Immediately after India's independence, Jawaharlal Nehru made it clear that the country shall pursue an independent foreign policy that is with India's national self-interests. To keep away from power politics of power groups and being aligned against one-another, Nehru emphasizes on Non-Aligned policy to deal foreign relations. Treaties of friendship were concluded with Bhutan in 1949 and with Nepal in 1950, with Indonesia and Bhutan in 1951, with West and South Asian countries and with two major neighbours, Pakistan and China, to whom India was closely bound by historical, cultural and social ties.  To strengthen relation with African, European and American countries, Nehru advised Indian settlers to acquire local citizenship and associate themselves more with the interests of the people of that country. Later, in the 20th century, India's relation with these countries was in its peak due to Indian disapora.  The major problem, faced by Nehru's foreign policy was relations with Pakistan and China. Pakistan was hostile to war with India on Kashmir issue and China claimed our land as its her own under aegis of its expansion policies.  Nehru sign peace pact with china (Panchsheel Principles) to made relation stronger (Hindi-chinese bhai bhai) but failed to avoid 1962 war. Pakistan's joining of Western-sponsored alliances put her in variance of the policy of non-alignment. Later, loss in Sino-India war and US support to Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars, Indira Gandhi Governement slightly deviated from policies of Non-alignment Movements and sign defence deals with Russia (then USSR) and joined USSR led coalition in limited manner.