CPE 1 Test 4 
Extract 1 
Speaker: Is wordplay at the heart of the English language? Before I started looking at this I would have laughed to scorn the idea that wordplay was anything more than a playground activity that children delight in or part of a comedian's patter. The more I go into it the more I find. It is in fact an integral part of the way the language works and forms much of what constitutes communication.    And I am reminded of the 19th century writer George Eliot who said ‘a different taste in jokes places a great strain on the affections'. And there is a great truth here -- that people who really bond well together enjoy each other's wordplay, whatever it is, whether it's a pun or a joke. And when the day comes that somebody in a relationship says 'Why are you always making those stupid jokes?', we know it won't last much longer. So wordplay, it seems to me, can be an immensely serious business at times. 
Extract 2
Speaker: Many actors say that doing the voices for animated films is the hardest acting job they have ever done, because when they come into the recording studio there's nothing around them: no costumes, no actors, no special lighting, and yet they do a remarkable job. As director, I go in and describe to them the set, the other characters, what kind of noises there are going to be, and I try to paint a picture in their minds and then I let them go.     We video tape each of our recording sessions for the animators because what the actors do in front of a microphone with their facial expressions and their hand gestures is so remarkable that the animators get inspired by it. They don't copy it directly, but they get inspired by it to the point where each of the actors that does the voice for one of our characters, when they see the final movie, they'll say, ‘That's me, I never knew I was like a toy cowboy', but it is them, because there is so much of them in the gestures and the expressions. 
Extract 3 
Interviewer: As an eminent environmentalist, you have devoted your life to this subject and Ihaven't, but nevertheless I have tried to find some evidence which contradicts your views; because I'm worried about how you can know so much about what's going to happen in a hundred years' time, and I'm worried about the way you support your argument. You say things have come and gone, repeated themselves over the last few thousand years, but your statistics only go back a hundred years, so what are you measuring it against? That worries me. I came across this article by Peter Dennis and he agrees with much of what you say, but between 900 and 1300 AD, the earth's temperature rose by 4 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit, very close to your predictions of this 21st century. It was one of the most favourable periods in human history. The population actually boomed, food production expanded, there was a surplus of workers and energy, colossal buildings were required and built, minerals were mined, the deserts retreated etc., etc. So in those years he has evidence that things got massively better for people... Extract 4 
    Presenter: So, Pauline, were you laughed at in the playground when you were playing football?    Interviewee: Not at all, actually. The best player in my primary school was a girl. So no problems with that.    Presenter: And how many girls at university played football?    Interviewer: Well, at university we just had the one women's team. It was very informal, it was just a social thing. If you wanted to play seriously, you had to go off and find a league to join.     Presenter: How do you think more women could be encouraged to join the game?    Interviewee: We must show people good strong role models. This myth about women not being able to play football, we need to get rid of that. We need to say yes, we can succeed in the game. And also the families need to see that it's a career their child can take. For a boy who wants to make it at the top level, that's a career choice, and I suppose parents think of football as a hobby for a girl, not a career. If they see it's an option for them, it'II work. 
Part 2 
Speaker: Today I'm going to look at the sense of hearing, one of those senses that can fadewith age. In general, provided that we don't know of a problem with our hearing, we tend to assume that we all hear the same thing. But, in fact, this seems to be a misconception because men and women are increasingly claiming that there are disparities in what they hear. So are they right? Do men and women have different auditory experiences? Here's how it all works. Sound meets the outer ear, which has the form of a funnel. The sound passes through this to the eardrum. Then three tiny bones send what is known as a pressure wave down to the inner ear where the sound message is encoded. Finally, in a fraction of a second, the information passes up through the auditory nerve to the brain and we realise that we've heard a sound.     The most fascinating thing about the inside of the ear is that a part that measures three millimetres in a child of ten will also measure three millimetres in a very tall adult. But can men and women's hearing vary despite this uniformity? An Australian biologist Alan Treece is adamant that they can. He believes that men are better at discerning the location of a sound than women. Thus, he suggests that if you wake a man up and there's a dog howling in the distance, most men can generally point to where the sound is coming from. The original purpose would seem to be that in prehistoric times, man, as the hunter, had to chase wild animals for food. It therefore made sense that he could hear sounds in the distance and was able to identify where they originated from so that he could catch his prey. Treece is also convinced that women are genetically programmed to hear crying babies, a handy excuse perhaps for all those men who would rather stay in bed than attend to a screaming infant! Treece puts it down to the fact that women hear better than men in terms of distinguishing high-pitched sounds. He links this to the fact that women as the child bearers need the ability to hear if there is any distress coming from the child. But it does seem that when the role of carer is reversed, men are mysteriously equally good at hearing their offspring.    