обложке, без единой фотографии. Это должно быть именно этот желтый плюш, так восхищал их тогда.

Именно этот желтый плюш должно быть когда-то так восхищал их.

6. "Something must have happened. He behaves quite differently to me, he's cold and he looks at me in such a terrifying way as if he were thinking about killing me... And honestly Martin, I'm frightened." "...Pull yourself together," I said. "You must be imagining all this."

Probability or supposition

Должно быть что-то случилось. Он ведет себя не так как я ожидала, он холоден и так ужасно смотрит на меня, как будто думает убить. И если честно, Мартин, я напугана.

Возьми себя в руки, сказал я, ты должно быть выдумываешь все это.

7. Sir Robert: Gertrude, what you tell me may be true, but it happened many years ago. It is best forgotten! Mrs. Cheveley may have changed since then. (Wilde)

Uncertainty, supposition implying doubt

Гертруда, то что ты рассказала мне, может быть правдой, но это произошло много лет назад. Лучше об этом забыть! Миссис Чевли могла и измениться с тех пор.

8. She passed the girls' room, noticed that they were quiet and therefore must be doing as they had been told, and went on to the children's room. (Benson)

Probability or supposition

Она прошла комнату девочек, заметила что там было тихо, а значит они делали то, что было им сказано, и прошла в детскую.

9. "May not the editor have been right in his revision of your Sea Lyrics...?" she questioned. "Remember, an editor must have had qualifications or else he would not be an editor." (London)

Uncertainty, supposition implying doubt. Probability or supposition

- А не мог ли редактор быть прав в своем исправлении вашей Морской Лирики? спросила она.Ведь, любой редактор должен иметь диплом/образование иначе он не был бы редактором.

10. Stanley: That must have been a pretty long time ago. (Tennessee Williams)

Probability or supposition

Это должно было быть чертовски давно

Это должно быть было чертовски давно

11. Both of you behaved very badly. You might have given me a little encouragement. (Maugham)

reproach

Оба вы вели себя прескверно. Вы могли бы по крайней мере хоть немного ободрить меня.

lose your head - to become unable to act in a calm or sensible way

solemn adjective BrE /ˈsɒləm/ ; NAmE /ˈsɑːləm/

1. (of a person) not happy or smiling

synonym serious

Her face grew solemn.

a solemn expression

opposite cheerful

2. done, said, etc. in a very serious and sincere way

a solemn oath/undertaking/vow, etc.

a solemn and binding promise

3. (of a religious ceremony or formal occasion) performed in a serious way

a solemn ritual

dejected adjective BrE /dɪˈdʒektɪd/ ; NAmE /dɪˈdʒektɪd/

unhappy and disappointed

synonym despondent

She looked so dejected when she lost the game.

Pull yourself together - to ​become ​calm and ​behave ​normally again after being ​angry or ​upset:

Just ​pull yourself together. There's no ​point ​crying about it.

Exercise 5. Insert may (might) or must. Translate into Russian.

I. She said: "Please, please make no sign. That man at the door is mad. Do something. He may kill me!" (Dreiser)

Possibility due to circumstances

Она сказала, Только не подавайте виду пожалуйста, но этот человек у двери безумен, сделайте что-нибудь, он может меня убить!

2. He was the father of three sons and two daughters, so I was told, all of whom must have hated him; those I knew did anyhow. (Dreiser)

Он был отцом трех сыновей и двух дочерей, и мне говорили, что все они должно быть ненавидели его, по крайней мере те из них, кого я знал.

3. You must be exhausted after all the tennis you played this afternoon, Minnie. (Maugham)

Вы должно быть выжаты как лимон после всех этих сыгранных сегодня теннисных сетов, Минни

4. You must be getting better, since you can leave your bed? (Ch. Bronte)

Вам должно быть становится много лучше, с тех пор как вы перестали валяться в постели?

5. "I can't stay," Stephanie said. As she walked down the corridor, she heard Marguerite calling after her. "You might have told me before I started tea." (Saxton)

reproach

Я не могу остаться, - сказала Стефани. Когда она шла по коридору, он слышала как Маргарет кричит ей вслед. - Вы могли бы сказать мне это до начала чаепития!

