Discuss the challenges to sovereignty in the age of globalisation.

The modern world is often called the global village. Globalisation means the increasing interaction between mankind and civilizations. It is also a process of integrating the national economy, culture, technology and even governance into a global system. The global interconnectedness, which is both reality as well as a necessity, has thrown many challenges to state sovereignty. The sovereignty of the state has never been in doubt, but it has always been under strains. With the increase in global connectedness, the number of political instruments available to governments and the effectiveness of particular instruments has shown a marked decline; border controls have lessened; and flow of goods and services, ideas and cultures has increased. Due to globalization, highly interconnected global order, many of the traditional domains of state activity such as defence, communication, can not be fulfilled without resorting to international forms of collaboration. As the demands on the state have increased in the postwar years, the cooperation of other states has become necessary. Accordingly, states have had to increase the level of their political integration with other states so as to control the destabilising effects that accompany global interconnectedness. They have to strengthen by forming some blocks like the NATO, the CENTO, the OAS, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). With the growth of a vast number of institutions and organisations, independent sovereinty of a state diminishes. The sovereignty of the state continues, but the sovereign structure of the state is heavily influenced by global tendencies, besides those found within the boundaries of the state itself. In modern time, it has been witnessed the growth and development of a large number of international organisations, which limit state sovereignty. The international organisations, like UN, are making global decisions and the states have to respect them. No state can take the United Nations for granted and each state has to function within the framework of the UN Charter. The international organisations are setting up international standards to be followed by the individual states. There are many controversial organisations like the IMF, UNCTAD and WTO which are non-state actors and have usurped the functions of state. They even take up a supranational role in certain areas. The European Union (EU) provides a bigger threat to the sovereignty of the states. Members of the EU have delegated their sovereignty in certain matters to the Union. The EU has become, more or less, a supranational agency, for within it, the Council has the power to make or enact policies. The International tribunal at Nuremberg looks into the matter related to internation crime limits the judicial sovereinty of a nation.