So what's the scientific truth behind such ideas? Do men and women really differ in their hearing? An ongoing study at Cambridge University shows that some differences have been found. By putting a tiny microphone inside the ear it has been possible to measure that women's hearing is slightly better than men's. And this difference is observable from the moment of birth. Other studies have shown that the right ear tends to be better than the left.    One mysterious difference between the sexes was highlighted recently when a number of women in Manchester started hearing strange sounds, which their husbands simply couldn't. The sound is a low continuous noise similar to that which a washing machine makes. It is less noticeable at some times than it is at others. For some reason it seems to be very loud at the weekends, during the night. The sufferers hear this noise when they go to bed and it prevents them from going to sleep. Some say that the sound seems to be piercing their heads. The local council has failed to work out what the sounds can be. What is really intriguing is that all the complaints sent in to the Council offices so far have been from women. No man seems to be able to hear it. So I hope that this has given you a preliminary insight into the mysterious world of sound. I will look at some further research projects in this area in my next talk… 
Part 3 
    Presenter: And now here's Peter Hughes with our regular book review feature. Peter, what have you been reading this week?     Peter: It's a book called Mapping the mind, which is about research into the human brain.    Presenter: Neuroscience?    Peter: That's right. Until recently, we couldn't directly examine what was going on in the brain. But nowadays new imaging techniques make all this visible    Presenter: Like X-rays revealing our bones?    Peter: Exactly. In this case mapping means locating the precise brain activity that creates particular experiences and behaviours. It's a fascinating subject, because neuroscience is revealing a great deal about our actions.    Presenter: Let's have some examples of how brain activity affects our behaviour.    Peter: Well, we can now identify how electrical activity in different parts of the brain causes feelings of anger, violence, kindness, self-awareness,and so on. For instance one area of the brain lights up when we register a joke, and a different area glows dully when we recall an unhappy memory.    Presenter: Does this change our view of personality?    Peter: It certainly does. We're finding out that the thoughts and emotions that make up our personalities reflect biological mechanisms, suggesting that our personalities are actually formed by what goes on in our brains.    Presenter: Which sounds like a very important discovery.    Peter: Yes, both practically and socially. For one thing, it paves the way for us to control brain activity quite precisely. Compare it with what we're learning about the body, about how the DNA sequences that we have in our genes can make one person fat, for instance, and another suffer from a certain illness. We're beginning to be able to do something to treat those conditions, through genetic engineering.    Presenter: Can we modify both the brain and the body?    Peter: Not just yet, but it won't be that long till they're both possible. Though according to the author, control of the brain is probably nearer, because unlike human genetic engineering, it doesn't depend on the development of tricky new technology. All it needs is a little refinement of existing methods and techniques, like drugs and surgery, which at the moment are rather hit-and-miss. But it won't be long before we can target treatments precisely enough to control an individual's state of mind-and that will affect their behaviour.    Presenter: It's surprising how little we hear about the potential uses of neuroscientists' work, considering that it's such a new field and they're already at the leading edge of scientific research.    Peter: And scientific findings are normally hyped, in the scramble for funding. Yes, it's partIy because neuroscientists have come into the discipline from many different fields, and they're so busy charting brain functions that they haven't yet developed a group mentality or a consensus about their long-term purpose. And of course, many of them are terrified of the scrutiny and government control that might result from tabloid publicity, so they're happy to keep a low profile.    Presenter: It's rather ironic, isn't it, that while we're all terribly concerned about genetic engineering, we hear so little about brain mapping.    Peter: Yes, it tends to be regarded as 'interesting for those who like that sort of thing, but of no practical importance'.    Presenter: And is that where this book comes in?    Peter: Mmm. The author wants to open up the debate on the implications of this research, both for society and for our understanding of consciousness. She focuses on brain mapping, although, as she points out, this is only one part of the picture: there are also the extremely complex interactions of the brain's various parts,which she's only touched on. And I wish she'd given us at least an overview of discoveries in that area.    Presenter: Finally, Peter, who is this book for?    Peter: Well, it's an exploration of virgin territory, that deals with a complex subject clearly and without dumbing it down. People who prefer to travel only on well-worn paths should wait for the tourist guides that'll be along later. But those who enjoy exploring will discover some strange and wonderful things here.     Presenter: Peter Hughes, thank you.    Peter: Thank you. 