6. I said, "What time is it, Antonia?" "Ten o'clock"... "I must have slept for twelve hours." (Murdoch)

Я спросил, Который час, Антония? 10 часов. Я должно быть проспал 12 часов.

7. She must have recognized his voice, for the light disappeared from the apartment, and in a second or two the door was unlocked and opened... (Hardy)

Она должно быть узнала его голос, так как свет в квартире погас и через секунду или две щелкнул замок и дверь открылась.

8. He stood, smiling, in front of the door. "Well, Bertha?" he said. "Ah, Beryl! Well, Jack!" His daughter alone replied. "Well, Father, you might have let us know beforehand!" (Galsworthy)

Он стоял, улыбаясь, перед дверью. Ну, Берта? сказал он. А, Берил! О, Джек! только и смогла ответить его дочь. Ну, отец, вы могли бы и предупредить нас заранее.

9. "How did it happen?" "It was the streetcar," Esther said. "It hit her. It must have tossed her right onto the cinders at the side of the track." (Benson)

Как это случилось? Это трамвай, сказала Эстер. Он сбил её. И должно быть отбросил её прямо на гаревую обочину рядом с путями.

10. It occurred to him that perhaps his hostess might be in, her boudoir. It was a possibility; he would go and see. (Huxley)

Ему пришло в голову, что возможно хозяйка могла бы быть в её будуаре. Это было возможно, и он решил пойти и посмотреть

11. The doorway was all dark. The lights in the house must have gone out. (Priestley)

Внутри было темно. Должно быть все огни в доме были погашены.

12. I may do these things sometimes in absence of mind; but surely I don't do them habitually. (Shaw)

Я возможно делаю эти вещи иногда по рассеянности, но уверяю вас, обычно я так не делаю.

I must do these things sometimes in absence of mind; but surely I don't do them habitually. (Shaw)

Я должно быть делаю эти вещи иногда по рассеянности, но уверяю вас, обычно я так не делаю.

calling after her

call someone after someone to give a baby the same name as someone else, especially a member of your family

She was called after her grandmother.

call after someone the case when this other person (she) has walked away, and some seconds later, you want to say something else to her, and you "call after her" from a distance.

The act of telling something or asking something of someone who is going away from you, usually at the point when you have to raise your voice for them to hear you.

It occurred to him - (occur to) приходить на ум

in absence of mind

absence of mind = distraction; forgetfulness ⇒ Jane had forgotten that the table stood behind her and sat upon it hastily, as if in absence of mind.

Exercise 6. Translate into English using the verbs can, may, must.

1. Уже пять часов. Собрание могло уже кончиться; подождем немножко, он может скоро прийти.

It's already five o'clock. The meeting may have ended. Let's wait a bit, he may come soon.

The meeting may have finished.

2. Петя, должно быть, заболел, иначе он был бы уже в театре, он никогда не приходит в последний момент.

Peter must have become ill, otherwise he would have already been at the theatre. He never comes at the last moment.

Peter must have fallen ill

3. Не может быть, чтобы она забыла о концерте, это совсем на нее не похоже.

She can't forget of the concert! It is so different from her usual manners.

She can't have forgotten of the concert! It is so different from her usual manners.

It is not typical of her.

4. Я его сегодня не жду; но, кто знает, может быть, он и придет.

I'm not expecting him to come today but, who knows, perhaps he may come

5. «Хотела бы я знать, где она достала „Мастера и Маргариту" Булгакова?». — «Она могла взять ее в нашей библиотеке». — «Не может быть, чтобы она взяла ее в нашей библиотеке: Семенова вчера взяла последний экземпляр». — «Ну, должно быть, она взяла ее в другой библиотеке».

- I would like to know where she obtained 'The Master and Margarita' by Bulgakov

- She can take it in the library

- She can't get it from the library because Semenova took the last book there yesterday.

- Well, she must have got it from another library.

- I would like to know where she obtained 'The Master and Margarita' by Bulgakov

- She could take it in the library

- She couldn't have taken it from the library because Semenova took the last book there yesterday.

- Well, she must have got it from another library.

