CPE 5 Test 2
Extract 1
How many of us can put our hands on our hearts and say we've never blown our top, cast caution aside and let rip in that most exquisite spasm of apoplexy, temper? Oh, we've all heard about road rage, trolley rage, you-name-it-rage; that burning frustration, threatening to explode as you wait for the shopkeeper to finish her conversation before she serves you. But despite living in a culture that positively encourages us to let it all hang out, a few of us still don't like to admit that we lose our temper. But we've all been there. Certainly as children, the stamping feet, the clenched fists, wails of fury. But as adults? Well, that's a different story. Have you ever caught sight of yourself in the mirror while in the throes of a rage? The bright red face, the huffing and puffing. When we've calmed down, we realise it's an ever-so-slightly undignified episode which most of us would like to forget and quite often do. Not that that stops us falling into the trap again.
Extract 2
    Interviewer: Michael, do you think autobiography is a less honest form than biography?    Michael: I think it's more personal, but less comprehensive. It's probably better at getting atcertain aspects of the truth - childhood, relationship with parents ...    Interviewer: But the problem arises, Michael, when people have an image they wish to protect,politicians, for example, rock stars and sports performers ...    Michael: Well, my view is wherever facts are in dispute, trust the biography. I think public figures, their autobiographies often give themselves away inadvertently, but are not to be reliedon wholly.    Interviewer: Now, you've had the experience of helping a rock star, Frank Silver, write hisautobiography. What was that like?    Michael: Well, Frank has a streak of honesty, rare perhaps in his line of work. It's almost aperverse masochistic wish to be straight in the face of his image, and that in a sense is his image. When we started, Frank told me to go to Scotland and check what he remembered, with his relatives. I said, 'We don't need that, the whole point about an autobiography is, it's your view of what happened that people are interested in and it becomes a self-validating process.'
Extract 3
    What's likely to happen all over the world is that we'll see an increasing homogenisation of the earth's plant life. There's plenty of evidence to show that that's going on. I'm particularly worried about aliens; plants that have insinuated themselves into ecosystems where they don't belong. Many ecologists now believe that the spread of such aliens is the second biggest threat to the world's range of species after habitat loss.    A lot of the species we're talking about that are currently causing this problem were deliberately brought in for ornamentation but once aliens are established, it's not easy to get rid of them. They become a problem not because native ones are effete and ripe for take-over by more aggressive colonists, but because native plants have their own predators, insects, etcetera, fungal diseases. When you have an introduction into a country, it doesn't have anything that's adapted to live on it. And so the alien is able to grow very well with a release from that competition, I suppose.
Extract 4 
The next time some academic writes a book about how science is on the verge of having a grand theory of everything, he or she should be mercilessly exposed, not only for misleading us, but for encouraging us to believe that science has the answer to all our problems; that all we need to do is lie back and follow the instructions. Genetics is the most recent example of this triumphalism in science. Exaggerated news reports give the impression that a genetic cause can be assigned to virtually anything. And whilst more serious scientists make clear that that's not true if you study the evidence carefully, no-one's listening at that point because the story's broken and the headline has caught the public imagination in a way that the detail never could. The cult of the expert is a strong one. We like to believe that scientists are clever and their conclusions are valid. But we also persuade ourselves that we don't need to think things through for ourselves. Somebody else will do this for us, somebody who knows what they're talking about. 