Part 4 
    Presenter: Today we have two writers in the studio. Welcome, Tanya Tallis and Sam Whateley.Tanya/Sam: Hello.    Presenter: Sam, it's sometimes said that writers as a group have more in common than theydiverge. What's your opinion on this?    Sam: One of the things I think you can safely say about writers is that our driving force is the itch for fame and recognition    Tanya: I think if anything we're a neurotic lot driven by our internal demons. I mean, every writer I know seems to be this lethal combination of sometimes coming on far too strong, and at others acting like a frightened rabbit. Though I wouldn't be surprised if both stem from the same demon of insecurity.     Sam: That's rather a generalisation, isn't it? I know what you mean about coming on too strong, and it is often to compensate for something. Though don't you need to be pretty sure of yourself to assert yourself on paper? After all, why should people want to read my thoughts on whatever?    Tanya: I'd call it a need to write, rather than a need to be read, and that hardly comes from being sure of yourself.     Sam: Well, another thing we have in common is our uncertainty about the business side of things. That's all we talk about when we get together.    Tanya: Mm, it's all grumbles about publishers, editors and so on. In fact I tend to avoid congregations of writers purely because you get so much whingeing, and often it just gets you more steamed up.    Sam: You do get plenty of that. I try to sift through it to find out which editors are supportive and which ones to avoid. And anyway, often it's very difficult for a writer to know how much to charge for a particular piece of work, and unless you talk to other writers, you can't find out the going rate.    Tanya: But don't you think what's maddening about the term 'writer' is that anyone can be one? You know, it's not like hairdressing. I mean, I don't think, if I'm short of a few quid, 'Oh, I'll go and cut a few people's hair, I'm sure I'll make a reasonable fist of it,' but any old superannuated celebrity or politician can pick up a pen and get away with it.    Sam: Don't you think though that people realise that, let's call it 'real literature', is in a different league from a celeb's ghosted tripe? They know there's an awful lot of craft involved in writing, and it takes years to learn it.    Tanya: But do we want literature to be, if you like, all craft and no inspiration? Surely inspiration is paramount.    Sam: Of course you need the germ of the idea that you want to develop in the first place, but I wouldn't underestimate the technique side of things. I can think of two or three novels based on very banal concepts that've been turned into something quite stunning.    Tanya: So have you got anything up your sleeve to 'stun' us with?    Sam: Um …    Tanya: Oh come on, we all know we should keep our cards close to our chests, but being writers we need to bounce our ideas off someone.     Sam: Well I've known so many people who've had their ideas ripped off. You know, they bob up in other people's work if you share them, and most of us have learnt from that now.    Presenter: There I'm afraid we must stop, because it's time for the news. Thank you both very much indeed.    Sam/Tanya: Thank you. 

Extract 1
pun駄じゃれ、語呂合わせExtract 3come and go (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："come and go")行ったり来たりする、行き来する、往来する、出入りする、行き交う、去来する現れては（すぐ）消える、やって来ては去っていくmeasure ~ against a benchmark～を基準に照らして評価する単語帳measure ~ against perfection～を完璧さで評価するmine採鉱する、鉱物を採掘する鉱山で働く、鉱業に従事する〔敵地に〕地下道を掘る地雷［機雷］を仕掛けるPart 2 eardrum (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："eardrum")鼓膜register〔感情などが〕表れる、表面に出る〔測定装置などで〕記録される〔観測などで〕検知されるhit-and-miss【名】小便◆pissの押韻俗語【形】良い時もあれば悪い時もある、うまくいく時もそうでない時もある〈話〉でたらめな、無計画な◆【同】〈英〉hit-or-missdumb down (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："dumb down")【句動】〔文章を〕易しく書き直す〔仕事・教育などの〕難しさのレベルを下げる単語帳dumbed-down book易しく書き直された本Part 4neurotic (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："neurotic")【名】神経症患者、ノイローゼ患者〈話〉神経過敏な人文例【形】ノイローゼの、神経症の〈話〉神経過敏な、ひどく神経質なcome on strong (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："come on strong")派手に振る舞う、強く主張する、大げさに言う文例文例単語帳come on too strong to（人）に強引に接するsure of oneself (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："sure of oneself")《be ～》自信がある、自分に自信を持っているwhinge (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："whinge")【自動】〈英・豪俗〉しつこく不平［ぐち・泣き言］を言う【名】〈英・豪俗〉泣き言、不平、ぐちsteam up (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："steam up")【句動】蒸気で曇らせる怒らせる酔っぱらうsift through (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："sift through")～をより分ける、～をふるいにかける、取捨選択するmaddening (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："maddening")【形】〔苦痛などで〕気を狂わせるような、ひどくイライラさせる、頭にくる、腹立たしい、しゃくに障る〔快感などで〕頭がおかしくなってしまうほどすごい、たまらないhairdressing (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："hairdressing")【名】理髪（業）quid (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："quid")【名】〔かみたばこなどの〕ひとかみ分〈英話〉1ポンドsuperannuate (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："superannuate")【自動】〔人が〕老齢のため退職する〔物が〕時代遅れになる【他動】〔人を〕老齢のため退職させる〔物を〕時代遅れのものとして捨てるtripe (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："tripe")【名】〔ウシなどの反すう動物の食用としての〕胃袋◆【参考】honeycomb tripe〈俗〉くだらない［つまらない］話ghost (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："ghost")【自動】ゴーストライターを務めるgerm of an idea《the ～》アイデアの芽生えgerm (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："germ")細菌〔植物の〕胚、芽、胚芽〔発展の基礎となる〕初期段階、芽生え、兆し〈俗〉HIVウイルス、エイズ◆通例、theまたはthatを前に伴って。keep one's cards close to one's chest手の内を見せない、秘密にしておく、何かを隠しているbounce off (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："bounce off")【句動】跳ね返らせる、反射させる、～に当たって跳ね返る、（ボールを捕球しようとして）はじく文例アイデアのキャッチボールをする文例〔反応を見るためにアイデアなどを〕（人）にぶつける［投げ掛ける］bob up (検索結果：undefined, 検索クエリ："bob up")〔予期しなかった人・物が〕突然［不意に・ひょいと・ひょっこり］現れる［浮上する］