6. «Где Павел?» — «Не знаю, он, возможно, пошел в театр”. — «Ну, это не очень-то любезно с его стороны; он мог бы взять билет и для меня». — «Посмотрите-ка, на столе что-то лежит, он, должно быть, оставил вам билет и записку».

- Where's Pavel?

- I don't know, he may go to a theatre.

- Well, that was not polite to me. He might have taken a ticket for me too.

- Look, there is something on the table, perhaps he left you a ticket and a note.

- Where's Pavel?

- I don't know, he might have gone to the theatre.

- Well, that was not polite to me. He might have taken a ticket for me too.

- Look, there is something on the table, perhaps he must have left you the ticket and a note.

7. Не может быть, чтобы она здесь была вчера. Если бы она была здесь, она оставила бы мне записку.

She couldn't have been here yesterday! If she had been here, she would have left me a note.

8. Не возвращайте пока книгу в библиотеку; она может вам понадобиться для доклада.

You shouldn't give the book back to the library. It can be necessary for your report

Don't give the book back to the library, will you?

Don't give the book back to the library, please

You may need it for your report

9. Может мне взять вашу книгу?

I wonder if I may take your book?

10. Можно употребить здесь настоящее продолженное время?

Can the Present Continious Tense be used here?

11. Он сказал, что доклад у него уже готов и он может прочесть его завтра на собрании.

He said that he had prepared his report and could speak on the meeting tomorrow.

12. «Он, должно быть, уже ушел». — «Не может быть, чтобы он ушел, не повидав меня».

- He must have already left

- He couldn't have left without coming to see me.

13. «Где Мария?» — «Она, должно быть, еще спит».

- Where is Maria?

- She must have been sleeping

14. Вы, должно быть, ошибаетесь, на двадцать пятой странице нет таких слов.

You must be wrong as these words aren't in the twenty-fifth page.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the verbs can, may, must. (Based on an episode from “To Let” by J. Galsworthy.)

Сомс остановился перед картиной одного из начинающих xyдожников, с интересом ее рассматривая. «Что бы это могло изображать?» — думал он. «Они могли бы, по крайней мере, сделать надпись. Ах вот, судя по каталогу, это, наверное (должно быть), и есть картина, изображающая „Город будущего". А что значат эти вертикальные черные полосы? Может быть, это самолеты? Джейн опять устраивает выставки произведений молодых художников. Она, должно быть, все еще полна иллюзий и думает, что со временем они могут стать знаменитостями. Но где же Флёр? Что могло ее задержать? Не могла же она забыть о своем обещании? Да нет, она, наверное, опять пошла к Имоджин Кардиган. Эти женщины! На них никогда нельзя положиться!» Вдруг он заметил даму и юношу. Что-то в ней показалось ему знакомым. Неужели Катрина? После стольких лет! И она его увидела. В глазах его, должно быть, отразилась саркастическая улыбка Джорджа Форсайта, так как лицо ее приняло жесткое выражение, и она прошла мимо.

1.

Soames stopped in front of the picture of a beginner artist looking at it with interest.

'What could it be?' he thought, 'They might at least have made an inscription. Ah, well, according to the catalogue, it must be the picture showing a future city.

I wonder what mean these vertical black stripes? Maybe they are airplanes.

Jane are arranging young artists' exhibitions again. She must still be full of illisions and thinks they could become celebrities

But where is Fleur? What could delay her?

She can forget of her promise, can't she?

Oh, no, she can't. She must have gone to Imogen Cardigan. Oh, women! You can't rely on them.'

Suddenly, he noticed a woman and a young man. She seemed to be familiar to him.

Is it Catrina? After all those long years!

Then she saw him.

A sarcastic smile of George Forsyte must be reflected in his eyes thus her expression hardened and she passed by.

2.

Soames stopped in front of the picture of a beginner artist looking at it with interest.

'What could it be?' he thought, 'They might at least have made an inscription. Ah, well, according to the catalogue, it must be the picture showing a future city.

I wonder what these vertical black stripes mean. Maybe they are airplanes.

Jane are arranging young artists' exhibitions again. She must still be full of illisions and thinks they could become celebrities

But where is Fleur? What could delay her?

Couldn't she have forgotten of her promise?

