https://www.bestmytest.com/toefl/listeningProfessor:
Class, today we’ll be looking at environmental adaption, and animals that do well in how they’ve adapted. We’ll be focusing in on a species of fish, called the Notothenioids. A bit of a mouthful, I know.
Scientists have documented over 90 species of Notothenioids, in both deep and shallow waters. If you’re getting creeped out by the powerpoint slide, don’t worry, they really only live around Antarctica. Coldwater fish. Even if they did live around here, most of them are pretty small. However, a few species can weigh up to 150 kilograms.
These fish can be identified by their huge eyes, insulated with a layer of thick transparent protective tissue. This kind of tissue protects the fluid in their eyeballs from freezing in the incredibly cold saltwater. Remember, saltwater has a lower freezing point than freshwater, so moisture in an animal’s tissue would be particularly vulnerable to freezing and causing cell death.
So while the cold ocean of Antarctica could freeze and kill most fish, the Notothenoids end up thriving in these icy waters. They actually make up nearly 95% of all fish species in the southern ocean around that cold continent.
That kind of thing is a stark contrast to tropical oceans, where the biodiversity is extremely high. When you think of a tropical reef, for instance, you probably imagine a plethora of different types of fish and sea creatures living together and preying on each other. The average coral reef supports over four thousand types of fish, sponges, crustaceans, and others. To have one species of fish in an entire section of ocean? Pretty impressive.
Student:
How, er, when did the Notothenioids end up taking over the southern ocean?
Professor:
I'm glad you asked. That was actually my next point of interest. So, about thirty million years ago, the water in that area was a lot warmer than it is today. Way back then, South America and Antarctica were actually connected. The air from around the equator could travel south to heat up the chilly Antarctic waters. The warm tropical waters could also flow southwards, bringing the rich biodiversity along with it.
Because Antarctica’s waters were relatively warm back then, it could support a lot of different types of animals. We confirmed this by looking at the fossil record, even finding out that 90 or so of the Notothenoids even existed back then.
Historians think that somewhere between five and fourteen million years ago, two huge changes occurred. First of all, a chance mutation allowed the Notothenioids to develop a special protein that now flows through their body. A type of anti-freeze, this protein works by bonding to an ice crystal that formed inside their flesh, preventing it from growing any larger.
At the time, the waters they swam in were still decently warm, and the protein didn’t do much for their overall survival rates. Still, somewhere around this time period, there are records of a collosal shift that moved around the Earth’s tectonic plates.
Continental drift, as it is now known as, pushed Antarctica away from South America and down toward the chilly southern end of the earth. This caused a current to swirl up and form, encircling the cooling continent with a rush of cold water that prevented warmer tides from intermingling. It eventually dropped to the sub-zero icy landscape we know today
As you may have guessed, the tropical fish didn’t do so well in the sudden drop of environmental temperatures, and many species went extinct. Luckily for the Notothenioids, they had a handy dandy gene mutation that let them produce this antifreeze protein. Now the only type of fish that could survive the cold waters, it had virtually no competition for food or resources and went wild.
They migrated to different habitats, split off into sub species, mutated a bit more, had a bit of geologic morphology going on, very cool stuff. We call this kind of physical differentiation a process of Adaptive Radiation. It really only happens when a species rapidly changes, and ends up with quite a few new species to fill empty niches that either didn’t exist before, or weren’t available.
So now we have about 90 species of Notothenioids, kicking it in the southern ocean.
11. Where would you like me to put this package?a) No, it's already been sent.b) On Mrs. Green's desk.c) Yes, and it needs more stamps.
12. What is it that you do?a) I'm an architect.b) I'm taking a vacation.c) Nice meeting you, too.お仕事は何をなさっているのですか？
13. I heard the vice president will retire next month.a) Really? But he was just promotedlast month.b) I need a new tire.c) No, I'm not the president.
14. How was your appointment with the chiropractor?a) It was fine.b) I've been having back problems.c) By four thirty.
15. When was the last time we saw eachother?a) I'll have time next week.b) When my brother got married.c) No, I'll catch up later.いいえ、あとからすぐ行きます。
16. What's the box of wine for?a) No, I'm not sure if I can.b) There's an office party tonight.c) I'll take it upstairs.
なぜワインの箱があるのですか？What's this key for?これは何の鍵？単語帳What's this line for?これは何の行列ですか？◆【場面】人がいっぱい並んでいる。
What's this amount for?《旅／食事／支払い》これは何の代金ですか？
17. Did you receive your return ticket?a) Yes, it's here in my briefcase. 書類カバンb) No longer than three weeks.c) He's already gone back to the office.
18. Didn't Bob say that he'd be going on his vacation this month?ボブは今月休暇を取ると言っていませんでしたか？a) Have a great time.b) He postponed it until next year.c) Yes, he'll look after my cats.
19. Do you know how to change the toner cartridge for the photocopier?a) About 50 copies in total.b) The annual report.c) Yes, it's not difficult.
20. Where would you like us to take these plants?a) I'll water them immediately.b) You can take them all, if you'd like.c) Conference Room C.
21. What do you think of Andrew Schumann conducting the seminar?a) I think he has the qualifications.b) Yes, it was very beautiful.c) Maybe we can go together.
22. How did they finally decide on the controversial issue?a) By majority vote.b) Yes, they argued for hours.c) Mostly miscommunication.
23. You must be very pleased with the attendance at the baseball games.a) No, but we almost won.b) No, but I'll tell them.c) Yes, numbers are wary up.
wary up かなりよくなってattendance 出席者（数）、観客動員（数）
24. What made you decide not to take the position?a) It would have required too much traveling.b) He didn't have enough qualifications.c) By not telling me about the opening.
opening 空き（ポスト）
25. That's not a ticket on your windshield,is it?a) I need to go to the mechanic.b) I certainly hope it's not.c) Why don't you go to the car wash?
そうでないとよいのですが。
26. Doesn't your staff know that you'll be transferring to another department?a) I'll make an official announcement tomorrow.b) I live close to the branch office.c) We'll be adding two more employeesnext week.
27. How does a picnic by the lake sound?a) Yes, I heard the same thing.b) Because he owns a small boat.c) Okay. As long as the weather is good.
湖畔でピクニックをするのはいかがですか？
How does that sound?どう思う？／どうかな？／いかがですか？◆話の後に付け足して、あるいはアイデアの提案や宣伝文句などに続けて。
How's a trip to Hawaii for Christmas sound?クリスマスにハワイ旅行ってのはどうかしら？
28. How about if we leave the decision untiltomorrow?a) I don't understand the reason.b) The client wants an answer today.c) Actually, he'll be back Thursday.
29. Did you happen to turn on the securitysystem?a) We might have missed the turn.b) I thought you were going to do that.c) Yes, it comes equipped with cameras.
もしかしてスイッチを入れましたか？
30. What do you think about expandingour market to include the northern states?
a) It's usually best to travel by train.b) I'm originally from the South myself.c) I'd like to see some data on that.
市場を拡大して北部も含めることについて
31. I'd like a reimbursement for some itemsI purchased yesterday.a) You just need to fill out an expense report.b) Oh, I was sure that he said today.c) No, but you should take a look at having it delivered.
32. Is there somewhere I can buy film for mycamera?a) The cost of developing is the same as before.b) The view from the top of this mountain is incredible.c) The bookshop over there sells them.
33. Do you need a hand to finish up here?a) I only have two hands.b) Sometimes, I do.c) I can manage, thanks.
hand 手助け
finish up (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："finish up")【句動】最後の仕上げをする、完成する・I finished up some chores around the house by 10. : 10時までに家の周りの雑用を終えた。
34. When do you expect the parcels to arrive?
a) They have food in them. 中身は食料ですb) They'll be here soon. もうすぐ届きますc) The post office is closed for the day. 今日は閉まりました
35. How can I get to the central bank?a) Turn left at the next corner.b) You can get cash out there. あちらでc) They accept traveler's checks.
36. Why are the tires being replaced?a) Yes, I'll do it this weekend.b) It's for the new vehicles.c) The old ones were worn out.
37. Many young people are getting jobs abroad.a) My grandmother is too old to travel.b) I've never been to a foreign country.c) I think that's a really good experience.
38. Are you looking to rent or purchase a condominium? マンションa) I'd like to buy one.b) Anytime you like.c) Somewhere close to the lake.
look to confirm the situation状況を確認しようとする単語帳look to cut costs経費削減を目指すlook to expand defense role防衛力の役割拡大を目指す
39. Do you think the recession will hurt oursales?a) You should see a doctor.b) There's another meeting tomorrow.c) We can only hope it doesn't.
40. Why don't you call me back when youmake your decision?a) Let me see if I have your number.b) You can use the office phone.c) All decisions are final.
結論が出たら、折り返し電話をくれませんか
Questions 001 through 003 refer to the following conversation.
M: Welcome to the Northwest Film Festival Volunteer Services. How may I help you?W: I have a 1 o'clock appointment with Mr. Jack Barnes.M: Please hold on while I call up to the ninth floor for Mr. Barnes. May I tell him who's calling?W: Yes, my name is Lindsay Nielsen. l'm calling to reschedule a volunteer interview.
Questions 004 through 006 refer to the following conversation.
W: Mr. Davidson, this is Rachel Cherade from Super Travel. I'm calling to see if you're still
interested in purchasing an Around-The-World Ticket. l just wanted to remind you that today is the
last day it's available.M: Oh, yes. Thanks for calling, Ms. Cherade. How late are you open? Can I maybe call you back as I
am in class at the moment?W: Sure, we'll be open until 8. Don't forget though. Tomorrow will be too late to get this special
discounted ticket.M: All right, l'll call right after class, around 5 p.m.
Questions 007 through oo9 referto the fO‖ owing cOnversation
W: It's almost time to open. We still need someone to clean up the cash register counters. Where
have you been?M: l've been mopping up aisle five. lt was still sticky from the steak that fell during last night's
shift.W: Okay, thanks. Can you do me a favor? Can you ask Tom to help you clean the counters so that you
can get finished faster.M: No problem. l'll go get him right away.
Questions 010 through 012 refer to the following conversation.
M: Hi, Sunny. We talked about going to the flamenco guitar performance tonight. Do you still want to
go?W: Oh, no! I just remembered that I have to pick up my boyfriend from the train station. He's coming
back from visiting his mother in Dutton. It's a long trip to the station so I don't think l'll be
back in time for the performance.M: Oh, don't worry about that. The musicians usually play until past midnight. Why don't you two
meet us at the club afterwards?W: Okay, that's a great idea. I'll call him now to see if he is up for going out tonight.
Questions 013 through 015 refer to the following conversation W: Excuse me, I received this dress as a mother's day present last week. However it doesn't quite
fit. Could I exchange it for a smaller size?M: That shouldn't be a problem, as long as you have the original receipt.W: Oh, no I don't have the receipt. lt's a gift from my husband and I didn't ask him for the
receipt.M: Oh, I'm terribly sorry for the inconvenience. But l'm afraid that we can't exchange it for you
until you bring in a receipt.
Questions 016 through 018 refer to the following conversation.
W: Hello, is this the editing department? This is Sally Sampson from the promotions office. I'm
waiting for the rough edit of the promotional video still. It was supposed to be sent up by this
morning.M: I'll check to see if it's lying around here Ms.Sampson. Wait a moment, please. No, l don't see it
anywhere. W: Could I please speak with Michael? He was working on it last time I called. M: He stepped out about 15 minutes ago for lunch. I'll give you his cell phone number so that you
can get a hold of him now.
Questions 019 through 021 refer to the following conversation.
M: Margaret, have you seen the textbook I put on the coffee table. I really hope that I didn't leave
it in my office as I really need it for tomorrow W: I saw Lucy take it and put it into her schoolbag. Maybe she confused it with one of her own. Why
do you need it so badly?M: I am preparing a lecture on Roma culture and this textbook has a very excellent chapter dedicated
to the Roma people.W: Well, I could call the school and ask Lucy to bring the book home during her lunch break
Questions 022 through 024 reter to the following conversation.
W: Hello, welcome to West Elgin Agricultural Bank. How may I help you?M: My name is Peter McKenzie and l'm from Lorne's Automotive. I'd like to transfer $5,000 from our
savings account to our credit account.W: No, problem, sir. Can you please give me your account number and secret code?M: The account number is 98234651 and our secret code is 2121. Also, while you have our account
information open in front of you, could you please give me our total balance?
Questions 025 through 027 refer to the following conversation.
W: Dick, l visited the new office site last night. It looks like you have a lot of renovation work
still to do. M: Yes, we're a bit behind schedule because we had so much trouble ordering some of the construction
materials. W: Well, you know that we have to move in by the first of next month right? That's when we are
moving out of our old place.M: I promise we'll be finished by then. l'll have my crew work overtime to get it done before the
beginning of June.
Questions 028 through 030 refer to the following conversation.
W: Do you know if Janice will finish his investigative report before the paper has to be published?M: l'm not sure. He's still doing some final interviews at City Hall. ls it absolutely essential to
include his article in tomorrow's newspaper?W: No. Brittany is finished with her article on minor league hockey and we can use her article for
tomorrow's issue.
Questions 032 through 033 refer to the following conversation.
M: Excuse me, can you tell me where I can get the shuttle bus?W: You can get one just outside the baggage claim area in the lower level.M: I was just out there, but I didn't see it.W: Then you probably didn't walk down far enough. l'm on my way to the car rental desk down there.
Just follow me and l'll show you where it is.
Questions 034 through 036 refer to the following conversation
M: Hi Christine. How was the movie last night?W: I couldn't go. I had to meet my lawyer to look over the papers for the house I put a deposit on.
But l'd like to go see it tonight. Do you want to come with me? M: Sure. Do you want to go to the 7:30 show?W: No. I have to work until 7:00 tonight, so we'll have to catch the last movie at ten. Let's meet
out front at about 9:30.
Questions 037 through 039 refer to the following conversation.
M: Hello. l'd like to know if the gym has any part-time positions available. W: Actually, we have openings for fitness instructors, massage therapists and people to work at the
front desk.M: Great. I worked as a personal trainer for five years in L.A. I have my resume with me and a
couple of reference letters. ls there someone I can speak with today who is in charge of hiring?W: Yes. I'll let the program director know you're here. Meanwhile, why don't you fill out this
application and you can bring it right in to him?
Questions 040 through 042 refer to the following conversation.
W: Hi John. I heard your company is relocating you to Florida in the fall.M: Yes. They're sending me to West Palm Beach' l'm realty looking forward to getting in shape. I
hear you can swim in the ocean all year round. W: That,s right. I took a cruise to Key West last December. Many tourists from around the world go
there to vacation during the wintertime.M: Sounds great. l'll have to be sure to check it out some weekend when I have time off.
Questions 043 through 045 refer to the following conversation.