Part 2
    Good evening, my name's Derek Lane and I've come to talk to you this evening on the topic of ancient trees. I've always been fascinated by such trees, given their cultural and historical significance. In the past, ancient trees were often credited with having healing powers and featured heavily in many aspects of folklore because anything that lives for thousands of years is bound to impress, providing as they do a direct link with our ancestors, with our history. Ancient trees often served as the location for important religious ceremonies as well as all kinds of social gatherings, with important local buildings being built nearby as testimony to their significance to the community.    These days, we are less impressed by such notions, but nonetheless we're becoming more aware of our ancient trees, some of which may turn out to be even older than we had imagined. For example, of those discovered so far, the creosote bush found in California is thought to live for up to eleven thousand years. The creosote bush gets its name due to its peculiar smell; it's like the tar that's used on telegraph poles to preserve the wood. It's a robust bush which grows abundantly. A research project was recently set up to discover just how many species there were worldwide which could live for over a thousand years, and at the last count had notched up seventy in all kinds of unexpected places. For example, the researchers had originally been erroneously advised to ignore places defined as tropical rainforest because life cycles in that type of environment are so rapid that ancient trees were thought to be unlikely. This led researchers to look in even more unlikely places, many of which have proved to contain old, if not ancient, specimens.    Some of this research took place in the Amazon Basin in South America. The researchers used a technique called 'carbon-dating' to find out the age of various trees and turned up trees twelve hundred, fourteen hundred years old, on a regular basis. Counting the rings in a tree trunk is now thought to be an old-fashioned way of calculating a tree's age. However, new technological developments mean that this can reveal evidence about a region's climate more accurately than if human hands had kept such records. Yet another critical reason for locating and preserving ancient trees.    One reason for the persistence of certain old trees is that they develop hollow trunks. Far from indicating that the tree is at all unhealthy, a hollow trunk provides it with greater stability in the face of strong winds, so it's a natural process of self-preservation. Not all old trees survive completely unaided of course. In Europe, one reason why so many trees have lasted so long is the system of woodland management known as coppicing. This technique, which involves cutting off the branches in a systematic way over a period of time, aims to provide a fuel source which isn't going to run out, but a useful side effect of the process is that it prolongs the life of the tree. Coppicing seems to regenerate the trees, and, barring disease or fire, some individual trees will last for thousands of years if managed properly.    Apart from marvelling at their great antiquity, there are other reasons for naturalists to prize ancient trees. Each individual tree represents a unique habitat in its own right, for it provides a complex patchwork of different microhabitats for a range of small creatures. There are something like seventeen hundred different invertebrate species in Britain alone, which are dependent on the fact that the tree trunks are in a gradual state of decay. Every one of a tree's residents has its own favourite niche and between them the various spiders, beetles, ants and flies manage to exploit every nook and cranny available.
Part 3
    Interviewer: The creation of dictionaries used to be a slow and genteel process. But these daysdictionaries seem to be subject to the same pressures as any other book. I'm joined by Dr Elaine Wilson, Publishing Manager for the New London Dictionary, and Tony Travis, who's a professional dictionary compiler, otherwise known as a 'lexicogcographer'. Elaine, do you agree that competitive pressure is now there in dictionaries?    Elaine: I think it's true generally. There's an enormous market for dictionarieries overseas now, for example. And I feel under a lot of pressure from management. We have to maximise the income that we make from dictionaries and of course the way to do that is to keep them as up to date as possible.    Interviewer: And how are the decisions made?    Elaine: There's a rigorous system for assessing whether a new word should go in the dictionary. We have a team of readers who go through material for us and provide us with examples. This gives us a big database. We then look at any potential new entries and what we're looking for is the frequency and breadth of use, so we want to see that a word's being used by more than one journalist, commentator, writer or speaker. And we're also looking for use in more than one level of media.    Interviewer: Tony, people say anecdotally that the influence of America is very strong because of television programmes, movies, the internet. Do we see that also in dictionaries?    Tony: Oh yes. The American domination of the media still means that a lot of the new wordscome from the United States. But there is a fight-back. There's a lot more Australian, Caribbean, Northern English coming into the language, mainly through slang.     Interviewer: Elaine, we talked about the internet and new technology. It must make it easier to track a word.    Elaine: Yes, it does. Much of the data-gathering that our various teams do in order to authenticate a new word or usage has been accelerated. It's also improved the compiling process because all the stages are done electronically and equipment will continue developing over the next decade or so.    Interviewer: Does it worry you, Tony, this competitive pressure?    Tony: Oh yes, and in fact I must be clear about this - this is not a totally objective profession. I mean, it's very interesting if you look at these new dictionaries, there are very few technical terms relating to farming, climbing, and fishing, for example, but there are a huge number relating to alternative medicine, the theatre and journalism. I think this says something about where the lexicographers are coming from.    Interviewer: Very briefly, both of you, doctors have this mania for finding a new disease. Do you ...is it tempting to invent a word yourself to go into the dictionary? Tony?    Tony: Ah, I've been told that most lexicographers slip in at least one invention just ...    Interviewer: Do you have to watch your staff on this?    Elaine: No, no, we never slip in our own invented words. That would go against everything westand for. Anyway, we have our work cut out capturing all the genuine new wordswithout trying to invent others! (laughs)    Interviewer: All right, we believe you! Elaine Wilson and Tony Travis, thank you.
