1. Sentence Structure

• Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex Sentences
  
  

• Cumulative (Loose), Periodic, and Balanced Sentences
  
  

• Sentence Fragments (used for effect)
  
  

• Inversion / Anastrophe (reversal of normal word order)
  
  

2. Punctuation for Rhetorical Effect

• Dashes and Parentheses (interruption or emphasis)
  
  

• Colons and Semicolons (elaboration, juxtaposition, or clarification)
  
  

• Comma Usage (lists, clauses, introductory elements)
  
  

3. Clause Types

• Independent and Dependent Clauses
  
  

• Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
  
  

• Adverbial Clauses (because, although, when, if)
  
  

4. Verb Usage

• Active vs. Passive Voice
  
  

• Tense Shifts and Consistency
  
  

• Subjunctive Mood (e.g., “If I were…”)
  
  

5. Pronoun Usage

• Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
  
  

• Ambiguous Pronouns (often used to critique clarity)
  
  

• Shift in Pronoun Person (e.g., shifting from “one” to “you”)
  
  

6. Parallelism

• Faulty vs. Effective Parallel Structure
  
  

• Repetition for Emphasis (including anaphora, epistrophe)
  
  

7. Modifiers

• Dangling Modifiers
  
  

• Misplaced Modifiers
  
  

• Descriptive Adjective and Adverb Phrases
  
  

8. Diction and Syntax

• Formal vs. Informal Diction
  
  

• Abstract vs. Concrete Language
  
  

• Syntax to Match Tone or Audience (e.g., abrupt or flowing sentences)
  
  

9. Agreement and Consistency

• Subject-Verb Agreement
  
  

• Verb Tense Consistency
  
  

• Point of View Consistency
  
  

10. Rhetorical Grammar Concepts

• Ellipsis and Asyndeton / Polysyndeton
  
  

• Appositive Phrases
  
  

• Chiasmus and Antithesis
  
  

• Parataxis and Hypotaxis (juxtaposing clauses with or without subordination)