Chordata

Mammalia

Hominoidea

Primates

Pongo

Pongo Pygmaeus

Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus

Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

Pongo pygmaeus morio

12-15 Million Yrs

Humans

Anywhere from 3.9 - 6 ft  

Male: 110- 220 lbs

Female: 66 - 110 lbs

35 - 45 yrs

The annual precipitation is heavy; 60 inches to over 100 inches. 

 Include at least 264 species of tree, not including palms, lianas, orchids, ferns, and other vegetation. 

Rare Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephants, and Sumatran rhinoceroses. 

68- 74 degrees fahrenheit

Rain forests

Sumatra and Borneo in Southeast Asia 

Orangutans are considered and “umbrella species”; if their home range and habitat are protected, many other species are automatically protected as well. 

Lychees, mangosteens, mangoes and figs. They also eat young leaves and shoots, insects, soil, tree bark, and occasionally eggs and small vertebrates.

Orangutans eat 1 to 25 different foods per day, with females consuming an average of 9.6, and males 7.1 items daily.

Orangutans find their food in the trees where they live. 

Orangutans do not live in tight social groups like African apes, they know and interact with other orangutans within their range. 

Orangutans are considered and “umbrella species”; if their home range and habitat are protected, many other species are automatically protected as well. 

Adult male orangutans develop a home range that consists of as many sexually responsive females as possible.  

There isn't a group of orangutans other than male, female, and offspring.

They can make loud calls that travel across miles of rain forest as well as quieter sounds such as "kiss squeak" when they're disturbed, and "grumph" when they are fearful. They also use visual signs such as pointing, rocking their body, waving, and banging on objects. 

On average once every 8 years

Males may mate with more than one female 

Orangutans may breed at any time of year as food is plentiful all year round. They do not pair for life and, as mentioned previously, a dominant male usually mates with several females. 

Courtship. Forced copulations by subadult males is used to establish dominance; pregnancy rarely results. 

 Only 4 to 5 babies in her lifetime 

The orangutan mating system is based on a mixture of female choice and male harassment and coercion, and it is believed that this fierce completion for female mating opportunities has resulted in the extreme sexual dimorphism and arrested development, also known as 'bimaturism', seen in orangutan societies. 

• Infant (0-2.5 years)

• Juvenile (2.5 - 7 years)

• Adolescent (7-10 years)

• Subadult Male (10-15 years)

• Adult (Female: 8+ years; Males: 15 + years)

Females reach sexual maturity at approximately 11-15 years in the wild, although maturation can occur as early as 7-9 years in captivity.  

Infant spends the first 6-8 months firmly attached to the mother, then begins to spend short periods nearby, but not attached.

Adolescent Independent of mother, Sexual maturity reached at about 6-8 years of age, Most social age group.

Adult females and sub adult males difficult to distinguish unless the female is accompanied by young.

Orangutans show a pronounced sexual dimorphism, with flanged males (i.e., males with fully grown secondary sexual characteristics) reaching twice the size of adult females. Furthermore, adult orangutans show sex-specific dispersal and activity patterns. 

Clouded leopards, large pythons, and crocodiles. 

The males fight each other to get to the female.

Malaria is the most common infectious disease in rehabilitation centers. 

The greatest threat facing orangutans today is habitat loss/fragmentation and the international trade in products containing orangutan parts. 

Male- Male

They are solitary, and rarely engage in fights.

Male-male competition for access to sexually receptive females is a major factor in orangutan adaptation. 

Palm oil plantations, Logging, Illegal gold mining, Pulp and paper plantations, Hunting.

Critically endangered

55,000 - 64,000

Decreasing

Deforestation, illegal logging, the expansion of agro-industrial plantations and hunting – these forces combined to isolate orangutans into precarious pockets of forest on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra.  

Climate change

Orangutans—one of human's closet living relatives—have interacted with modern humans for at least 70,000 years—interactions that have likely affected the orangutan known today. 

Rehabilitation and reintroduction of ex-captive or displaced individuals