W: Hello. What time is your shop open till tonight? I need some flowers and balloons for my mother
and father's anniversary. M: We close shortly at six,and well be open tomorrow from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. W: But l need them tonight l'm leaving my office right now. Do you think you could wait for me?M: Well, I suppose l can keep the doors open until 6:15. But if you're not here by then, l'm afraid
I'll have to leave.
Questions 046 through 048 refer to the following conversation.
W: Sorry I'm late. I would've been here earlier, but I was stuck in rush hour traffic for over
twenty minutes coming over the Mystic River Bridge.M: Well, I already got the tickets, so we can go right in. Let's hurry. The show starts in ten
minutes.W: Why don't you go in and get the seats? l'll go get us some snacks and drinks.
Questions 049 through 051 refer to the following conversation.
W: Hello. This is Nicole Andrews. I called yesterday to inquire about seating arrangements for a
party of ten for Saturday evening. I was told to call back today and speak with Mr. Young.M: This is Mr. Young. l'm in charge of corporate dining. l'm afraid we won't have a table available
then. You can come in on Thursday, Friday or Sunday anytime between 5:00 and 9:00 p.m.W: Okay. How about Friday at 7:00.M: That's fine. I'm so sorry we couldn't accommodate you. Please ask for me when you get here and
I'll personally seat you and your colleagues.
Questions 052 through 054 refer to the following conversation.
M: Excuse me. Can you tell me where I can find books on arts and crafts?W: They're next to the magazine rack. I'll get one of our clerks to help you.M: Thanks. I spent fifteen minutes looking in that area and couldn't find any.W: Well, we've organized that section last Friday, so I know they are there.
Questions 055 through 057 refer to the following conversation.
M: Good morning. Jackson Warehouse, Mr. Bryant speaking.W: Hi, Mr. Bryant. This is Marilyn calling from Ford Automotive. l just received your message about
a truck that broke down at your warehouse. I can send a driver to tow it at around 1:00 this
afternoon.M: That means I won't be able to get my morning delivery out. Can you send someone out here right
away to try to get it started?W: Well, I can put in a request for an emergency. Let me see if there's a repairman available this
morning. Please hold.
Questions 058 through 060 refer to the following conversation.
W: l'm sure you'll love this mattress. Would you like to take a look at our bedroom sets, too?M: Not today, thanks. I just moved into a new place, and I need this mattress right away. Can it be
delivered this afternoon?W: l'm afraid not, sir. But our workers will be happy to carry it out to your vehicle for you.M: Thanks, but it will never get into my car.
Questions 061 through 063 refer to the following conversation.
W: Welcome back,Michael. How was the Netherlands?M: It was great, thanks l went with my girlfriend. We stayed with my aunt in Zwolle for two weeks.W: Yeah, I really enjoyed the Netherlands when I went there last year but I only saw Amsterdam. Did
you do any sightseeing in Amsterdam?M: Not really. We were so busy visiting all my relatives that I haven't seen in years so we didn't
have much time in Amsterdam at all.
Questions 064 through 066 refer to the following conversation.
W: Excuse me, I think I left my book here in the waiting room when I had appointment this afternoon.
Has anyone found it?M: Let me check the lost and found box. Which book is it?W: It is a European travel guide. I really need it for a trip l'm taking next week.M: It's not here, that's really unfortunate. l'll call all the patients who had appointment this
afternoon to see if anyone of them took it by accident.
Questions 067 through 069 refer to the following conversation.
M: Hello Cherlyn, it's been so long! I wasn't expecting to see you here.W: Hi, Rob! I hadn't planned to come, but I just happened to be in town visiting my mother and I
remembered that our high school graduating class' 5 year reunion was this weekend.M: I can't believe that it has been five years since we graduated. I remember how excited you were
back then when you found out that you had received a scholarship to study in Munich, Germany. How do
you like it there? W: I actually moved to Paris last year but I had a wonderful 4 years in Munich.
Questions 070 through 072 refer to the following conversation.
W: Here are my picture files. When should I come back to pick up my prints?M: You have paid for the express one day service so it will be ready by 10 a.m. tomorrow morning.W: Okay, l'll come to pick it up during my lunch break tomorrow. Can you tell me where the Frame
boutique is?M: It's actually just across the street. Walk out of the main entrance and you'll see it.
Questions 073 through 075 refer to the following conversation.
M: Mrs. Nielsen, I've discussed this issue with the other editors here at Warp Magazine and we all
agree that you would be the best reporter to hire.W: Thank you so much Mr. Lee. Of course I'll accept the offer. lt's been my life long dream to cover
youth culture for Warp magazine.M: Great! Could you go to see our secretary Ms. Park in the Human Resources Department to sign the
contract. Also, when do you think you can start working?W: l've got to visit my father next week in Memphis so l'll be able to start the following week.
Questions 076 through 078 refer to the following conversation.
M: Rachel, when are you coming back from Seoul?W: Well, l'll be finished with all of my research by next Friday, but l'm going to take the weekend
to sightsee before flying back on Monday morning.M: The reason I ask is because we have quite an important departmental meeting on Monday morning and
we would love to have your thoughts on some of the issues.W: l'm sorry but I won't be able to make it home in time for the meeting. Please apologize to
everyone else for me.
Questions 079 through 081 refer to the following conversation.
W: The auditorium is completely full. ls the band ready to come onstage?M: No, it's not. There seems to be some technical problems with the sound equipment. It might take 30 minutes or so to get some new sound monitors.W: 30 minutes? That means that l'll have to tell the audience to expect a delay.
CD 1-9a book about cooking a quarrel about moneyconcern about the safetya fence about the field 野原の周りの柵a score above averagethe room above the kitchen people above twenty-one years olda bridge across the river 川にかかる橋a house across the street 通りの向こうの家the highway across the Mexican border メキシコ国境を横断する高速道路a line across the map 地図を横切って引かれた線an old gentleman across the table 食卓の向かい側の高齢の紳士accout for the accidentaccuse him of lyingadapt to the tropical weatheradjust it to his heightagree on the sate to meet 会う日にちで合意するagree to a suggestionagree with youallow for traffic jams 交通渋滞を考えて時間の余裕を取っておくanswer your mother back 母親に口答えする
CD 1-10Why don't you go to see the doctor before disgnosing your condition as hopeless?Why not? どうしてだめなのですか？Why brother? そんなこと、わざわざするなよWhy me? Let's see what they have for dessert in this reataurant. このレストランのデザートは何か見てみましょう。How about going to see the movie tonight?Shall we start the meeting?What a nuisance it is to drive one and a half hours to work everyday! すごい面倒だI wouldn't do that. 私だったら、そんなことはしないな
Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and a worker in a university office. Office worker: Yes, how can I help you?Student: Uh, well, I need to get a temporary permit. I've lost my parking permit. As I was parking my car just now, a parking meter guy came up to me and pointed out that my car had no permit displayed.Office worker: Oh, so you had one. Which was it, a hangtag or windshield decal?Student: A hangtag. I've never removed it from the rearview mirror, but somehow I've lost it. It's gone. I can't find it. When the guy said I have to buy a permit, I was a little miffed, I was a little miffed because I paid a lot of money already for it. What a bummer! Office worker: Relax. If you registered for a permit this spring, it will be valid until the fall. So I should be able to find your registration and issue a replacement. Show me your ID, please.Student: Phew! That's good. I mean, it was recently expensive, like, you know, way expensive. Here you go. Officer worker: Yeah, I know. You're lucky if you have one, though. It's getting more and more difficult to get assigned to a space. Student: That's right. I notice that. But what I really don't get is why I can't park my car right outside my dorm. I mean, I pay for my dorm room. Don't you think parking should come with it? Instead, I had to pay close to $200 for parking.Office worker: Um, but, you see, that includes parking other places on campus, too. Still, I know what you mean. But it's unrealistic to assume that you will be able to park right outside your dorm or building. A campus size of this university makes it necessary for us to manage the transportations of everybody, you know?Student: Well, that makes sense, I suppose. But the thing is, you know, the parking-lot assignment can sometimes be really ridiculous. I park my car in the dorm lot next door and the guys in that dorm park in front of my room!Office worker: Well, um, that kind of thing may happen once in a while. But, permits are distributed based on a priority system that takes into account factors like cumulative course hours for students, and years of service for employees. And, on top of that, a permit holder is expected to ride the campus transit but or walk from the assigned lot to wherever he's going on campus, you know. You're not supposed to be able to drive to your destinations, door to door, so to speak. See what I mean?Student: Uh, huh. ...Well...Office worker: What the University Parking Services Department has been trying to do all these years is to cut down, un, ...is to limit the amount of vechiles parking on campus. Student: Now that you mentioned it, traffic both on campus and in town is terrible.Office worker: See? We are trying to reduce traffic on campus. Less traffic means that we can have a more pedestrian friendly campus and protect and enhance trees, green space and whatnot. For that matter, since our campus transit system is connected with the city transit service, we are cutting down on traffic in town, as well. We're constantly improving -- uh, working on improving -- campus transit service so that it runs more efficiently and conveniently for passengers.Student: Okay. I've got it. Well, if you could pull my resigstration out, I'd like to get going. My class's starting in half an hour. Office worker: Let's see... Oh, yeah. Here's your registration... Okay. Now, you'll receive your replacement permit in the mail in two to three days. The number on it will be different from the old one, which will be invalid as of today. That's just so that nobody else can use it. In the meantime, you still have to have a permit to park on campus. No parking without a permit, you know. But we can issue you a complimentary permit that will be valid until Sunday. Student: You mean a temporary one? For free?Office worker: Yes and yes. If you please sign here, you'll be all set. Have a good day!Student: Thanks. You, too.
1. Why did the student go to the office?1. To obtain a parking permit2. To get a complimentary permit3. To purchase a temporary permit4. To report a stolen parking permit
2. Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.Why does the student say this: 1. To praise the office worker2. To indicate he is relieved3. To clarify what he already said4. To agree with the office worker
3. What is the department trying to do?1. Improve transit services in town2. Build a friendly campus for visitors3. Beautify the whole campus4. Alleviate traffic on campus
4. Which is NOT true according to the conversation?1. Dormitory residents don't automatically get a permit to park by their dorm building.2. Students living in a dormitory have to pay almost $200 for parking.3. Students are expected to park right outside their dorm or building.4. With a permit you can park at more than one place on campus.
5. On what does the distribution of permits depend? Choose 2 answer.1. The transportation requirements of each purchaser2. The length of each employee's service3. The total number of course hours students have taken4. The system that gives priority to those who register early
6. Based on information given in the conversation, indicate whether or not the statements below are correct. For each sentence, put a checkmark in the YES or NO column.1. A parking permit allows the holder to park more than one place on campus.2. If you lose the permit, you'll have to buy another one.3. The office can issue a free permit in certain circumstances.4. The university runs both campus and town transit system.
7. Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question. Why does the office worker say this: 1. To show he is irritated2. To emphasize the fact that the student's question is silly3. To answer both questions affirmatively4. To agree with the student enthusiastically
CD 1-22the day after tomorrowthe first street after Main メイン通りのすぐ次の通りnumbers after the letter Pa painting after Pablo Picasso パブロ・ピカソにならった絵画twenty after eleven 11時20分a frantic search after the missing gold ring 大慌ての捜索a fight against the incumbenta crime against humanitythe decision against his own willa protest against his own willa protest against the price increasepeople against you あなたに反対する人々a reaction against capitalism 資本主義に対する反発insurance against a fireprotection against illness and injurythe odds against another cardiac arrest 心臓麻痺の不再発の見込みwhite lilies against the dark wall 暗い壁を背景にした白いゆりの花apologize for my rude remarkapply across the board 全体一律にあてはまるarrive at the bus depot バス発着所ask for a loanask her our 彼女をデートに誘うattend to your need あなたの必要に沿うback out of a promise 約束を破棄するback you up あなたを支持するback on him to lend money 彼が金を貸すのをあてにする= rely on him
CD 1-236. How resourceful of my mother!7. Don't waste time if you want to reserve seats fror that show.8. Will you let her know that we will have a meeting next Thursday?9. Would you mind giving me a ride to teh station?10. Now that you have a car, you can go anywhere by yourself.
