After the First World War, and Russian Revolution, India witnessed several socialist movements in late twenties. Economic crisis of the twenties, coupled with the capitalist and imperialist policies of the British Government, created spiraling inflation, hunger, droughts and increasing unemployment among the masses. Imperialism was considered as a form of capitalist class government, intended to perpetuate the slavery of the workers. The success of the Russian Revolution under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky and the economic growth of that country inspired intellectuals and political leaders of India to stand against the suppressive policies and capitalism. 

 A number of radical groups and youth leagues opposing the policies of the British government were born in India.  The Congress created a left wing and passes several resolutions in support of left wings. The Communist Party of India (CPI) was born in 1925. Trade unions were formed. Congress Socialist Party was born in 1934 within the Congress Party and it was influenced by Marxism. During the time, Round Table Conferences were failed to negotiate with imperial governments,  young leaders of Congress party disillusioned from its policies and they joined left wings.

 The socialist groups were also formed in Punjab, Bengal, Benares and Kerala. Communist movements were sprawl throughout India, due to failure of movements led by Gandhi and Congress.  For example, Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was born on 17 May 1934, out of the disillusionment with the Civil Resistance Movement.