Oh, no, she couldn't. She must have gone to Imogen Cardigan. Oh, women! You can't rely on them.'

Suddenly, he noticed a woman and a young man. She seemed to be familiar to him.

Can it be Catrina?

After all those long years!

Then she saw him.

A sarcastic smile of George Forsyte must be reflected in his eyes thus her expression hardened and she passed by.

Orig

It was the first indiscretion he had committed for so long that he went and sat down in an alcove. What had possessed him to give his card to a rackety young fellow, who went about with a thing like that? And Fleur, always at the back of his thoughts, started out like a filigree figure from a clock when the hour strikes. On the screen opposite the alcove was a large canvas with a great many square tomato-coloured blobs on it, and nothing else, so far as Soames could see from where he sat. He looked at his catalogue: "No. 32 'The Future Town'—Paul Post." 'I suppose that's satiric too,' he thought. 'What a thing!' But his second impulse was more cautious. It did not do to condemn hurriedly. There had been those stripey, streaky creations of Monet's, which had turned out such trumps; and then the stippled school; and Gauguin. Why, even since the Post-Impressionists there had been one or two painters not to be sneezed at. During the thirty-eight years of his connoisseur's life, indeed, he had marked so many "movements," seen the tides of taste and technique so ebb and flow, that there was really no telling anything except that there was money to be made out of every change of fashion. This too might quite well be a case where one must subdue primordial instinct, or lose the market. He got up and stood before the picture, trying hard to see it with the eyes of other people. Above the tomato blobs was what he took to be a sunset, till some one passing said: "He's got the airplanes wonderfully, don't you think!" Below the tomato blobs was a band of white with vertical black stripes, to which he could assign no meaning whatever, till some one else came by, murmuring: "What expression he gets with his foreground!" Expression? Of what? Soames went back to his seat. The thing was "rich," as his father would have said, and he wouldn't give a damn for it. Expression! Ah! they were all Expressionists now, he had heard, on the Continent. So it was coming here too, was it? He remembered the first wave of influenza in 1887—or '8—hatched in China, so they said. He wondered where this—this Expressionism had been hatched. The thing was a regular disease!

He had become conscious of a woman and a youth standing between him and the "Future Town." Their backs were turned; but very suddenly Soames put his catalogue before his face, and drawing his hat forward, gazed through the slit between. No mistaking that back, elegant as ever though the hair above had gone grey. Irene! His divorced wife—Irene! And this, no doubt, was—her son—by that fellow Jolyon Forsyte—their boy, six months older than his own girl! And mumbling over in his mind the bitter days of his divorce, he rose to get out of sight, but quickly sat down again. She had turned her head to speak to her boy; her profile was still so youthful that it made her grey hair seem powdery, as if fancy-dressed; and her lips were smiling as Soames, first possessor of them, had never seen them smile. Grudgingly he admitted her still beautiful and in figure almost as young as ever. And how that boy smiled back at her! Emotion squeezed Soames' heart. The sight infringed his sense of justice. He grudged her that boy's smile—it went beyond what Fleur gave him, and it was undeserved. Their son might have been his son; Fleur might have been her daughter, if she had kept straight! He lowered his catalogue. If she saw him, all the better! A reminder of her conduct in the presence of her son, who probably knew nothing of it, would be a salutary touch from the finger of that Nemesis which surely must soon or late visit her! Then, half-conscious that such a thought was extravagant for a Forsyte of his age, Soames took out his watch. Past four! Fleur was late. She had gone to his niece Imogen Cardigan's, and there they would keep her smoking cigarettes and gossiping, and that. He heard the boy laugh, and say eagerly: "I say, Mum, is this by one of Auntie June's lame ducks?"

"Paul Post—I believe it is, darling."

The word produced a little shock in Soames; he had never heard her use it. And then she saw him. His eyes must have had in them something of George Forsyte's sardonic look; for her gloved hand crisped the folds of her frock, her eyebrows rose, her face went stony. She moved on.

catalogue noun (North American English also catalog) BrE /ˈkætəlɒɡ/ ; NAmE /ˈkætəlɔːɡ/ , /ˈkætəlɑːɡ/