3. It feels like silk.It looks like it's going to rain.I feel like I'm banging my head against the wall.You should almost exactly like your father.It seems like spring all of sudden. 突然まるで春のようだDo you know what that sounds like? それがどのように聞こえるか4. Take it back.Cut it out. 止めろI resent that insinuation. そんなあてこすりは心外だDon't tell me what to do.Don't you dare. やったら承知しないぞDon't you ever call me that. ２度と私をそう呼ぶな
CD 1-251. What is the main topic of this discussion.1. The kinds of muscles in the human body.2. A comparison of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles.3. The relationship between involuntary muscles and joints.4. Three components of the human body necessary for movement. ◎
CD 1-262. Listen again to part of the discussion. Then answer the question. Why does the student say this: 1. To state that exercise is the cause of the change in muscles2. To name a possible cause of the change ◎ 3. To clarify what he already said4. To emphasize his statement on the number of muscle
CD1-273. How do muscles produce movement?1. By contracting one muscle while relaxing other muscles2. By coordinating relaxation and contraction of opposing muscles ◎3. By coordinating the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscles4. By coordinating the movement of voluntary and involuntary muscles
CD1-284. What are bones chiefly composed of?1. fibrous substance2. Calcium, phosphorus, and fiber3. A hard, strong skeletal framework4. Calcium, phosphorus, and collagen ◎
CD 1-295. What is the femur? 1. A ball-and-socket joint2. A finger joint3. A thighbone ◎4. A two-rooted muscle
CD 1-306. What helps the movement of joints?1. Calcium, phosphoros, and collagen2. Smooth, glass-like cartilage and the special membrane inside the joint ◎3. Bands of tissue, cartilage, and lubricant4. The blood vessels and their strong skeletal framework
CD1-317. Based on information about muscles in the discussion, indicate whether or not the statements below are correct. For each sentence, put a checkmark in the YES or NO column.1. Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles. YES2. Smooth muscles are voluntary muscles. NO3. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles. YES4. Skeletal and smooth muscles are connected with voluntary movement of the human body. NO5. All muscles have something to do with movement of the human body. YES
Narrator: Listen as a professor leads a discussion in a biology class on muscles, bones and joints.Professor: Good afternoon. Well, as we talked about last Thursday, movement is a major characterristic of animals. This movement is a result of the contraction of muscles and the skeleton helps transmit that movement. Today, I'd like to discuss our body's muscles, bones, and joints in more detail. As you can see in the illustration in Chapter 4 in the textbook, under the skin, human bodies are covered with a lot of muscles. Under these muscles, we have bones of many shapes and sizes. These bones are connected with jonits, which are also of several different types. Now, let's start with muscles. We can group muscles into three types. Can anyone name these three types? Yes...?Female student: Um, yes... there are three main types of muscles in our body. Umm... one is skeletal muscle. The second type is smooth muscle. And the third is the specialized muscle tissue of the heart, called cardiac muscle.Professor: Very good, Betty. The first type of muscle is called by another name, too. What is it? And why? Anyone? Male student 1: Umm... Skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle, uh, because it can be consciously controlled. I mean... we can move it when we want to.Professor: Excellent. Then, how many skeletal muscles in the human body? ...John?Male student 2: Ah... let's see...um, about 300? But the number can change, though, can't it? I mean... say, by exercising and stuff. Professor: Uh-uh. And, with that few, you're missing half of our body. Anyone else? Female student: Uh, it has about 600 skeletal muscles, I believe.Professor: Actually, there are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body, which differ in size and shape according to the jobs they do. Also, contrary to popular belief, the number of these muscles cannot be increased through exercise; the muscle can only get bigger, not more numerous. Well, these skeletal muscles are attached either directly to bones, or indirecly, that is via tendons. Okay, how about their movement? George, can you explain how they work?Male student 1: Certainly. They work in, uh, opposing pairs; one muscle in the pair contracts while the other relaxes. Professor: Yes, that's right. Controlled movements of the limbs indeed relies on coordinated relaxation and contraction of opposing muscles. For exmaple, to raise the forearm, the biceps, a two-rooted muscle, contracts and shortens while the triceps, a three-rooted muscle, relaxes. And the reverse occurs when the forearm is lowered. This intricate coordination produces body movements as diverse as walking, playing tennis, threading a needle, you name it. And, of course, a whole array of our facial expressions, too. Okay. Then, you may guess by now what the name for the other two types of muscles is. ...Yes?Male student 1: The second and third types of muscles are both called "involuntary" because they are not under "voluntary" control. What that means is we can't move them at will.Professor: Good. Smooth muscles, the second type, occur in the walls of internal body organs and perform actions such as forcing food through the intestines, contracting the womb in childbirth, and pumping blood through the blood vessels. Of course, cardiac muscle can't be voluntary, either. Okay? Then, let's move on to bones and joints. Bones: They from the body's hard, strong, um, skeletal framework. Does anyone know what bones are chiefly composed of? ...Yes?Female student: Well, um, bones are composed chiefly of calcim, phoshorus, and, let's see, a fibrous substance known as, um... collagen.Professor: Excellent! And bones meet at joints. These joints are also of several different types. Can someone name any example of them?Male student 2: The hip is a ball-and-socket joint that allows the femur, or thighbone, a wide range of movement. Finger joints, on the other hand, are simple hinge joints that allow only bending and straightening, but not rotating. That would be weird if they did, though. Anyway, these are some examples. Professor: Precisely. As you can see in the diagram on page 178, joints are held in place by bands of tissue called ligaments. Movement of joints is facilitated by the smooth hyaline, or glass-like, cartilage that covers the bone ends and by the special membrane that lines and lubricates the joint. I'm quite pleased that you prepared very well for the class today. Keep at it! We've covered the material quite thoroughly. If you don't have any questions, that's all for today. ...Okay, I'll see you all again Thursday. Oh, don't forget the reading assignment for next class, everyone.
CD 1-20Wife: Did you find the Snow White detergent?Husband: Oops! I got the wrong kind. Well, how about a cheaper version of that? Ta-da! Thrifty White detergent!Wife: Oh, man! That's the worst kind of all. Why can't you listen to me?Husband: Now, now. Don't be so huffy over a mere detergent. You look terrible when you're angry.Wife: Oh for... You don't get it, do you? I'm disappointed in you, not in the detergent you couldn't buy!Husband: Don't yell at me.Wife: Leave me alone!Husband: Oh, boy. Now what do I do?
CD 1-32a walk along the riverthe current along the shore 岸に沿って流れる海流flowers along the mountain path 山道沿いの花houses along Hampton Drive ハンプトンドライブの家々an orbit around the earththe restaurant around the corner 角を曲がったところのレストランantique furniture around the house 家の中に点在する骨董品the price around ten dollars a position as instructorhis status as a legal aliena comment as an afterthoughtthe desirability as agricultural land 農地としての望ましさbark up the wrong tree お門違いなことをするbe dying for a break 休憩を取りたくてたまらないbe into photography 写真に熱中しているbeat around the bushbelieve in Santa Clausbend over backwards to help him 彼を助けるのに最善を尽くすblame him for the accidentbreak evenbreak out in 1940 勃発する
CD 1-33Due to the strong wind, the flight was canceled.Inasmuch as the law prohibits strikes, he can be considered a criminal. 法律がストライキを禁止しているのだから、彼は犯罪者と看做されうる。This seat is taken, isn't it?You don't believe any of that, do you?It was a miracle that the mother and her bady survived that fire.Rick finds it incredible that many people trusted that swindler. リックには信じがたく思われた。There will be a national conference on environmental issues on this campus next month.We're all set. もう準備万端整っていますWe're here to help. 手伝うためにここにいるBreakfast is ready in five minutes.It's time.It's an emergency.I'll be home late.My car broke down. 車が壊れてしまいましたIt's 303 Prospect Place, Apartment 4-D. 住所は～です。It's a quarter after 1:00. It's a quarter past 1:00. １時１５分過ぎです。It's all over.I'm sorry about your dad.I'm really sorry I mentioned it. それを口にしてしまってSorry, my mind was wandering. 注意がそれてしまって（気が散っちゃって）I didn't mean it. そんなつもりじゃなかったI didn't mean to make a fool out of you. あなたをばかにするつもりはなかったI apologize for that.It is my fault. I'm terribly sorry.I promise you that that will never happen again.Please let me pay for the damage I've done.
CD 1-34RegistrationMan: Hi, Jane! I've just finished registration.Woman: How many courses are you taking this semester?Man: Altogether four courses. I signed up for Advanced Spanish, South American History, Mexican Art and Culture, and Programming 1. Woman: Why Computer Programming 1? I thought you were a history major. Man: Well, yes, I am. But I'm very interested in computers, too. My parents gave me their old computer three month ago. I'm just beginning to learn some of the basic programs. It's fascinating. Won't hurt to have more credits even though the course is only three credit hours.Woman: I know it's no Mickey Mouse course! I took the course last semester. I barely made it. I got a C. I've been using a computer for the last two or three years for word-processing. But when it comes to programming, it's just ove my head. But then again, you can use it without knowing how it works, just like driving. I even use a laptop computer in class sometimes.Man: Still, just as knowing how an automobile works makes you a better driver, knowing something about programming makes you better at using a computer. Neverthelesss, I'm a little anxious about the course.Woman: I understand. But you'll do fine! In any case, you can drop it if you find it too difficult. Well, good luck on the course.
CD 1-36 1. The professor is mainly discussing: 1. A court case in France at the turn of the century ◎2. A Jewish officer in the French army and his treason3. A famous novelists's fight against prejudice4. The history of French political movements
CD 1- 372. What was Dreyfus accused of?1. Being a Jewish spy2. Betraying his country by being anti-Semitic3. Forging his fellow officer's signature4. Leaking military secrets ◎
CD 1-383. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Which sentence best express what the professor might say?1. The traitor couldn't be an army officer if you followed sound logic.2. The reaction from Dreyfus' accusers was quite natural.3. Dreyfus fellow officers used careful reasoning to figure out that he was gulity.4. The fellow officers' thinking was distorted by their prejudice. ◎
CD 1- 394. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: 1. To focus his talk on the future2. To change the topic of the lecture3. To emphasize the enduring nature of the issue ◎4. To ask an obvious question
CD 1-405. The professor explains the two sides on the issue. Click in the appropriate column for each description.Anti-Semitic The anti-DryfusardsRepublican The DryfusardsCatholic The anti-DryfusardsMonarchist The anti-DryfusardsProtestant The Dryfusards
CD 1-41The professor explains the events in chronological order. Put these events in order. March the dates with the events by clicking in the appropriate column.1. J' accuse was publised in Clemenceau's newspaper. In 18982. France was defeated by Prussia. In 18713. Legislation separating church and state was enacted. In 19054. Colonel George Picquart became chief of the counterintelligence section in the French army. In 18965. Dreyfus was pardoned. In 1899
CD 1-427. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why dose the professor say this: 1. Because he wants to respond to the student's answer exactly.2. Because he wants to correct the student's answer.3. Because he wants to confirm that the answer was correct. ◎4. Because he wants to show he wasn't satisfied.
CD 1-438. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. What does the professor imply when he says this: 1. To indicate that we learn from history because of a certain consistency in it. ◎2. To suggest that we can learn history from ironical situations.3. To confirm what the lecture is about.4. To ask a question about the value of studying history.
CD 1-449. What will the professor probably do next?1. He will talk about what England and its people did because of the affair. ◎2. He will conclude the lecture on the Dreyfus Affair.3. He will separate a French historical event from English reactions to it.4. He will suggest moving on to English reactions to the affair.
Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture on the Dreyfus Affair in a history class.Professor (male) : We've finished talking about the defeat of France by Prussia in 1871 and the Paris Commune. And we've already heard that political balance within the former nation began to fall apart after 1871 and that the death of Leon Gambetta in 1882 killed any chance for real political consensus in the country. And now we will move on to the so-called Dreyfus affair, which ilustrates how far political polarization had gone in the country. On October 15th in 1894 Alfred Dreyfus, a captain on the French general staff, was placed under arrest for high treason. After some weeks Dreyfus was found guilty at a secret military trial full of legal irregularities. And, uh, a few days later, on January 5th, 1895, he was deprived of his rank and sent for life to Devil's Island, in French Guiana. The conviction was based primarily on documents found in the waste-paper basket of a German military attache. The acrimony aroused by the case was to a large extent due to anti-Semitism, which was often related to Catholic, reactionary, and anti-Republican feelings. A Republican and a Jew, Dreyfus had been an outsider among the aristocratic, Catholic, and monarchist officers of the French general staff; therefore, his fellow officers were easily convinced to inciriminate him. Naturally, as their reasoning went, if there was a traitor among them, it could only be Dreyfus! So, even though his family... oh, by the way, he came from a wealthy Alsatian family...um, in any case, even though his family, especially his brother Mathieu, made every effort to obtain a new trail and some journalists came to Dreyfus's defense, for a long while no one could make any headway. Well, in the following year, the counterintelligence section of the French general staff received a new chief, Colonel George Picquart. This Colonel Picquart, a whistle-blower in the intelligence service, noticed that the removal of Dreyfus had not ended the leakage of military secrets. He also became aware that the handwriting on the incriminating documents wa similar to that of another member of the general staff, Count Esterhazy. On top of that, Esterhazy happened to be in continual financial difficulities. The plot thickenes, doesn't it? Um, as we will see, Picquart is the real hero of our story here. Well, when Picquart insisted on proceeding against Esterhazy, nobody on the general staff was willing to listen to him and he was summarily transferred from Paris to Tunis in AFRICA! But before leaving Paris, he confidentially informed several people of Esterhazy, including the vice president of the Senate. Shortly thereafter, two sides emerged on the issue: the pro- and the anti-Dreyfus. The pro-Dreyfus, called Dryusards, were Jewish, Protestant, anti-clericals, and liberals, and among them were the novelists Anatole France, Emile Zola, and Georges Clemenceau, the liberal politician, journalist and later premier. Interestingly enough, the Socialist leaders were reluctant supporters of Dreyfus because the Socialist leaders doubted that their adherents, the workers, percieved a connection between their own interests and the cause of a wealthly Jewish officer. On this other side were the anti-Dreyfusards -- Catholics, monarchists and many anti-Semities, veterans of 1871, frustrated nationalists and many rural elements. Of course, there was money involved in the whole thing, too, as you many suspect. In particular, what further fueled the hostility was the 1885 failure of a Roman Catholic banking firm, for which its Jewish rivals, including Rothschilds, with their superior resources and shrewdness, were blamed. In order to quell once and for all the agitation for Dreyfus, the French army ordered a trial of Esterhazy, and, lo and behold, he was acquitted. And, here is our hero again. Picquart, one of the witnesses against Esterhazy, was arrested and imprisoned. But rest assured, not all in vain. This whole arbitrary procedure provoked one of the great political documents of modern times -- J'accuse, which means "I Accuse!" In this open letter, addressed to the president of the republic, published in 1898 in Clemenceau's newspaper, Emile Zola stated the case against the army leaders briefly and succinctly. He singled our the responsible officers by name and devoted to each one of them a single paragraph beginning "J' accuse." Rightly expecting that he, too, would be condemned, Zola fled to London, where he continued to fight. Under these circumstances the highest court of appeals set aside the previous condemnation of Dreyfus and a new trial was set. On June 22, 1899, however, the new trial culminated in a bizarre verdict that confirm Dreyfus's guilt but, at the same time, pardoned him by conceding him "extenuating circumstances." Still, in September of that year, Dreyfus accpeted a pardon from the president of France. This brought his immediate release, although it implied a tacit admission of guilt. As a matter of fact, it took seven more years, until 1906, before Dreyfus was finally exonerated of the charges and readmitted into the army. Incidentally, afterward he fought at the Western Front during World War 2. All this is a thing of the past? Hardly. The factions in the Dreyfus affair remained in place for decades in its aftermath. As a result of the affair, the political right acquired an ideology and the left received a new sense of direction. The liberal victory played an important role in prompting liberal legislation such as a 1905 enactment separeting church and state. The anit-Dreyfusards have, on the other hand, remained a potent coalition and endured to the present time, as well. Even now, his statues and monuments are occasionally vandalized by far-right activists. Most importantly, the Dreyfus affair was symbolic of a whole series of unanswered questions in French society. Republic or monarchy? Catholic or secular? Liberal or authoritarian? These issues remained unsolved not just during World War 1, but also during World War 2, when, under Nazi auspices, the ghost of the anti-Dreyfusard movement was raised from the dead and placed in power. What is this resurrected ghost? Anyone? Yes...Student: Um, the Vichy government?Professor: Uh huh. Precisely. As you all must know from reading James Hall's articles, this week's reading assignment, the right-wing Vichy regime was composed mostly of old anti-Dreyfusards or their descendants. The more things change, the more they remain the same, as the French writer Alphonse Karr said. Well, that's why we're doing what we're doing here after all, isn't it, folks? Well, this is as good as any point to sugue into British reactions to this whole incidence. Before we wrap up for today, I'd like to touch on the affair's influence across the Channel.
