Distance & Area
Space refers to the distances or areas around, between, and within the components of a piece. This spatial concept can be positive or negative, open or closed, shallow or deep, and in two-dimensional or three-dimensional forms. In graphic design, space can be explicitly presented or conveyed through illusion (e.g. represented on a page and not literal space). This is an important element of visual composition and communication.
Positive space is the space taken by the subject.
Negative space is the space taken by the background.
A shallow space is when the objects within the space are close together.
Forbes (2016) 'The Story Behind Mastercard's New Logo' URL
A deep space is when the furthest subject in the background is far away from the closest subject in the foreground.
Canva (2022) 'How to create depth in design' URL
In two dimensional artworks, artists create the illusion of space (e.g. using lines with a vanishing point to create perspective).
In three-dimensional art, spaces are the open or empty part of the piece.