By the end of this unit you should have developed a knowledge and understanding of:
the key designers who shaped design and architecture in the 20th Century onwards
key designers who continue to influence design and style in the 21st Century
the key movements and periods they are associated with famous works by these key designers
how these individuals have contributed to shaping fashion and style and their influence on a modern society
design and technology in the context of historical change and development
how these designers have made use of new technologies
Design has evolved over time and there have been several notable design movements particularly during the 20th Century. In this time, many designers came to prominence and are regarded as important figures in the development of design or design movements.
You have already looked at design movements of the 20th Century as well as technological and social change, but it is important that you are familiar with the work of at least two prominent and important designers from the past.
You should also be familiar with the work of at least one prominent modern day designer.
This page provides just a small selection of past and present designers that you could choose from. You are encouraged to find your own inspiration as a designer.
Connected with Arts and Crafts
Morris was an English textile designer associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement who is recognised as one of the most significant cultural figures of Victorian Britain.
Founded in 1955, the William Morris Society is devoted to his legacy and, while many of the buildings associated with his life are open to visitors, much of his work can be found in art galleries and museums, and his designs are still in production.
Connected with Art Nouveau
Mackintosh was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. He was a designer in the post-impressionist movement and also the main representative of Art Nouveau in the United Kingdom. He had considerable influence on European design. He was born in Glasgow and he died in London.
Willow Tea Room chair
Willow tea room chair
Connected with Art Deco
Eileen Gray was an Anglo-Irish architect and furniture designer and a pioneer of the Modern Movement in architecture. Over her career, she was associated with many notable European artists of her era, such as Le Corbusier.
Connected with Bauhaus
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect and furniture designer. Commonly referred to as Mies van der Rohe, he is regarded as one of the pioneers of modern architecture and was the last director of the famous Bauhaus school of design.
Barcelon pavillion
Connected with Bauhaus
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture. His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America.
LC2 Chair
Connected with De Stijl
Rietveld was a Dutch furniture designer and architect. One of the principal members of the Dutch artistic movement called De Stijl, Rietveld is famous for his Red and Blue Chair and for the Rietveld Schröder House, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Connected with Bauhaus
Brandt studied at the Bauhaus and later became head of metal workshop there. Her designs are recognised as some of the best from that era and among the few Bauhaus designs to be mass produced during the interwar period. She is also remembered as a painter and a pioneering photographer.
Connected with Streamlining
Loewy was a French-born American industrial designer who achieved fame for the magnitude of his design efforts across a variety of industries. He designed the iconic Cadillac, Greyhound bus and more. He was recognized for his prolific output by Time magazine and featured on its cover on October 31, 1949.
Connected with Contemporary
Jacobsen was a Danish architect and designer. He is remembered for his contribution to architectural functionalism as well as for the worldwide success he enjoyed with simple but effective chair designs.
Butterfly chair
Swan Chair
Egg chair
drop chair
Connected with Bauhaus
Breuer was a Hungarian-born modernist, architect and furniture designer. One of the masters of Modernism, Breuer extended the sculptural vocabulary he had developed in the carpentry shop at the Bauhaus into a personal architecture that made him one of the world’s most popular architects at the peak of 20th-Century design.
Connected with Contemporary
Charles Eames and his wife Ray were American designers who worked in and made major contributions to modern architecture and furniture. They also worked in the fields of industrial and graphic design, fine art and film.
Connected with Pop/Memphis
Castiglioni was a renowned Italian industrial designer. He was often inspired by everyday things and made use of ordinary materials. He preferred to use a minimal amount of materials to create forms with maximum visual effect.
Arco lamp
Connected with Pop/Memphis
Sottsass was as an Italian architect and designer during the 20th century. His body of work included furniture, jewellery, glass, lighting, home objects and office machine design, as well as many buildings and interiors. He was a founding member of the Memphis design group.
Lamp
Bookcase
Connected with Pop
Panton is considered one of Denmark's most influential 20th Century furniture and interior designers. During his career, he created innovative and futuristic designs in a variety of materials, especially plastics using vibrant and exotic colours. His style was very ‘1960s’ but regained popularity at the end of the 20th century. As of 2004, Panton's most well-known furniture models are still in production (at Vitra, among others).
Connected with Pop
Colombo was an Italian industrial designer who produced innovative designs for furniture, lamps, glass, doorknobs, pipes, alarm clocks, and wristwatches. He created the professional camera Trisystem (1969), the air conditioner Candy (1970), dinnerware for Alitalia (1970; still in use), as well as an ergonomic printing table.
Hadid was the first woman to win the Pritzker Architecture prize. Described as the ‘queen of the curve’ she liberated architectural geometry giving it a whole new expressive identity. Several of her designs were still under construction at the time of her death and her company continues to produce ground breaking architecture and product designs.