CD 1-45the building at the corner 角の建物a fight at a concert the meeting at noonhis death at twenty-two 彼の22歳での死the nations at war 戦争状態にある国々a Japanese film at its best 最高の日本映画an expert at that matter その問題の専門家a guess at the number of deaths 死亡者数の推定the flight at 800 miles per hour 時速800マイルでの飛行his arrival at the airporta cursory glance at the article 記事への一瞥random questions thrown at youthe day before yesterdaya week before the deadline an empty glass before the customera name before Mary Simpson （リストや表などの）メリー・シンプソンの前にある名前a difficult task before the teambreak up with her 彼女と別れるbring about a blackout 停電を引き起こすbring it home to her 彼女にちゃんとわからせるbring up a child 子供を育てるbring up his suggestion 彼の提案を持ち出すcall for an explanationcall off the meeting 会議を中止するcare for shellfish 甲殻類が好きだcarry on a conversation 会話をするcarry out his assignment 割り当てられた任務を遂行する
CD 1-46David found it fascinating to watch the volcano erupting with great force. すごい勢いで爆発しているのを見てThe store clerk was very anxious to close up the store before seven o'clock. 店を閉めたがっていたTo qualify for the semi-final, you need to win three times in this competition.Would you like something to drink?He was quite disappointed with Debby's leaving the firm. デビーが会社を辞めるので彼は大変がっかりした。The presentation was both entertaining and well thought out.I caught myself staring at her body instead of paying attention to what she was saying.We sat on the cool and shady porch idling away a sultry afternoon. 涼しい日陰のポーチにすわって、何もせずに蒸し暑い夏の午後を過ごした。There are few scholarships avaiable for handicapped students.Little effort has been made to alleviate the national food shortage.Offending you is the least of his worries right now. あなたを傷つけることは今の彼の心配にはほとんど含まれていない。I'm sure she did. もちろん彼女がやったと確信しています。I'm pretty sure that he'll come.I bet we saved over an hour.You must be exhausted.There's nothing wrong with asking questions when you don't understand.There's no way anyone can know that much about history. 一人の人間が歴史についてそんなに知り得るわけがない。There's nothing really like it. 本当にそれに似たものはない。No way we're going to make it on time in this rush hour.They don't know anything. なにもわかっちゃいない。I've never heard of this before. こんなこと今まで聞いたことがない。
CD 1-47Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a zoology class.Professor (male): What do you think makes the owls such a good nocturnal hunter? Well, visualize it in the woods at night. The first thing you notice about it is its large round eyes. Those eyes are all so constantly vigilant from its perch on a tree. The secret of the owl's ability to hunt lies in its good night vision, which, in turn, lies in the size and construction of its eyes. In fact, its superb nocturnal vision involves two quite separate capabilities: the ability to discriminate fine details of the objects within the visual field, and the ability to perceive small quantities of light. Therefore, the owl's eyes are not simply giant versions of those o its day-living cousins, as you might suppose. During the daytime, there is plenty of light, and so the eyes of diurnal animals like gray, squirrels, mormots, most birds, and humans, have relatively small "windows" -- the cornea. Now, the amount of detail capable of resolution by the eye will obiously increase with the size of the image. In diurnal species of animials, the eye's lens tends to be flat with a long focal length, which means that a comparatively large image is brought to a focus on the retina way back from the lens. However, the larger an image gets, the dimmer it becomes, too. But, because of the high-intensity of light that enters through the pupil, the consequent loss of brightness of the large image doesn't matter; um, what this means is it will still be bright enough to register on the retina. In contrast, one of the first essentials for an eye that has to operate by night is that it must be able to collect and concentrate as much light as possible. The eyes of owl's are large, but size alone is not enough. Obviously, the design must differ from those of diurnal animals. One of the most striking features of an owl's eye is the relative size of the "window." In photographers' jargon, nocturnal eyes are "fast"; that is to say, size for size, they are capable of letting in far more light than diurnal ones. In practical terms, a "fast" lens is wider than a slow one. When there is not enough light for the slow lens to operate, the fast one can still collect enough to throw a bright image onto the film. The same analogy can be drawn between the eyes of owls and day birds. Now let's take a look at Figure 1 and compare the vertical sections of the eye of a diurnal species of bird and of an owl's eye. Since an owl's eye has a large cornea, the system would tend to throw a large image a long way back, just like in a daytime hunter's eye, with a comparable loss of brightness. At the same time, however, rounder and more powerful lenses bring the much brighter image back closer to the lens. In a word, their eyes give owls high resultion, with which they can see details of things even in the dark. The optics of their system, together with the fact that they have highly sensitive retinas, makes owls very well equipped to probe the darkest nooks by night. Well, um, this is why we can only stumble and grope in the dark, while owls are capable of an extraordinary feat of waving, er... weaving in and out of the trees at night with no trouble at all. There is another conspicuous difference between our eyes and owls'. Unlike the eyes of mammals, the eyes of these birds are reinforced by bony structures that bind the cornea in the tough outer layer of the eyeball. And these are fuesd to the skull. That's why owls cannot move their eyes inside the eye sockets and we can. They cannot "roll" or move their eyes -- that is, they can only look straight ahead! But their head can turn a considerable angle to accomplish the same purpose. Because the owl's eyes are separated by a siginificant distance, they also have good stereovision and depth perception. One last thing is, it's a popular misconception that owls are blind by day. After all, some species hunt by day and clincher is, eagle owls have been found to possess vision more acute than ours by day. Nevertheless, the relatively enormous tubular eyes of these birds are highly sensitive pieces of equipment, turned for nightlife. So they must be protected against the glare of daylight. Now in this function, their muscular irises play an improtant role.
CD 1-481. What is the lecture mainly about?1. The hunting abilities of owls2. A comparison between human and owl eyes3. High-resolution cameras4. The mechanism of the owl's eyes ◎
CD 1-492. What determines the loss of brightness of an image through a lens?1. Its large size ◎2. Its distance from the camera3. High-intensity light4. The focal length of a lens
CD 1-503. Based on the information in the lecture, which statements are true? Indicate whether the sentences below are true or not. For each sentence, click in the YES or NO column.1. An owl has a relatively bigger corneas than a diurnal bird. YES2. The fast lens can operate with much less light than the slow one. YES3. An owl's eye has a faster lens than that of a diurnal bird. YES4. Unlike a diurnal bird's eye, an owl's eye throw a large image on the retina. NO5. An owl's eye tends to throw a large dim image on the retina. NO
CD 1-514. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: The same analogy can be drawn between the eyes of owls and day birds. 1. To imply that a bird's eyes have similarities to a camera2. To indicate that the previous statement about light is true of birds' eyes ◎3. To confirm his previous statement about the light4. To change the topic of the lecture
CD 1-525. What prevents owls from moving their eyes inside their eye sockets?1. A gridle inside their eye socket2. The tough outer layer of the eyeball3. Bony structure binding the cornea ◎4. A reinforced binder of bony structure
CD 1-536. Which is NOT true?1. Owls cannot move their eyes around.2. Owls can turn their head significantly.3. Owls have good depth perception.4. Owls' eyes are close together. ◎
CD 1-547. Why is it not true that owls are blind by daylight?1. Because some owls hunt by day. ◎2. Because eagle owls are more acute than us.3. Because their large eyes are tuned for both day and night.4. Because their eyes are protected by muscles.
CD 1-55the sharp eyes behind the rimless glasses 縁なしメガネの奥の鋭い目a woman behind the desk 机に向かう（仕事中の）女性a man behind Mr. Lindbergha store behind the police stationa mastermind behind the projecta cave below the groundten feet below the surface of water 水面下10フィートthe office directly below minehousehold incomes below $2500 2500未満20 degrees below freezing 氷点下20度all staff below manger levelcome in handy 役に立つcome to grips with the reality しっかり現実を理解するcome up with a solutioncomply with the regulationscongratulation him on his promotionconform to the tradition 伝統に従うconfuse this with thatconsist of five chaptersconvince him of its true value 納得させるcook it from scratch まったく始めから料理する（インスタントなどを使わずに）count on you あなたに頼るcut out for teaching 教職に向いている
CD 1-56It is very unlikely that he will win the championship.Teachers can earn hardly enough to make ends meet in this state.Nobody knows for sure. 誰にも確実にはわからないNo parking permitted in the restricted area.They no longer provide a twenty-four-hour package service.I bet. きっとそうだI got it. わかったよI know.I know, I know.I swear to God.I'm kidding. 冗談だよI'm glad you told me that.I'll swear.I can see that. それは理解できるよI can do it.I can explain everything.This is it. これだ！That's it. それだよ！That's better. そうしたほうがいいね。That's right.That's okay.You have nothing to worry about.You'll see. そのうちあなたにもわかります。It will be OK. 大丈夫ですよ。Everything will be all right. 万事うまくいくよ。We'll figure something out. どうにか考えるさ。どうにかするよ。We are doing everything we can.We'll get you another one. もう一つ持ってきてあげよう。She'll be all right. 彼女は心配ありません。There's nothing to worry about.There's no hurry. 急ぐことはありません。There you go. ほらね。そうでしょう。Anything you want.Fine.Fine with me.Sure.Certainly. もちろんVery well, sir. 承知いたしました。男性に。No problem.No hard feelings. 恨みっこなしね。Of course not. もちろんそんなことはないと思うよ。Not so bad. No question about it. 疑問の余地なしだね。Take my word for it. 私の言葉を信じなさい。You name it. 何でも言ってごらん。You bet. もちろん。Never mind.Don't worry. Your secret's safe with me. 秘密は守るから。Don't bother. わざわざしなくていいよ。そんなことすることはない。
CD 1-57GradingMan: Did you catch what Prof. Russell said about the grading system?Woman: Yes, I think so. It's quite simple.Man: I came in late so only got the last part of his explanation. Can you tell me exactly what's going on?Woman: Well, besides the midterm and final exam, we will be required to submit three short papers and one long one. Our grade is equally divided among the two exams, the short papers, and the long paper. I mean those three short papers are altogether a quarter of our workload and grade.Man: Did he say anything about attendance? I've already missed two classes so far. Did he call the roll today?Woman: No. He said attendance is not part of our grade. He will be there, so we should be, too. Attendance has nothing to do with your intellectual ability. Make sense to me.
CD 1-591. What is the topic of the lecture?1. The Palladian influence on the Georgian style in America2. The historical background of architectural styles3. A comparison between American and British architecture4. The Georgian period in American architecture ◎
CD 1-602. What is true of the origin of the architectural label "Georgian"?1. It refers to a historical period. ◎2. It refers to visual images.3. It refers to building practices.4. It refers to the name of a colony.
CD 1-613. Which architect had the most direct influence on American architects in the 18th century?1. Sir Christopher Wren ◎2. Palladio3. 16th century Italian architects4. Leoni
CD 1-624. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: ...uh, excuse me, the academic formal quality of the Georgian style. 1. To repeat the previous expression2. To correct the previous expression ◎3. To apologize for making a mistake4. To choose a better word for what he wants to say
CD 1-635. Based on the information provided in the lecture, indicate whether the sentences below are true. For each sentence, click in the YES or NO column.1. Before Georgian style arose, architectural styles spread among craftsman through the apprenticeship system. YES2. Georgian style reached builders exclusively through inexpensive collections of engravings. NO3. Palladio's work influenced American architects who visited England. NO4. The Georgian style became very important in the training of carpenters in both England and America. YES5. Americans in the 18th century could learn Georgian designs through architectural publications. YES
CD 1-646. Which is mentioned in the lecture?1. England had a building boom when Georgian style was introduced.2. Wealthy captains and merchants tried to develop a new class.3. American builders borrowed the English styles from Palladio.4. Many wealthy Americans wanted to display their wealth. ◎
CD 1-657. Which statement is NOT true according to the lecture?1. A Georgian house had separate rooms for sleeping, cooking and dining.2. Comfort, convenience and privacy were the most important for colonists. ◎3. Regular patterns in architecture were received positively.4. Georgian architecture is filled with the sense of proportion and balance.
CD 1-668. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: You know what I mean?1. To confirm what he said before 2. To point out that these things are quite obvious ◎3. To ask students if they understand him4. To draw the students' attention to the photos
CD 1-679. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. How does the professor seem to feel about the Georgian architecture in the previous century?1. Georgian architecture was not so popular anymore.2. Many of its 20th century reproductions are not good. ◎3. The style is currently enjoying its highest popularity since the last century.4. At the present time, we cannot see many examples of it from the past century.
CD 1-6810. What does the professor say about the features of Georgian style in the lecture? 1. It is characterized by monotonous regularity.2. It has been faithful to classical style and rules.3. Many houses of its England version have a hipped roof. ◎4. Asymmertry and balanced mathematical ratios are its distinctive features.
CD 1-6911. Based on the information about Georgian style, indicate whether the sentences below are correct. For each sentence, click in the YES or NO column.1. The Georgian period in American architecture began with construction of the Wren Building. YES2. In America the origianl style generally ended by the 1880s. NO3. In the late 18th century the architects returned to the Georgian style in their Colonial Revival styles. NO4. Late 19th-century American architects applied 18th-century details to their contemporary dimensions and function. YES5. In the 19th century, elements of the Georgian style were highlighted by scale change, different combinations of features, or reprtition. YES
CD 1-70 12. How does the professor organize his lecture?1. He makes an argument for the new style that replaced the old one.2. He contrasts older styles of architecture with a new one.3. He provides a chronological account of the architectural style. ◎4. He defines the architectural style by giving examples of its applications.
Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an architecture class.Professor (male): Today we'll talk about the Georgian period in American architecture. As you read in the textbook, widely used architectural labels such as "Georgian" and "Federal" are derived from historical periods, and they have, in turn, come to elicit fairly specific visual images. No doubt you'd soon be able to visualize and cite examples of those styles yourselves, too. In any case, um, that's why ...um, say, Hampton Plantation in Towson, Maryland, was not built while the Georges of England ruled the American colonies -- between 1714 and 1775 -- but nevertheless is classified as Georgian. Well, the image runs ahead of reality, uh, actually, behind reality, in this case, doesn't it? Georgian style refer to a style originating in England in the 1600's based on forms following the classical principals of design developed by Andrea Palladio during the Italian Renaissance. In the mid 1600's, architects Indigo Jones and Christopher Wren began designing buidlings using Palladios' desing principals. This style became wildly popular in England, replacing the medival. The Georgian period in American architecture began about 1700 with construction of the Wren Building at the College of William and Mary. It was named after its architect. Although old architectural history books extended this period in American architecture until 1830 -- the end of the reign of George Ⅳ, most scholars now agree that in America the style generally ran its course by the 1780s. The eight-year hiatus of construction during the Revolutionary War essentially ended the Georgian period of architecture in irs original form. Later it would be renewed in revival styles. Thus, this is one of the longest-lived architectural styles in America. Well, many of the founders of the nation lived in handsome, capacious buildings along the eastern seaborad which were built in this style and the sites of historic events of the Revolutionary War that we can still visit were built in this style, too. Another noteworthy thing about his styles is that, while earlier styles were disseminated among craftsmem through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system, Georgian architecture was spread among builders through the new medium of inexpensive collections of engravings, as well. Leoni's first English publication of Palladio's work between 1716 and 1720 and a host of other handbooks from England all influenced American building arts and increased the academic former, uh, excuse me, the academic formal quality of the Georgian style. And, eventually, from the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assmilated into an architerctural parlance so that they became part and parcel of the training of every carpenter and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland. So, Georgian designs reached the American colonies in the form of architectural mannuals and pattern books by the mid 1700s when New England was enjoying its building boom. Wealth was accumulating along the Eastern seaboard. Wealthy captains, merchants, shipyard owners, and mill owners were developing new social classes. New standards of sophistication and elegance were being established. In the colonies, style now mattered. Many of those in the burgeoning wealthy classes visited England and looked to England for precedents of fashion and taste. And those they found. They were eager to have the new Georgian style home that displayed status, wealth and taste. So, Georgian style was all over the place, from Maine to Virginia in the British colonies. Just as Palladio in the 16th century had freely adapted Roman classical forms and Wren and his fellowers did heavily emulate the work of this Italian achitect, so did American builders borrow the English architectural style wholesale and with a vengeance! This new style involved new concepts of living. The multiplication of rooms led to increaed specialization of rooms into separate rooms for sleeping, cooking, dining and so forth. Comfort, convenience and privacy were beginning to play a role in the colonies' lifestyle as they increased their wealth. After the Revolution, Georgian convetions were slowly abandoned as a number of Revival styles, such as Gothic revival, enlarged the design repertoire. Another reason for this was its association with the colonial regime. Curiously, though, Pennsylvanians continued building Georgian houses until the 1860s, the time of the Civil War, while New Englanders abandoned the Georgian style for the most part before 1800. By the way, in Canada, Georgian architecture was embraced as a sign of Canadians' loyalty to Britain, and the style was dominant for most of the first half of the 19th century. Okay, let's look at the distinctive features of the style. Georgian architecture is characterized by its sense of proportion and balance. Simple mathematical ratios were used to determine, for example, the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room. "Regular" was a term of approval because it implies symmertry and adherence to classical rules. On the other hand, the lack of symmetry was felt to be a fatal flaw. Regularity of house fronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Georgian designs usually include one or more of the orders of architecture and other elements derived from ancient Rome or Greece. Oh, what are orders? Yes. Student (female): Orders are formalized systems of proportions. And Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian are the major Greek classical orders.Professor: Yup. Now, look at Page 79. You can see these defining features of Georgian architecture: Renaissance-inspired rigid classical symmetry, axial entrances, geometrical proportions, and sash windows, in which the framing, the sash, holds panes of glass. You see what I mean? As you may also notice, a British Georgian building had a hipped roof sloping down on all four sides; an American one, side-gable roof. See? Now, look at the drawings on Page 81 and look for the features of the most dominant influence in Georgian architecture: namely, Palladian. Well, the features of Palladian design were especially prevalent in the mid-Georgian period. Look at the those of the Virginia governor's palace in Williamsburg and Drayton Hall near Charleston, South Carolina. Do you spot the Palladian influence? These buildings are the epitomes of American Georgian architecture, and you can distinctly see the hand of Palladio in them: the large classical column and the two-story portico, which is a large porch, usually with a roof tha is supported by those classical columns. And, of course, even now we often hear the term "Palladian window" -- a tall window with flanking two smaller rectangles and a arched top, which you can find on many, many buildings, most often on the second story, directly above the front entrance, from all the periods since then. After almost a century of reviving European styles, late 19th-century American architects began to look to their own national past for appropriate models in their creation. Architects and builders revived and modified the styles to accomodate the more modern lifestyle and taste of the new century. That is to say, they created their Colonial Revival styles from the Georgian style. In their eagerness to ensure that the design heritage would be recognized, the architects often exaggerated their case. They also had to find ways to apply 18th-century details to buildings that were decidedly 19th-century size and function, such as railroad stations and public schools. To accomplish this, elements of the Georgian style were emphasized in various ways -- by changes of scale, by combinations of features used in ways unknown to the 18th century, or simply by repetition. It is such emphasis that helps distinguish the parent from child. So, even though we now have examples of original Georgian and Georgian "revival" homes and buildings to consider, you will be able to spot the original from the revival with enough time and practice. Can we still find new buildings of this style? Certainly. Althought the Georgian Revival enjoyed its greatest popularity and most vigorous expression in the last decades of the 19th century and the first of the 20th, it is still pretty much a part of our architectural scene. Well, unfortunately, however, most modern examples suggest that the creative revival of the Georgian style is a thing of the past.
CD 1-71agreement between Mr. Smith and Mr. Nelson a wall between the two plants ２つの工場の間の壁space between the floor and the foundations 床と土台の間の空間an arbitrator between the two partiesa marriage between an Irishman and an Tanzanian womanthe widening gulf between the religious sectsa talk between Jim and methe range between two million and nine millondeal with an unruly childdepend on the weather differ in opiniondiscuss it with themdistinguish this from thatdo away with old filesdo if for a changedo without much natural resources draw on his personal experience 頼る、参考にするdraw up a planderam of getting marrieddress in black drive at something 何か言いたいことがあるdivide the sandwich into threedwell on their financial failure
1-72We will deliver your furniture no later than Wednesday.He is such a fastidious customer that nothing but the very best could please him. 彼は好みのうるさい客で最上のモノにしか満足しない。Doctor Meyer was not too happy about the pace of the patient's recovery. あまり満足していない。No one offered and friendly advice or refuge to the breaved. 遺族に対して誰も親切な助言も保護も与えなかった。Not a soul dared to make a move with the gun pointed at their backs. 背中を銃で狙われ誰一人思い切って動こうとはしなかった。Hello.Excuse me. 失礼ですが（ちょっと）Pardom me. えっ？（失礼ですが）Look. 見てJust look at the difference in price.Listen to me, please.Listen to her.Let me think. ちょっと考えさせて。Let me see that. それ見せて。Look what I found. ほら、私の見つけたものを見て。Look who's here. ほら、見て。おや、珍しい。やあ、いらっしゃい。Look who the cat dragged in. ちょっと連れてきた人を見てよ。えらいのを連れて来てくれたなあ。Bear with me. ちょっと我慢して私の言うことを聞いてくれ。Guess what I heard about her. 彼女について何を聞きたいと思う？Show me what you got. 持っているものを見せなさい。Hear me out on this okay? 最後まで聞いてくれよ。Want to see something? あなた、見たい？Watch it. 気をつけて。Watch out, Sam. 気をつけて。Watch your step. 足元に気をつけてください。Look out. あぶない。Hey, what about me? おい、私はどうなるんだ？My turn.Before I forget. 忘れる前に言っておくけど。This reminds me of the thing I have to tell you.May I interrupt you for a moment? ちょっと話の腰を折ってもいいですか。Here's what I think about that. それについて考えていることです。
CD 2-21. What is the purpose of the professor's talk? Choose two answers. 1. To explain the range of scores for each grade.2. To describe his position on grading. ◎3. To persuade the students of the validity of his system ◎4. To clarify confusion about the grading system
2-32. Based on the information provided in the talk, indicate whether the sentences below are correct. For each sentence, click in the YES or NO column. 1. The grade "A" indicates the student does what the instructor expects him to. YES2. The grade "B" means the student is not perfect. NO 3. The grade "C" means the student's work is average. NO4. The grade "D" designates performance below minimum requirements. YES5. The grade "F" stands for "failure." YES
2-43. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: When you speak a language, you have to use it the way people use it, or they won't understand you.1. To indicate that the grading system is the same as a language2. To warn the student that the system can't be translated to a language3. To press home his point by making a comparison to a familiar thing ◎4. To emphasize the universality of the grading system
2-54. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. What does the professor mean when he says this: You're not on Sesame Street any more, folks!1. The students are in college.2. The students have to be selective about what to watch on TV.3. The students can't expect to have fun any more.4. The students have different expectations to fulfill now. ◎
5. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. Which sentence best expresses what the professor is thinking when he says this: Mind you, despite recurring rumors, I'm not a god.1. I doubt that you worship me as a result.2. It's embarassing to hear a rumor that I'm superhuman.3. Needless to say, I can only gauge your performance. ◎4. It's foolish to believe a rumor that I can grade your efforts.
6. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. What can be inferred about the professor's attitude from his comment.1. He is apologetic about his system.2. He is being nice about contradicting the student. ◎3. He feels guilty about not agreeing with the student.4. He regrets hurting the student's feeling.
2-8 7. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. What is the purpose of the question?1. To show the two choices from which the students choose2. To ask the students on obvious question3. To impress his point on the students ◎4. To compare two doctors in their competence
2-9 8. Which of the following would the professor most likely say?1. Grading should reflect competence not incompetence.2. Grading on effort won't do you or anyone else any good. ◎3. Grading on competence is the strictest way to go.4. Grading on campus is as widespread as it should be.
9. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. What does the student imply by this?1. He takes back what he said before. ◎2. With some conditions attached, the professor's reasoning is correct.3. The professor could express it differently.4. The professor's previous comment is not sensible.
10. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. What does the professor imply when he says this: Are you sure? 1. He needs the students to confirm the comment.2. He wants the student to be more confident.3. He expects the student to repeat the statement.4. He disagrees with the student. ◎
2-1211. Which statement is true according to the talk?1. High school teachers always use a precise grading system.2. The professor will provide the students with grade ranges. ◎3. The students are graded in terms of their position among the others.4. The professor thinks studetns should not compete with each other.
2-1312. Which of the following statement is NOT ture, according to the talk.1. Grading on effort is impractical.2. "Grading on a curve" is often used on standardized tests.3. The college grading sysmte is universally recognized across the country.4. Grading on effort follows the standard of the country. ◎
2-14 13. Based on the information provided in the talk, indicate whehter the sentences below are correct. For each sentence, click in the YES or NO column.1. Students should be graded against what the course requires. YES2. Grades are an instructor's expert judgement of a student's performance. YES3. The size of a class is not a factor in choosing a grading method. NO4. Giving a fixed percentage of students each particular grade validates the practice of grading on a curve. NO5. Grades are an effective form of communication when they are used by everyone in the same way. YES
Narrator: Listen to a talk in a statistics class.Professor (male): I'd like to explain how the grading system for the course works. By the way the system is the one adopted by all the departments in the college. Its premise is that grades are a system of communication and, therefore, are worthless unless everyone uses them the same way. We issue transcripts so that employers and graduate schools will how well you, students, have performed. Here's how people across the country will interpret the grades we give: A: The student did as well as could be expected.B: The student did as well as could be expected with some flaws.C: The student met the minimum requirements for the course.D: The student learned some of the material but did not meet minimum requirements.F: The student learned little or none of the material, that is, he failed. There's no point in saying that the letters "ought" to mean something else -- for instnace, that C "ought" to mean "average." When you speak a language, you have to use it the way people use it. or they won't understand you.Female student: So, your grading system is universal and follows the standard of the country?Professor: Exactly. Uh, also grades measure results, not effort. You're not on Sesame Street any more, folks! It may sound charitable to "grade on effort," rewarding hard work with higher grades even in the absence of measurable results. This, however, won't work in practice. I have no way to measure how hard each of you work, do I? Mind you, despite recurring rumors, I'm not a god. Anyhow... Yes?Male student: Um, well, may I say something?Professor: Okay, shoot!Male student: You mean effort doesn't count at all? It seems to me kind of, um, unfair not taking into account differences in things like natural aptitude and learning styles.Professor: Sorry, but the university gives degrees for mastering course material, not for enduring drudgery, and grades are part of a degree. No matter how much you sweat in the process, it doesn't count unless you cross the finish line. Would you rather be operated on by a doctor who had an easy time in medical school, or by one who had a hard time and got his passing grade "on effort"? Grading on effort can conceal incompetence or, at best, send you into advanced courses for which you aren't prepared.Male student: When you put it that way, yeah, it makes sense.Professor: All right, then. Now that we are on the same page, there is one thing I'd like to mention. That is, grades are not numbers. We use numbers to make certain that grades given fairly, but the grade itself is a teacher's professional judgement of a student's mastery of the subject. It does no good to tell the world that you scored between 80 and 90 on my exam, unless I also tell the world exactly what is on the exam. Likewise, it makes little sense to issue arbitrary course descriptions that "B is 80 to 90." The University publishes course descriptions, not exams.Male student: But you'll give us the range of A's, B's and C's. Like top ten percent gets A's and bottom ten percent gets F's, or some like that. I think it is very precise and fair way of grading.Professor: Are you sure?Make student: Well, that's our high school teacher always told us. The fairest method of giving grades. And he gave us the range of scores for each letter, you know. Was he wrong? Professor: Oh, yeah, of course, I'll give you grade ranges. But not percentage. You're talking about two different things. There's no percentage in giving grades according to certain set raitos, as they say. You know why? Because students should be graded against course requirements, not against other students. Don't get me wrong, I'm sure a certain amount of competition among you guys is very healthy, but you shouldn't suffer because your fellow students do well, nor benefit because they do badly. Do you know where I'm coming from? A graduate school or employer will want to know whether your fellow students failed to do so. And so, to answer your question, yes, your high school teacher was wrong. Do you see that now?Male student: Completely.Professor: All right. Uh, this method of giving grades based on how a student's work compares with other students' is called "grading on a curve." You may have heard of it because a lot of IQ tests and other standardized tests use that. But what most non-statisticians don't realize is that "grading on a curve" works well only when the class is enormous -- with perhaps 1,000 students -- and, uh... only when the student performance is known to be constant over time. Alas, we are just mortals and our performance can fluctuate from year to year, or from day to day for that matter. So, in a cla
ss of around 50, like ours, random variation will surely invalidate any attempt to give A's, B's, and C's to fixed percentages of the class. Believe me -- I make a living being a statistician. And on top of that, grading on a curve allows students to sink to any depth as long as all students sink together. A scary thought, isn't it? Oh, by the way, I refer all cases of suspected cheating to the Office of Judicial Programs. This may sound a bit heavy-handed, but it's the only way to make sure that the student gets a confidential investigation by experts followed by a fair hearing. Of course, if it's proven that he was indeed dishonest, he gets the F that he earned.Female professor: Fair enough.Professor: I wouldn't dream of being anything other than that!