Part 4
    Stuart: How's the great job hunt going then, Maria?    Maria: Not that brilliantly actually, Stuart. I knew it wasn't going to be easy, but I didn't realiseit'd take this long.    Stuart: What kinds of posts are cropping up?    Maria: Well, there's all the usual stuff, office manager type of thing. But you know that's what Iwas doing in my last job and I just got fed up with it. You see, I sort of feel I want a job with some sort of ethical dimension. I've had enough of all this corporate business somehow.    Stuart: Big companies do seem horrifically greedy, don't they?    Maria: They're just interested in making a profit. I feel I want to put something back in, if youknow what I mean. So I was thinking about working for a charity.    Stuart: Hmm, interesting. But they must be short of funds. You don't want to end up working forpeanuts in some dingy little back office somewhere with a broken-down old typewriter!    Maria: Well, I wouldn't put up with that. Anyway, I think most charities seem to be prettyprofessional organisations these days.    Stuart: I can't see myself working anywhere except the smart end of town and having a state-of-the-art computer. And a photocopier that works!    Maria: The thing I'm most worried about is getting stuck with one organisation. Who knows, Imight change my mind about all this and move on to something completely different, and then something else, and so on. In fact, the more I think about it, the more likely that seems.    Stuart: Well, I'm not going to be in shipping forever, you know. I think we're all bound to be moving into other fields sometime in our lives. I'm certainly thinking along those lines. I just wonder though, Maria, if you'd be able to move up the ladder in a charity as easily as in a big firm. You've got to think of your career.    Maria: I don't suppose it's much different from any other organisation. If you get on well withcolleagues and managers, you stand a pretty good chance of making progress.    Stuart: Mind you, I got made Marketing Manager last month and the boss and I have never really hit it off.    Maria: You'll have to put that right! By the way, Stuart, did you sign a contract when youstarted work for Transatlantic?    Stuart: I didn't actually. I don't know why, must have been an oversight.    Maria: Doesn't sound much like you. Shouldn't you look into it? Might find you're suddenly outof a job.    Stuart: I'll worry about that when it happens. (pause) You know, I almost envy you in a way. Itmust be quite fun, knowing there are all these opportunities out there. Somewhere there's the perfect job for you!    Maria: Suppose nobody wants me! That's more nerve-racking than anything else.     Stuart: But it'd be great to have a job you were really proud of. It says something about you, don't you think, the work you do?    Maria: I'm not too bothered about how people see me, really. What I'm concerned with is myown feeling about it, that's all.    Stuart: Well, I can't wait to see what ... (fade)

Extract 1 
put one's hand on one's heart手を胸に当てる◆両手の場合は複数形のhandsを用いる。blow one's top (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："blow one's top")カンカンに怒る、激怒する、怒りを爆発させる、キレるlet rip (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："let rip")〔怒りを〕ぶちまけるおならをする［こく］、屁をこく［ひる］exquisite (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："exquisite")【形】〔美しさ・技量・能力などが〕この上なく素晴らしい、優れた、申し分ない、絶妙の◆【語源】十分に（ex）探し求められた（quisite）非常に美しい、優美なspasm of (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："spasm of")《医》～のけいれん発作的な～、突然湧き上がる～apoplexy (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："apoplexy")【名】《医》溢血《医》（脳）卒中◆【同】strokeroad rage (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："road rage")車の運転中に突然キレること、運転中の激怒◆自動車運転者が渋滞に巻き込まれたり、他の車に割り込まれたり、追い越されたり、クラクションを鳴らされたりして激怒すること。または、暴力的な報復をすること。trolley rage (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："trolley rage")〈英〉〔前方に邪魔者がいて〕ショッピングカートを前進させられないときの怒り［イライラ］you name it (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："you name it")ありとあらゆるもの、どんなものでも、とにかく、何でも、何もかもstamping dance足を踏み鳴らす踊りclenched fist握り拳、固めた拳単語帳clenched handげんこつ、（握り）拳、げんこwail of siren (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："wail of siren")サイレンが鳴り響く音catch sight of～をちらり［チラッ］と見る、～を見掛ける、～が目に留まる、～を見つけるthroes of death (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："throes of death")断末魔の苦しみhuffing and puffing (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："huffing and puffing")フーフー息を吹きかけること［行為］、ハーハーと息を切らして、青息吐息でever so (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："ever so")実に、大変、非常に、超～、めちゃくちゃ、めっちゃ◆veryの強調文例ever so close《be ～》すぐ近くにいるever so lucky超ラッキー文例Extract 