Grange’s career began as a drafting assistant with the architect Jack Howe in the 1950s. His independent career started rather accidentally with commissions for exhibition stands, but by the early 1970’s he was a founding-partner in Pentagram, an interdisciplinary design consultancy. Grange's career has spanned more than half a century, and many of his designs became, and are still, familiar items in the household or on the street.
Kodak camera
Parking Meter
Kenwood food mixer
British Rail Intercity train
The influence Dieter Rams has had on modern contemporary design can not be overstated. His 10 principles of good design are still followed by designers and students and Apple acknowledge his influence on any of their products, despite some being over 60 years old.
Rogers is a British architect noted for his modernist and functionalist designs in high-tech architecture.
Rogers is perhaps best known for his work on the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Lloyd’s Building and Millennium Dome both in London, the Senedd in Cardiff, and the European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg. He is a winner of the RIBA Gold Medal, the Thomas Jefferson Medal, the RIBA Stirling Prize, the Minerva Medal and Pritzker Prize.
Pompidou Centre
Milennium Dome
Calvert is a highly influential graphic designer. Working with Jock Kinneir, she developed the ubiquitous ‘transport’ font and the road signs that we all know and recognise to this day.
Foster is an English architect whose company, Foster + Partners, maintains an international design practice famous for high-tech architecture. He is one of Britain's most prolific architects of his generation. In 1999 he was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture. In 2009 Foster was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award in the Arts category. In 1994 he received the AIA Gold Medal.
Gherkin
James Dyson’s first few products were not successful on a global level and his dual cyclone vacuum cleaner was copied by a Chinese company. He could very likely have remained unknown but he won back his design and the rest is history.
Dyson vacuum cleaner
Fan & DeHumidifier
Hairdryer
Clean air & headphones 2023
Starck is a French designer who has become widely known since the start of his career in the 1980’s for his interior, product, industrial and architectural design work.
His prolific output includes furniture, decoration, architecture, street furniture, industry, bathroom fittings, kitchens, floor and wall coverings, lighting, domestic appliances, office equipment such as staplers, utensils, tableware, clothing, accessories, toys, glassware, graphic design and publishing, even food and vehicles for land, sea, air and space.
Prototype stool
Lamp
Juicy Salif
Hot Bertha
Arad is an Israeli industrial designer, artist, and architect. Arad's career as a designer began with the Rover chair. He was Head of Design Products Department at the Royal College of Art from 1997 to 2009. Arad designed in 1994 the Bookworm bookshelf, which was still produced in 2011 by the Italian company Kartell. Arad's work has been described as ‘scary’, considering its ‘macho concrete and cut metal; tense sheets of tempered steel and guillotine edges’.
Dixon is a self-taught British designer. He is currently the Creative Director of the brand 'Tom Dixon' specialising in Lighting, Furniture and Accessories. His work been acquired by museums across the globe including the Victoria and Albert Museum, Museum of Modern Art New York and Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris.
S chair
wingback micro chair
Sir Jonathan Paul Ive is an English designer and was the Senior Vice President of Design at Apple. He supervised the Apple Industrial Design Group and provided leadership and direction for Human Interface software teams across the company. Jonathan is the designer of many of Apple's products, including the MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, Mac mini, iPod, iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad, iPad Mini, Apple Watch and iOS7 onwards. Jony Ives represents perhaps more than any other designer, the importance of technology in modern day design. Like Raymond Loewy in 1920’s America, Ives is an industrial designer responsible for defining the look of a generation of technology. He was considered to be the second most important person in the Apple Corporation after the CEO.
This is the iMac that changed everything for Apple. The introduction of colour and a see through back (like a steamy shower glass) changed how people see computers
Apple Watch
Modern iMac was one of the last projects for Apple that Jonathan Ive was involved in the design
The last project that Ive designed for Apple, with his friend Marc Newsom
In order to look to the future we must first consider the past….
It is important as young designers that you look at the work of other, influential designers. This should include designers who were influential in previous design eras or linked to movements, as well as current prominent designers.
You should be familiar with the work of the designers in this section but should also have more in-depth knowledge of at least one of them.
You should also keep up to date with current trends in design and know of a modern day designer.
Consider Raymond Loewy or Charles Eames as past designers and Philip Starck or Jonathan Ives as present designers.
However, you should also choose designers who interest or have influenced you.
This completes the unit on design theory and you have now studied design history with a focus on socio economic change and influence, key design movements and periods associated with design history.
The key designers listed here are more exhaustive than those in the text book, but this is so you will have a wider range of key designers to reference in your examination answers on this subject. There are also many more you could choose to study.
These designers worked in many of the design periods studied but it is recommended that you study in greater depth the history of design. Look at the numerous books on design in the D&T department.
Most important is to find a designer whose work inspires you and find out as much about them, their work and their influence as you can.