2-15problems beyond my comprehensionschooling beyond the age of 16 歳以上の学校教育lifestyle beyond his means 彼の収入を超えた生活様式a house by the seaa quiet dinner by candlelight ろうそくの光での静かな夕食an encounter by chance 偶然の出会いthe book by a famous writer communications by telegram 電報a trip by busegg her on to drive fast 彼女をそそのかして高速で運転させるend in failureengage in a serious discussionfall out with his business partner 共同経営者と仲違いするfall short of his expectationsfall through due to the weather 天候が理由でだめになるfill up with regular レギュラーで満タンにするfind out how to bake a lemon pieget along with his in-laws 義理の家族と仲良くするget on the busget on her nervesget over with chores 日課を片付けるget in the car 乗車するget to the bottom of the case この事件の真相を突き止めるget on well with his roommate 仲良くやるget through the interview 面接に合格する（やりぬく）
2-16Not a single passenger survived the train crash.Barbara had neither time nor energy to protest his accusation.Neither Stan nor his brother took the driving test yesterday.I've got to leave right away. すぐ行かなければならないHe is supposed to bring the books back. 戻しに来ることになっているThey are expected to take piano lessons.That's easier said than done.Better late than never. 遅れてもまったくしないよりはまし。The more the merrier. 多いほうが楽しい。Welcome to the club. やっとわかったんだね（みなそう思っている）。When you put it that way, that doesn't sound nearly as bad.Now that I think about it, I'll go ahead to apply for it. 考えてみて、それに応募することにしたよ。On second thought, I'd rather not.Go for it, Mom. いけいけ、お母さんGo on. 続けて（やめないで）Go ahead.Hang on. あきらめないで。Hang in there. 頑張って。Smile. そんな顔しないで笑ってNever mind.Take your time. ゆっくりどうぞYou can do it. 大丈夫、あなたならできるよ
2-181. What is the professor mainly talking about?1. Things orbiting the sun2. Our Solar System & the Milky Way ◎3. The planets in our solar system4. The Galaxy
2. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: Yeah, if you add meteoroids, the list of these bodies will be complete. 1. Because he wants to point out that the student made a mistake.2. Because he wants the student to understand the question better.3. Because he wants to supply what the student failed to mention. ◎4. Because he doesn't want to hurt the student's feeling.
3. Which is NOT a "gas giant"?1. Neptune2. Saturn 3. Mercury ◎4. Jupiter
4. What is true about the direction of spin?1. All the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction except Pluto.2. Pluto spins around its axis counterclockwise viewed from above.3. All the gas giants spin around their axis counterclockwise.4. One of the gas giants spins around its axis clockwise viewed from above. ◎
5. Why can we not see the center of the galaxy clearly?1. Because the center of the galaxy is completely surrounded by dust clouds.2. Because the light of the Milky Way Galaxy is faint.3. Because the galaxy has a dense central bulge.4. Because our Solar System is in one of its spiral arms. ◎
6. According to the lecture, what is true about the Milky Way? Indicate whether the answers below are correct or not. For each answer, click in the YES or NO column.1. The Milky Way is really a flat spiral. NO2. The Sun is situated closer to the Galaxy's rim than to its center.YES3. When we face it we see more stars. YES4. The center of the Galaxy is obscured because of a massive black hole. NO5. The optical maps do not show a complete view of the Milky Way. YES
7. Based on information given in the lecture, indicate what part of the Galaxy contains the following kinds of stars. For each group of stars, click in the correct column.Young stars The spiral armsOlder stars The central bulgeThe oldest stars The halo
8. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Galaxy were reduced to 1,000 miles in diameter, the solar system would be a mere 1 inch (2.54 cm) in width.1. To indicate that a comparison is possible between the Galaxy and our solar system2. To make the difference in their sizes easier to perceive ◎3. To repeat what he said previously4. To emphasize the small size of the solar system
Narrator: Listen to a part of a lecture in an astronomy class.Professor (male): Good afternoon, everybody. Today I'm gonna talk about our solar system and the Milky Way. Well, first, about the Solar System. As you well know it, it consists of a central star, the Sun, and the bodies that orbit it. Well, let me ask you guys: what are these bodies?Male student: Things orbiting the Sun include planets and their moons and asteroids and some comets, too.Professor: Yeah, if you add meteroids, the list of these bodies will be complete. This list used to include nine planets and their 61 moons, asteroids, comets, and meteroids. But jsut a month ago, on August 24, the International Astronomical Union passed a new definition of planet tha puts Pluto in a new category of "dwarf planet." So now we have 8 genuine planets and Pluto. Besides all of these, the Solar System contains interplantary gas and dust as well. The planets in our solar system differ greatly from each other. For example, Mercury, the closest to the Sun, has a surface temperature of 400 degree Celsius, while on Neptune, on which winds blow up to 2,000 kilometers, or 1,200 miles, an hour -- uh, on Neptune, the mean cloud temperature reaches a low of minus 193 to 153 degrees Celsius. Pluto, now called "dwarf," which is 3.6 billion away from the Sun -- that is 40 times the distance between Earth and the Sun -- the temperature reaches a low of minus 230 degrees Celsius. Also, all of the planets, only five are visible to the unaided eye; to see Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto -- the farthest three -- a telescope is needed. The same is true for the rings of Saturn and for the asteroids, or "minor planets," that orbit around the Sun, especially between Mars and Jupiter, by the thousands. The planets fall into two groups: four rocky, uh, four small rocky planets near the Sun -- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars -- and four planets farther out, the so-called gas giants -- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Between the rocky planets and gas giants is the asteroids belt, which contains thousands of chunks of rock orbiting the Sun. And Pluto -- it's very small, solid, and icy and its status had been faltering, so to speak. Um, what I mean is ... er, well, you many have read in the newspaper or some science magazines that Pluto's small size, icy composition, and tilted, elliptical orbit have led some astronomers to debate its classification as a planet... Some always throught it was sort of, uh, out of it. Those scientists believed Pluto should be grouped with the asteroids or comets, er, because... The reason is because several other icy bodies have recently been found beyond the orbit of Neptune. Anyway, Pluto is the outermost planet of sort, except when it passes briefly inside Neptune's orbit. Most of the bodies in the Solar System move around the Sun in elliptical orbits located in a thin disk around the Sun's equator. All the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction -- uh, counterclockwise when viewed from above -- and all but Venus, Uranus, and Pluto also spin around their axis in this direction. Moons also spin as they, in turn, orbit their planets. This entire Solar System orbits the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way, which is today's second topic. The Milky Way is the name given to the faint band of light that stretches across the night sky. This light comes from stars and nubulae -- clouds of dust and gas -- in our galaxy, known either as the Milky Way Galaxy or simply as "the Galaxy." By the way, does anyone know how many stars there are in the Galaxy?Female student: A lot. Like several billion?Professor: You're right hat there're a lot. And nobody knows exactly how many, but the number of stars has been estimated be between 200,000,000,000 and 400,000,000,000. The Galaxy is shaped like a spiral, with a dense central "bulge" that is enriched by four "arms" spiraling outward and surrounded by a less dense "halo." The Milky Way is actually the plane of the disk of our galaxy. Our Sun is one rahter, um faint, example of these zillions of stars that make up our galaxy. The Sun is in this disk about two-thirds of the way from its center to its edge. So, when, at night, we look along the plane of this disk we see the Milky Way, while looking in the other directions, that is, uh, out of the plane, we see far fewer stars. Because our Solar Systemis in one of the spiral arms, the Orion Arm, from our position, the center of the Galaxy is completely obscured by dust clouds; as a result, optical maps give only a limited view of the Galaxy. However, a more complete picture can be obtained by studying radio, infrared, and other radiation. According to radio and infrared observations eliciting the nuclear properties of the Galaxy, the Galaxy's central bulge is a relatively small, dense sphere that contains mainly older red and yellow stars. The halo is a less dense region in which the oldest stars are situated; some of these stars may be as old as the Galaxy itself! The spiral arms contain mainly hot, young, blue stars, as well as nebulae inside which stars are born. These young stars span an age range between a million and ten billion years. There is also growing evidence for a very massive black hole at the center of the bulge. The Galaxy is vast -- about 100,000 light-years across. A light-year is about 5,879 billion miles. In comparison, the Solar System seems tiny, at about 12 light-hours across, which is still about whopping 8 billion miles! As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Galaxy were reduced to 1,000 miles in diameter, the solar system would be a mere 1 inch (2.54 cm) in width. The entire Galaxy is also rotating around its center in space, although the inner stars travel faster than those further out. The Sun, which is, as I said, about two-thirds out from the Galaxy's center, completes one lap of the Galaxy about every 220 million years. Which means, it rotates at a speed of roughly 220 kilometers per second or 800,000 kilometers per hour!
Cambridge Practice Tests for IELTS
Tapescripts for IELTS Listening Sample 1
SECTION 1
LOUISE : Oh hello, I'd like to join the video library. MR MAX : OK. Would you like to fill in the application form now? LOUISE : Yes, I can do it now. MR MAX : Hold on and I'll get a form. Now, I'll just ask you a few questions and then I'll get you to sign at the bottom. LOUISE : Right. MR MAX : What's your full name? LOUISE : Louise Cynthia Jones. Example MR MAX : Jones? LOUISE : Yes, that's right.Repeat MR MAX : OK, and what's your address? LOUISE : Apartment 1, 72 Black Street, Highbridge. MR MAX : Black Street, that's just around the corner, isn't it? LOUISE : Yes. MR MAX : OK, so the post code is 2085, right? LOUISE : Yes, 2085. MR MAX : Mm. And your telephone number? I need both home and work. LOUISE : Home is 9835 6712 and work is 9456 1309. Do you need any ID or anything like that? MR MAX : Yes, we need your driver's licence number, that is if you have one. LOUISE : Yes, 1 know if off by heart, it's an easy one, 2020BD. Do you need to see it? MR MAX : Yes, I'm afraid I do. LOUISE : Mm . . . here. MR MAX : Right, thanks. And could you tell me your date of birth please? LOUISE : 25 July 1977. MR MAX : That's the most important part out of the way, but could I just ask you a few questions for a survey we're conducting? LOUISE : OK. MR MAX : What kind of videos do you prefer to watch? Have a look at this list. LOUISE : Well, I love anything that makes me laugh. I just love to hear jokes and funny punch lines. I'm not very keen on westerns, although my father likes them, but I'm a real softie, so anything with a bit of a love story is good for me. It doesn't matter how old. Not musicals though, they're too much! MR MAX : Anything else? LOUISE : I'm completely taken by documentaries of the great outdoors, you know the sort, animals, plants and far away places. 1 saw a wonderful one on dolphins last week. It was amazing. MR MAX : Now, I think that's all from me, except I need you to sign here on the line. Here's a pen. Oh, and I nearly forgot, the membership fee. $25, refundable if you leave the library for any reason. LOUISE : There you are. And do I sign here? MR MAX : Yes, that's it. You can borrow videos now, if you like, but your card won't beready until next week. You can come and pick it up when you bring your firstvideos back. That is if you want to take some now. LOUISE : Yes, I'd like to. I'll have a look around. MR MAX : Fine.
SECTION 2
INTERVIEWER -- A dream came true in 1995, when over 96 days of the spring and summer, an expedition of four men undertook what they believe to have been the first and only complete end-to-end crossing of Morocco's Attora mountains. I talked to Charles Owen, the leader of the expedition group, about the trip.Charles, how much planning went on beforehand? CHARLES : Well, as you know, I run these walking trips across the mountains for tourists and over the years, I've collected maps and other data to prepare what I call a 'route book' for this trip and this book basically shows the route across the mountains that we took. INTERVIEWER : You actually broke records while you were out there, didn't you? CHARLES : Mmm. Yes, it was 900 miles in total and we managed to climb 32 peaks that were over 3000 metres high, including Toubkal, which is of course the highest in North Africa. We weren't actually out to make a name for ourselves - it just happened really. INTERVIEWER : What was the. weather like? CHARLES : It got us right from day one and we were pretty taken aback really to find that it rained on quite a number of days, and so we were forced to start re-planning our route almost from the outset. One of the obvious problems is the heavy snow which blocks the mountain passes, so you have to make considerable detours. When we were on the way to Imilchil, for example, the snow forced us into a northern bypass which was new to us, but anyway, either way we would have been rewarded because we fell upon amazing, high meadows, huge gorges and wonderful snow-capped mountains. The scenery was as fine as any we saw on the trip and that was how it was every time - having to take another pass was never a disappointment. CHARLES : Yes, yes . . . we'd arranged to meet up with friends at various points on the .journey. I mean this was actually one of the purposes of the trip . . . and we managed to keep all these dates, which is amazing really considering the detours we made. An old friend acted as a sort of transport organiser for everyone and the Hotel Ali in Marrakech was a good social base - I'd really recommend it, although I can't remember who runs it. Anyway, groups of friends actually joined us for three-week stints and others just linked up with us. Some, whom we hadn't met before the trip at all, tagged on for short bursts - people from the area - who just came along for the ride. But outside the major visitor areas like Toubkal we only met one other group of travellers like ourselves in the whole 96 days. INTERVIEWER : Were there any bad moments? CHARLES : We took two, I must say, long-suffering donkeys with us to help transport water and tents and things. I suppose if we were to do it all again we'd probably hire donkeys along the way. Taza and Tamri, as we called them after the last places in the trip, well, they made quite a unique journey between them, and . . . but it was continuously demanding for them. On both the really high summits, they took diversions that were quite out of character and I can only assume that it must have been due to tiredness. INTERVIEWER : Well, thank you . . . And Charles has put together a video about this journey and continues to lead groups to the Attora mountains, so if you want further information . . .
SECTION 3
JANE : Hi Tim! (Tim: Jane.) How are you? (Tim: Fine.) I'd been wondering when I'd run into you. Have you been here long? TIM : I arrived yesterday, on Sunday. How about you? JANE : I got here a few days ago, on Saturday. No - wait a minute, what's today? - Sorry Friday, not Saturday. TIM : But we didn't have to be here till today. JANE : Yes, I know, but I wanted to get my things moved into my room, and just take a look around. So, did you decide to do English in the end? TIM : No, I changed my mind and opted for history instead. And you're doing biology, if I remember correctly. JANE : Yes, although to start with I couldn't decide between that and geography. TIM : How much reading have you got? I was given an amazingly long list of books to read. See! JANE : Wow, it does look pretty long. TIM : Well, I counted 57.I could hardly believe it! What's your list like? JANE : Well, it's not as long as yours, but it's still pretty big. There are 43.I don't know how I'm going to get through them all. TIM : Well you don't have to read them all this week! You just have to stay ahead of the lectures and seminars. Have you got your class schedule yet? JANE : Yep. It came with the reading list. When's your first lecture? TIM : Tuesday. How about you? JANE : The day after. It's my busiest day; I've got two lectures in the morning and one in the afternoon. JANE : It's going to be different from school, isn't it! TIM : Yeah, particularly the lectures. Have you got any special strategy for listening to lectures? JANE : Well I'm going to use a cassette recorder and record them all. TIM : What! Are you allowed to? JANE : Sure. Lots of people do it nowadays. It means you can listen to the lectures all overagain later, and make really good notes. TIM : I couldn't do that. I like to take notes as I'm listening. I usually find I get all the important points. Reading is different of course. My approach is to skim the book first to see what's important and what isn't. It saves hours of time. JANE : But what if you miss something? TIM : You don't mean you're going to read every word, do you? JANE : Well, that's what I usually do. TIM : Well, that's up to you, but I think you're crazy! JANE : What's your first lecture on, anyway? TIM : Oh, it's a lecture on the French Revolution. JANE : The French Revolution! How boring! TIM : It's not boring at all! It was an amazing period of history. It changed everything inEurope. So what's your first lecture about? JANE : It's about animal behaviour. It sounds really interesting. TIM : Look, I was on my way to the library. I'm going to get some of these books out and start reading for the first essay I've got to write. JANE : And what have you got to write about? TIM : Well, you'll never believe it, I think our professor must have a sense of humour. He's given us the title "Why study history?" JANE : That's a good one. When you find the answer, let me know! TIM : I'm going to enjoy writing it. Have you been given any writing assignments yet? JANE : Yes, I've got to write about animal language. TIM : Hmm! That sounds a challenge. I suppose you'll be off to the zoo to do field research.