2 biography (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："biography")【名】伝記、経歴、人物紹介、略歴、一代記◆【略】bioginadvertently (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："inadvertently")【副】不注意に、ふと、気付かずに、何かの事情で、うっかりして、思わず、何の気なしに、うかつに（も）streak of bad luck《a ～》不運の連続、踏んだり蹴ったりperverse (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："perverse")【形】〔人や行為などが〕つむじ曲がりの、ひねくれた、あまのじゃくな〔人や性格が〕ひどく頑固［強情］な、間違いを認めない〔予想や当然と思えることに〕反する、逆の〔性的に〕倒錯した、変態の《法律》〔判決が証拠や範例を踏まえない〕不条理なレベル9、発音pərvə́ːrs、カナパーバース、masochistic (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："masochistic")【形】自虐的な、被虐性愛のstraight包みかくしのない、率直な、誠実なExtract 3 insinuate (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："insinuate")【自動】ほのめかす、暗示する【他動】〔不愉快なことを〕ほのめかす、当てこする文例文例〔考えなどを〕少しずつ植え付ける［染み込ませる］ornamentation (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："ornamentation")【名】装飾（品）brought in as a consultant (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："brought in as a consultant")《be ～》コンサルタントとして招かれるeffete (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："effete")【形】〔果樹・家畜が〕産出力のない〔土地などが〕生産力のない、不毛の〔人・制度などが〕疲弊した、衰退した、退廃的な、活力のない〔男性が〕女性的な、めめしい、男らしくない文例ripe for (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："ripe for")～の機が熟して、～に十分な、～の準備の整ったtakeover (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："takeover")【名】〔権力や支配権の力ずくの〕獲得、奪取〔陸上のリレーの〕バトンタッチ◆【同】changeoverfungal (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："fungal")【形】菌（類）の、（真）菌性の〔菌類のように〕急に発生するlive on (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："live on")【句自動】生き続ける【句他動】〔特定の食物だけを〕食べて生きている～に依存して生活する、～のすねをかじる◆Extract 4lie back (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："lie back")あおむけに休むPart 2 bound to (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："bound to")《be ～》～しなければならない、～する運命にあるcreosote bush (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："creosote bush")《植物》メキシコハマビシcreosote (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："creosote")【名】クレオソート◆主にブナ材のタールを抽出した液体。フェノールとクレオソールを含み、殺菌や防腐剤として使われる。tarタール（類）〔たばこの〕やにerroneously (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："erroneously")【副】〔考え方・判断などが〕誤って、間違って◆【形】erroneousspecimen (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："specimen")【名】見本、例◆sampleとほぼ同義だが、そのグループやクラスの代表となるものを指す。文例〔組織・血液・尿などの〕標本、検査サンプル〔試験の〕試料、被検査物文例〈話〉人、やつ文例look in (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："look in")【句動】中を見る、テレビを見る、訪問する、立ち寄るbasin (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："basin")【名】たらい、洗面器、ボール、ボウル◆円錐形の入れ物。盆地、海盆、滝つぼ、流域レベル4、発音béisn、カナベイスン、persistence (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："persistence")【名】粘り強さ、こだわり、固執◆【同】persistency文例文例貫き通すこと、貫徹《医》〔痛みなどの〕残留感覚barring (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："barring")【前】～がなければantiquity (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："antiquity")【名】〔ギリシャ・ローマの〕古代〔年代を経た〕古さ、古めかしさ〔古代の〕遺物、遺跡◆通例、antiquities〔ギリシャ・ローマの〕古代人marvel at～に驚く、～に驚異の目を見張る、～に驚嘆する、～に恐れ入るinvertebrate (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："invertebrate")【名】《動物》無脊椎動物気骨［勇気・意志の強さ］がない人nook (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："nook")【名】人目に付かない所、隠れ場所、避難所〔部屋の〕片隅、引っ込んだ場所レベル12、発音núk、カナヌック、cranny (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："cranny")【名】〔壁・岩などの〕割れ目Part 3genteel (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："genteel")【形】〔人の態度や言葉などが〕上品ぶった、気取った、きざな上流社会の、優雅な、しつけの良い、しとやかな、家柄の良い、上品な、品の良い、生まれの良いレベル11、発音dʒentíːl、カナジェンティール、fight back (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："fight back")【句動】反撃する、反撃に転じる、やり返す、応戦する、抵抗する、阻止する、食い止める、一矢を報いる《相撲》押し戻す〔感情・涙を〕抑える、抑制する、こらえるhave a mania for (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："have a mania for")～に病みつきになっている単語帳slip in (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："slip in")【句動】滑り込む、つけ加える、書き入れる、こっそり［そっと・ひそかに］入り込むwork cut out for～にとって身を粉にして働くこと文例単語帳have one's work cut out手いっぱいの仕事を与えられるPart 4 crop up (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："crop up")【句自動】〈話〉不意に［突然］現れる［出現する・起こる］horrifically (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："horrifically")【副】恐ろしくdingy (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："dingy")【形】くすんだ、〔すすや煙で〕黒ずんだ薄汚い、ぼろぼろのレベル12、発音din(d)ʒi、カナデンジー、ディンジーalong this line of thinkingこのように考えると、この考え方に従うとhit it off〈話〉仲良くする［なる・やる］、折り合う、気［そり・うま・意見］が合う、意気投合する、相性が良いput ~ right (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："put ~ right")～を正しい［正常な］状態にするoversight (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："oversight")【名】〔気付くべきことの〕見落とし、見過ごしうっかり［故意でない］ミス、過失監視、監督、管理◆【同】supervisionsound very much like (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："sound very much like")～とよく似ているように思える