SECTION 4
Welcome to further education Information Week. This is the Physical Education Faculty's session and I'm the Head of the Faculty. During the course of this morning we hope to give you a clear idea of what we offer in our training programs and we will look at the types of courses and the entry requirements, if any, for those courses. Some of these courses are open to school leavers, but for some you need previous qualifications, or relevant successful employment. So firstly, the Physical Fitness Instructor's course is offered as a six-month certificate course which includes an important component of personal fitness but there are no specific entry requirements. For Sports Administrators we provide a four-month certificate course but you should be aware that this is designed for those who are in employment. This employment must be current and related to sports administration. For the Sports Psychologist course we offer a one-year diploma course, but this diploma course is available only to those who already hold a degree in psychology, so you need to make sure you have that before you apply to do this course. For the Sports Psychologist course we offer a one-year diploma course, but this diploma course is available only to those who already hold a degree in psychology, so you need to make sure you have that before you apply to do this course. Now . . . for Physical Education Teachers we offer a four-year degree in education. This degree course is designed for preparing students to teach in primary and secondary Schools and needs no prior qualifications as it is entered directly by school leavers. And lastly for the Recreation Officer's course we offer a six-month certificate. Entry to this course normally includes applicants of a wide range of ages and experiences, but we do not insist on any prerequisites for this course. Remember that this is a vocational training institute. We train you so that you can take up a particular kind of job. So it is important that you know the main roles of the jobs - what the work is like and what kind of qualities you need to succeed at them. A Physical Fitness Instructor works in health and fitness centres preparing individual programs for ordinary members of the public. Physical Fitness Instructors prepare routines of exercises to suit the individual client's age and level of fitness. Sports Administrators run clubs and sporting associations. Their duties include such things as booking playing fields with local councils and organising the schedule of games or events for the club, so they need good organisational skills. Sports Psychologists spend time with professional athletes helping them approach competition with a positive mental attitude to enable them to achieve their personal best. They do this by improving motivation and concentration or assisting with stress management. Physical Education or PE Teachers instruct young students in how to exercise, play port, and do other recreational activities correctly and safely. PE teachers help the development of co-ordination, balance, posture, and flexibility with things like simple catching and throwing skills. They are not expected to be experts in all sports, but must be able to show students the basic techniques involved in a wide range of activities. Recreation Officers often find themselves working for local government authorities and local groups. Their aim is to raise people's awareness of healthy lifestyles and improved general fitness through arranging recreational activities for groups of all ages from the very young to the elderly. There are many other job opportunities which our graduates can look forward to. If you are interested in any of these ...
Section One - Questions 1-10
Questions 1-5 Write NO MORE THAN One WORD
VIDEO LIBRARY APPLICATION FORM
EXAMPLE ANSWER Surname Jones
First names: Louise Cynthia Address: Apartment 1,72 (1) ……….Street Highbridge
Post code: (2) ......................................
Telephone: 9835 6712 (home) (3)......................... (work)
Driver's licence number: (4) ...........................................
DOB: 25th Month: (5)...............…Year: 1977
Questions 6?8 Circle THREE letters A-F.
What types of films does Louise like?A ActionB ComediesC MusicalsD RomanceE WesternsF Wildlife
Questions 9 and 10 Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS .
9 How much does it cost to join the library?10 When will Louise's card be ready?
SECTION 2
Section Two - Questions 11-20
Questions 11-13 Write NO MORE THAN T THREE WoORDS for each answer
Expedition Across Attora Mountains
Leader: Charles OwenPrepared a (11) ........................................... for the tripTotal length of trip (12) ................................Climbed highest peak in (13) ...................................
Questions 14 and 15 Circle the correct letters A-C.
14 What took the group by surprise? A the amount of rain B the number of possible routes C the length of the journey 15 How did Charles feel about having to change routes? A He reluctantly accepted it. B He was irritated by the diversion. C It made no difference to enjoyment.
Questions 16?18Circle THREE letters A-F.
What does Charles say about his friends?A He met them at one stage on the trip. B They kept all their meeting arrangements.C One of them helped arrange the transport. D One of them owned the hotel they stayed in.E Some of them travelled with him. F Only one group lasted the 96 days.
Questions 19 and 20 Circle TWO letters A-E.
What does Charles say about the donkeys?A He rode them when he was tired B He named them after places. C One of them died. D They behaved unpredictably. E They were very small.
SECTION 3
Section Three - Questions 21-30 Questions 21-25 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer Tim
Jane
Day of arrivalSunday(21) ...........................SubjectHistory(22) ...........................Number of books to read(23) ...........................(24) ...........................Day of first lectureTuesday(25) ........................... Questions 26-30 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 26 What is Jane's study strategy in lectures? 27 What’s Tim's study strategy for reading?28 What is the subject of Tim's first lecture? 29 What’s title of Tim's first essay?30 What is the subject of Jane's first essay?SECTION 4
Section Four - Questions 31-40 Questions 31-35 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. CourseType of course: duration & levelEntry requirementsPhysical Fitness InstructorExample Six-month certificateNoneSports Administrator(31) ...............................(32) ............................... in sports administrationSports Psychologist(33) ...............................Degree in psychologyPhysical Education Teacher4 years degree in education(34) ...............................Recreation officer(35) ...............................None
Questions 36-40 Write the appropriate letters A-G against question 36- 40
MAIN ROLESJob Main Role Physical Fitness Instructor (36)Sports Administrator (37)Sports Psychologist (38)Physical Education Teacher (39)Recreation Officer (40) A the coaching of teams B the support of elite athletesC guidance of ordinary individualsD community healthE the treatment of injuriesF arranging matches and venuesG the rounded development of childrenTapescripts for IELTS Listening Sample 1
Answer:
Section 11 Black2 20853 9456 13094 2020BD5 July6, 7 & 8 B, D, F (in any order)9 $25/ twenty-five dollars (refundable)10 next week / in a week / in one week / the following week
Section 211 route book12 900/ nine hundred miles NOT 90013 North/ N Africa NOT Africa14 A15 C16, 17 & 18 B, C, E (in any order)19 & 20 B, D (in any order)
Section 321 (on) Friday22 Biology23 57/ fifty-seven (books)24 43/ forty-three (books)25 Wed/ Wednesday ( NOT the day after)26 (she) record(s) them/ lectures / she use(s) a (tape /cassette) recorder/ recording27 skimming / (he) skims (books)/(a book) / skim (the) book first / skim reading28 (The) French Revolution29 Why study history(?)30 animal language / (the) language of animals (NOT language)
Section 431 4/ four-month certificate /cert (course)32 (current) employment / job33 1/one-year diploma / ACCEPT dyploma34 none / no (prior) qualifications/ quals35 6/ six-month certificate /cert (course)36 C37 F38 B39 G40 D
11. Where would you like me to put this package?a) No, it's already been sent.b) On Mrs. Green's desk.c) Yes, and it needs more stamps.
12. What is it that you do?a) I'm an architect.b) I'm taking a vacation.c) Nice meeting you, too.お仕事は何をなさっているのですか？
13. I heard the vice president will retire next month.a) Really? But he was just promotedlast month.b) I need a new tire.c) No, I'm not the president.
14. How was your appointment with the chiropractor?a) It was fine.b) I've been having back problems.c) By four thirty.
15. When was the last time we saw eachother?a) I'll have time next week.b) When my brother got married.c) No, I'll catch up later.いいえ、あとからすぐ行きます。
16. What's the box of wine for?a) No, I'm not sure if I can.b) There's an office party tonight.c) I'll take it upstairs.
なぜワインの箱があるのですか？What's this key for?これは何の鍵？単語帳What's this line for?これは何の行列ですか？◆【場面】人がいっぱい並んでいる。
What's this amount for?《旅／食事／支払い》これは何の代金ですか？
17. Did you receive your return ticket?a) Yes, it's here in my briefcase. 書類カバンb) No longer than three weeks.c) He's already gone back to the office.
18. Didn't Bob say that he'd be going on his vacation this month?ボブは今月休暇を取ると言っていませんでしたか？a) Have a great time.b) He postponed it until next year.c) Yes, he'll look after my cats.
19. Do you know how to change the toner cartridge for the photocopier?a) About 50 copies in total.b) The annual report.c) Yes, it's not difficult.
20. Where would you like us to take these plants?a) I'll water them immediately.b) You can take them all, if you'd like.c) Conference Room C.
21. What do you think of Andrew Schumann conducting the seminar?a) I think he has the qualifications.b) Yes, it was very beautiful.c) Maybe we can go together.
22. How did they finally decide on the controversial issue?a) By majority vote.b) Yes, they argued for hours.c) Mostly miscommunication.
23. You must be very pleased with the attendance at the baseball games.a) No, but we almost won.b) No, but I'll tell them.c) Yes, numbers are wary up.
wary up かなりよくなってattendance 出席者（数）、観客動員（数）
24. What made you decide not to take the position?a) It would have required too much traveling.b) He didn't have enough qualifications.c) By not telling me about the opening.
opening 空き（ポスト）
25. That's not a ticket on your windshield,is it?a) I need to go to the mechanic.b) I certainly hope it's not.c) Why don't you go to the car wash?
そうでないとよいのですが。
26. Doesn't your staff know that you'll be transferring to another department?a) I'll make an official announcement tomorrow.b) I live close to the branch office.c) We'll be adding two more employeesnext week.
27. How does a picnic by the lake sound?a) Yes, I heard the same thing.b) Because he owns a small boat.c) Okay. As long as the weather is good.
湖畔でピクニックをするのはいかがですか？
How does that sound?どう思う？／どうかな？／いかがですか？◆話の後に付け足して、あるいはアイデアの提案や宣伝文句などに続けて。
How's a trip to Hawaii for Christmas sound?クリスマスにハワイ旅行ってのはどうかしら？
28. How about if we leave the decision untiltomorrow?a) I don't understand the reason.b) The client wants an answer today.c) Actually, he'll be back Thursday.
29. Did you happen to turn on the securitysystem?a) We might have missed the turn.b) I thought you were going to do that.c) Yes, it comes equipped with cameras.
もしかしてスイッチを入れましたか？
30. What do you think about expandingour market to include the northern states?
a) It's usually best to travel by train.b) I'm originally from the South myself.c) I'd like to see some data on that.
市場を拡大して北部も含めることについて
31. I'd like a reimbursement for some itemsI purchased yesterday.a) You just need to fill out an expense report.b) Oh, I was sure that he said today.c) No, but you should take a look at having it delivered.
32. Is there somewhere I can buy film for mycamera?a) The cost of developing is the same as before.b) The view from the top of this mountain is incredible.c) The bookshop over there sells them.
33. Do you need a hand to finish up here?a) I only have two hands.b) Sometimes, I do.c) I can manage, thanks.
hand 手助け
finish up (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："finish up")【句動】最後の仕上げをする、完成する・I finished up some chores around the house by 10. : 10時までに家の周りの雑用を終えた。
34. When do you expect the parcels to arrive?
a) They have food in them. 中身は食料ですb) They'll be here soon. もうすぐ届きますc) The post office is closed for the day. 今日は閉まりました
35. How can I get to the central bank?a) Turn left at the next corner.b) You can get cash out there. あちらでc) They accept traveler's checks.
36. Why are the tires being replaced?a) Yes, I'll do it this weekend.b) It's for the new vehicles.c) The old ones were worn out.
37. Many young people are getting jobs abroad.a) My grandmother is too old to travel.b) I've never been to a foreign country.c) I think that's a really good experience.
38. Are you looking to rent or purchase a condominium? マンションa) I'd like to buy one.b) Anytime you like.c) Somewhere close to the lake.
look to confirm the situation状況を確認しようとする単語帳look to cut costs経費削減を目指すlook to expand defense role防衛力の役割拡大を目指す
39. Do you think the recession will hurt oursales?a) You should see a doctor.b) There's another meeting tomorrow.c) We can only hope it doesn't.
40. Why don't you call me back when youmake your decision?a) Let me see if I have your number.b) You can use the office phone.c) All decisions are final.
結論が出たら、折り返し電話をくれませんか？
Questions 41 - 43 refer to the following conversation.
I heard that Fraser was in the hospital becausehe needed surgery for his heart condition.Did he get through it all right?
The procedure was very straightforward. He willbe discharged from the hospital sometime at the end of this week.
I'm so relieved! Will he be out Thursday or Friday?Do you know if he will be back at the office in timeto attend the budget meeting next Wednesday?
His secretary told me that it would probably be Friday, but it may be sooner if his recovery goesquicker.
41. Why is Fraser in the hospital?
42. When might Fraser be released from the hospital?
43. What will happen next Wednesday?
Questions 44-46 refer to the following conversation.
This fall has been unusually cold. I wonder if that's a foreshadowing of how cold winter is going to be.I should buy a coat pretty soon.
You don't have a coat yet? I heard that our first snow is going to be this weekend. So, you'd better hurry upand get one.
What do you think of the coat that man is wearing?I like that style, but I am not sure how it would look onme. I'm tired of all the black colors filling my closetand I do hope to get something brighter this winter.
44. What are the speakers discussing?45. What has been strange about this year's autumn climate?46. How does the man feel about the coat that theother person is wearing?
foreshadowing 兆候、前兆
How does this look on me? (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："How does this look on me?")これ、私に似合うかな？◆【場面】衣服・アクセサリーなどについて助言を求める。◆【類】Does this look good on me?
Questions 47-49 refer to the following conversation.
Hello, I'm calling from the fifth floor. I would like to reporta broken fax machine in our office. Do you think that you could send someone over right away to fix it?
I'm sorry, but all our technicians are working out of theoffice right now and I have to stay near the phone.Will you office be able to wait until tomorrow?
No, I'm afraid that is not possible since we have only one fax machine and we need to use it extensivelytoday.
In that case, I will close the shop and examine it myself.I will be over there in about 20 minutes.
extensively 広範囲に、大量に
47. Why is the woman making this telephone call?48. Why can't the man send anyone right now?49. What does the man offer to do?
Questions 50-52 refer to the following conversation.
Did you realize that we have run out of paper for thephotocopier? I think it would be a good idea to ordersome more right away.
I didn't know we had run out. I will call the stationarystore on 5th Street right away and place an order.How many do you think we will need to get? Will10 be enough?
Since we always run out so quickly, it may be a betteridea to order more. Perhaps 12 or 15 might be better.
I have a better idea. I will just order double the usualamount. If we get 20 boxes, it will last twice as long.
50. What happened in the office?51. What will the woman probably do next?52. How many boxes will the speakers most likely order?
Question 53-55 refer to the following conversation.
Good morning, Harriet. Did you get chance to speakwith Mr. Cha concerning the papers for that meeting later today?
Mr. Cha actually sent me an e-mail. He said that hewon't be able to attend the meeting today, becausehis son is leaving for Canada and he should drive him to the airport. He did say that his associate, Mr. Kim, would bring everything.
Well, it's fine as long as someone brings those papers. Mr. Leone needs to take a look and sign them.
53. How did Mr. Cha contact Harriet?54. Why will Mr. Cha not be at the meeting?55. Who will bring the documents to the meeting?
Questions 56-58 refer to the following conversation.
We are having a dinner tomorrow to welcome Mrs. Chan,our new manager. Please order food and drink for 25people. Oh, some of them are vegetarians.
Yes, I'll do that. Should I place the order with the Garden Cafe? We hired them for the last stafffunction and their menu included a number of dishessuitable for vegetarians.
Sounds good. As for the drink we need red and whitewine, plus fruit juice. I'd like you to order seven bottlesof each type of wine and four bottles of fruits juice.
All right. I'll call the cafe and organize everything this morning.
56. What are they going to have tomorrow?57. What does the man need to check?58. How many bottles of juice will the man order?
function 会合、行事
We place an order with you for 500 units of PC-9821.《レ》貴社に対しPC-9821を500台発注致します。
Questions 59-61 refer to the following conversation.
Hey, Flo. I'm starving this morning. What are the breakfast specials? I may have to order two of everything in order to get full.
Good to see you, Earl. The specials are up on the bulletin board next to the stove. I'm sure you are hungry, but any of our specials will be plenty for you,Earl.
I'm sure they will be. Why don't you get me the numbertwo? I want may eggs scrambled, and I want substitute sausage for bacon. Can you do that?
No problem, Earl. I'll get that right out to you.
order two of everything 何でも２つずつ頼むGood to see you, Earl いらっしゃい。I'll get that right out to you すぐに用意します。ベーコンの代わりにソーセージ
59. Where are most likely the speakers?60. Where can the man find the menu?61. What does the man ask the woman?
Questions 62-64 refer to the following conversation.
What's the most efficient way to get around downtown?I want to go sightseeing for a short time before I leavefor the airport.
There are really only two options, by the city tram or on foot. Taking the subway or the bus would not be very feasible right now. They are on strike.
I figured that. I just want to do some light exploring.It would probably be better to just walk, wouldn't it?
I think so. You can get to the river and the downtownshopping area easily. However, the art museum is toofar away.
tram 市電、路面電車exploring expedition 探検旅行exploring the West 西部開拓get around あちこちに移動する、動き回る、歩き回る
62. What does the woman want to do before she leaves?63. What is the best way to get around the city now?64. Why can't the woman visit the art museum?
Questions 65-67 refer to the following conversation.
I am off to get a contract with Football Championship Ltd.at 11:00 a.m. This is exciting. I have never beenresponsible for such a large decision before. Wish me luck, everyone.
You don' need luck at all. You will do great. Don't celebrate too long afterwards, though. You still have tomeet Mr. Waters, the Vice President of Marketing.
Oh, that's right. I'm glad you reminded me. It completelyslipped my mind. What time is that?
It's at 3:00 p.m. Try to give him a good impressionand talk about the success you've had with the fouraccounts that you got for us.
65. Why is the man excited?66. What time does the man meet Mr. Waters?67. What did the woman remind the man about?
Questions 68-70 refer to the following conversation.
Have you thought anymore about retirement?
I am leaning towards retiring before the end of the year.However, I don't want to leave the company without asuitable replacement.
How about I make it a little easier for you? Let's put anad out by the end of this month and hire somebody.Then we can train the person by the end of May.
Oh, that is great. It is such a relief. It's only April, andwe will have plenty of time to prepare the new recruit.
あれからまた退職のことを考えましたか？私が状況を少し楽にしてあげましょうか？
68. When would the woman prefer to enter retirement?69. Why is retirement such a hard decision for the woman?70. What will be her primary task until she retires?
Questions 71-73 refer to the following news report.
In an announcement that surprised everyone, Chief Elections Officer, Garret Donaldson today declared that the result of last week's election for City Councilwere invalid. According to Donaldson, irregularitiesin the procedures at a number of polling stations, along with the fact that some ballot boxes appearedto have not been properly locked, nullify the resultsin at least four districts and possibly as many as three more, which are still under investigation.The districts thus far affected are Carling North,Hillview, Lancaster, and Powell. Still being looked intoare City Central, Matawa West, and Renfrew. It was not said exactly what will happen now, though,by law it seems the Council will not be able to hold any further sessions or enact any regulations untilthe matter is resolved.
irregularity 不法行為thus far これまでのところ市議会は議会を開いたり、条例を制定することはできませんnewscast ニュースを放送するニュース放送◆【語源】news + cast（投げること）
71. What is the subject of the newscast?72. Which district is under investigation?73. What will happen next?
Questions 74-76 refer to the following talk.
Today, we will discuss the role of protein in yourbodybuilding program here at Max's Gym. I'm sureyou all know that protein is important and, in fact,it is simply impossible to build muscle or even sustainlife without it. Perhaps what you do not fully understand,though, it just how important it is to consume largequantities if you wish to add mass and gain weight.It is pointless to follow a disciplined, regular workoutregimen if your body is not receiving enough proteinto convert that hard work into muscle. In effect,your muscles are protein. When you work out with heavyweight, what you're doing is destroying muscle tissues.That is why you do it. To get bigger and stronger,your body must replace and add to that muscle tissue you just damaged. But, how can it do that if the raw materials, the building blocks, are not available in largeenough quantities? That is how you must think of protein: the building blocks of muscle.
add mass 筋肉を増量regimen 養生計画workout 練習、トレーニングin effect 事実上pointless 無意味な、むだな
74. Who is most likely the speaker?75. What is NOT mentioned about protein?76. What is said about exercising?
Question 77-79 refer to the following telephone message.
Hello, Adam. I finally found out why I was getting shockingly good fuel consumption rates on my new car.I mean, 37 miles to the gallon! I was almost ready towrite the newspapers and manufacturer about my amazing good fortune. Well, it seems my neighbor Lenny and his son Chuck thought I was a bit too enthusiastic about the car, so they wanted to play a little trick on me. Every night since I got the car, they have been sneaking into my driveway where I park it, and putting a couple of gallons into the gastank. Very cute. They finally confessed today when I told them, yet again, how amazing the car is. We hada good laugh about it. However, I'm not going to justlet them trick me like that without getting back at them.So, let me know if you have any good ideas for a harmless prank I might play on them.
driveway 私道yet again またしてもget back at ～に仕返しするprank いたずら、悪ふざけ
77. Why is the woman calling?78. How did the woman react when she learned the truth?79. What will the caller most likely to do next?
Questions 80-82 refer to the following announcement.
Attention, Food Heaven shoppers. Due to the overwhelmingsuccess of our week-long two-for-one promotion on CornDoodles breakfast cereal, we have run out of stock.For that reason, we will extend the promotion until five daysafter the arrival of our next delivery, which is expected in three days. Also, for today only, we will apply this specialreduction to Super Flakes and Captain Crisp in regular and family size, and Honey Dogs, jumbo size only. That's fortoday only. Also, while you are in the breakfast food section,why not try a free sample of the delicious new Pop Diggiesbeing handed out by our attendants in aisles two and three.You won't be disappointed. Once again, we apologize for any inconvenience. Thank you for visiting Food Heaven.
２箱をひと箱分のお値段attendant 係員、店員
80. Where is the announcement made?81. When is a new shipment of Corn Doodles expected?82. What can be found in aisles three?
Questions 83-85 refer to the following introduction.
In the fourth of our series of lectures on Australian aboriginalart, we will discuss the immediate impact of the arrival of European settlers on native culture. To deliver this lecture,we are most fortunate, indeed, to have a special guest.With doctorates in both Anthropology and Art History, Doctor Penelope Noble is recognized as perhaps the world's foremost authority on this and the broader subjectof aboriginal society. She is the author of countless academicpapers and two highly regarded books, one of which The Walkabout as Metaphor crossed over from the scholarly ranks to become a general audience bestseller.Her current research is funded by grants from no less thanfour national and international foundations, includingthe L.R. Hasselman Trust, and she is a curator of the Indigenous Peoples Wing of the Gravehust Museum and an Adjunct Professor at Westville University as well as Chairperson of The International Society of Anthropology.
immediate 直接的なdoctorate 博士号foremost 第一位の、一流のwalkabout 徒歩旅行cross over （枠を）超えるadjunct 補助の 非常勤教授
83. How many lectures have there been so far?84. What is NOT said about Penelope Noble?85. Who funds Ms. Noble's research?
Question 86-88 refer to the following radio advertisement.
Has the Formula 1 season got you excited? Feel the urgeto get behind the wheel, put your foot to the floor and tearup the road? We can't offer you a million dollar race car and a Grand Prix circuit, but we can offer the next best thing: go-karts. When was the last time you drove a kart,if ever? You are in for a surprise. Karting is one of the fastest-growing sports and pastimes in the country.And at Klassic Kartway on Highway 8, 3 kilometers southof Sandston, we have the absolute latest in equipment.As you race around our 2.5 kilometer course in one of our super-fast, state-of-the-art- karts, you'll feel like you'reracing on the streets of Monte Carlo and the chequered flagis waiting. With a restaurant, and a playground and pool for children too young to drive karts, we offer safe, affordablefun for the whole family. Open seven days a week from 10:30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m.
latest in technology 《the ～》最新技術latest in a series of books 《the ～》シリーズ本の最新号in for a surprise 《be ～》驚かされる・You're in for a surprise. : あなたは驚くことになりますよ。アクセルを踏み込んでget behind the wheel ハンドルを握る、運転するtear up 爆走するchequered 市松模様のcourse in fashion design 《a ～》ファッションデザイン学科単語帳course in life-saving 水難救助講座course in philosophy 哲学の授業［講座］
86. What is being advertised?87. How long is the track?88. What is NOT said about karting?
Questions 89-91 refer to the following talk.
Firstly, I'd like to thank all of you department headsand managers for coming to this meeting on such short notice. I won't waste time, but will get directlyto the reason I called you here today. The rumors we have all heard recently are true. The companyhas been sold. Apparently the contract is still beingdrafted by the lawyers, but a letter of intent has been signed and the deal should be completed within a week. This is not a merger, as some expected, but an outright sale. I know that ill make many peoplenervous about their jobs, but the board has assuredme that one of the terms of the deal was that nobodywould be let go. And that is what I want you to conveyto your staff. Their jobs are safe. No doubt the change will be difficult and there will be adjustments and problems,but we all do still have jobs.
get directly to the reason 単刀直入にon short notice 急な、突然の通知でapparently どうやら～らしいlet go 解雇する
89. Why was the meeting called?90. What is said about the contract?91. What is NOT said about the upcoming change?
Questions 92-94 refer to the following announcement.
Ladies and gentlemen. We would remind you that it is both dangerous and illegal to run onto the field or throw soft drinks, bottles or any other items onto the field. This is specially true while the players and officialsare present, as serious injury can result from even themost harmless seeming object or from fan interferencewith players and officials. Violation of this rule may result in eviction from the premises or arrest and heavyfines. We would also ask those with field level seatsstay at least five meters away from all equipment, lighting, and television camera trucks. This is for your own safety as well as that of cameramen and technicians.And finally, we remind you that the consumption of alcoholic beverages is limited to restaurants and,beginning this season, has been banned in the stands,corridors, and restrooms. Violators will be persecuted.
official 審判員stand 観客席
92. Where is this announcement most likely made?93. What is NOT mentioned as a possible result of breaking a rule?94. Where may alcohol be consumed?
Questions 95-97 refer to the following radio advertisement.
Announcing the grand opening of Clear View Optical,your visionary superstore. Opening tomorrow at 9:00.Clear View will boast the city's most complete rangeof elegant frames including many made from unbreakable synthetic materials and designer brandslike Debile, Sciocco, Tolo, and Serge Bouleau. If you have no prescription or your prescription needs to bechanged, there are in-store optometrists who will provide a speedy and professional examination and write a new prescription for lenses to be ground in ouron-site labs. Pick out your frames, have your examination,have the lenses ground and receive your stylish new glasses, all in the time it takes for a short lunch.Each pair of glasses comes with your choice of a hardor soft shell case, and as an introductory special forthis week only with each set of frames you will get a second pair of equal or lower value free. Clear Viewat Main and Lennox. The choice is clear.
optical 眼の、視力のvisionary 視力に関したcomplete range of あらゆる種類のintroductory 導入の（ここでは開店のことを指す）pick out (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："pick out")【句動】拾い出す、掘り出す、つつき出す、摘出する、抽出する、見つける、見つけ出す選ぶ、選び出す、選出する、選抜する、〔有能な人を〕引き抜く・Would you mind helping me pick out some clothes to wear for tonight's party? : 今夜のパーティーに着ていく服を選ぶのを、手伝ってもらえますか。
in the time it takes to say (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："in the time it takes to say")～と言っているうちに、～と言うか言わないかのうちに
95. What is said about the store's frames?96. What is NOT said about eye exams?97. What is offered as an introductory special?
Questions 98-100 refer to the following talk.
Before I begin, I'd like to take this opportunity to thankPrincipal Adler for inviting me. My purpose this morningis simple: to persuade you all to meet with us and consider a career with Unidyne Industries when thetime comes to leave here. I hope to do that by explaining the company to you; who we are, what we do,and what our vision of the future is, and most importantly,how you might help fulfill that vision and create that future. We like to think that even though we have beenin operations for over half a century, we are as bright,motivated, forward-looking, and innovative as the newest start-up. Our research and development division is second to none as is our commitment to the nurturing of young minds and talents that peoplesuch as you embody.
nurturing 育てる
98. Who are most likely the listeners?99. What does the speaker hope to do?100. What does he NOT say about Unidyne?