1.1(2) Number

"Pointers" to Singular, Pair or Plural

Numbers  العدد

1) Singular   مُفْرَد

>  Masculine or Feminine having "Ending Sound"

eg.  Male Muslim (or  Muslim  in general)   مُسْـلِمٌ

-> This is a Muslim = هَذَا مُسْـلِمٌ

-> That is a Muslim = ________________

eg. Female Muslim  مُسْـلِمَةٌ

-> This is a (female) Muslim  =  هَذِهِ مُسْـلِمَةٌ

-> That is a (female) Muslim = _______________

2) "Two/ Pair"  مُثَنَّى

>  Masculine or Feminine having "Ending Combination"

eg. 2 Male Muslims (or 2 Muslims in general)   مُسْـلِمَانِ  

-> These are 2 Muslims  هَذَانِ مُسْـلِمَانِ

-> Those are 2 Muslims = ______________

eg. 2 Female Muslims مُسْـلِمَتَانِ

-> These are 2 (female) Muslims = هَتَانِ مُسْـلِمَتَانِ

-> Those are 2 (female) Muslims = ______________

3) Plural  جَمْع

People Plural   جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ

(people only, not animals or objects)

> Plural Masculine (males, including mixture of males and females) having "Ending Combination"   

eg. Male Muslims   (Plural, Masculine)   مُسْـلِمُونَ

-> Those are Muslims   أُلَئِكَ مُسْـلِمُونَ

-> These are Muslims = _______________

"Real" Feminine Plural   جَمْعُ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ

> Plural, Feminine - people inclusive of female animals eg. cows, chickens etc. they are real feminine having "Ending Combination"    

eg. Female Muslims   مُسْـلِمَاتٌ

-> These are (female) Muslims   هَؤُلاَءِ  مُسْـلِمَاتٌ 

-> Those are (female) Muslims = ______________

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Masculine Summary    

                    مُفْرَد                  مُثَنَّى                 جَمع             

     هَذَا مُسْـلِمٌ       هَذَانِ مُسْـلِمَانِ      هَؤُلاَءِ مُسْـلِمُونَ    

    ذٰلِكَ  مُسْـلِمٌ       ذٰنِكَ مُسْـلِمَانِ          أُلَئِكَ مُسْـلِمُونَ    

Feminine Summary

          مُفْرَد                   مُثَنَّى                       جَمع           

        هَذِهِ مُسْـلِمَةٌ       هَتَانِ مُسْـلِمَتَانِ        هَؤُلاَءِ  مُسْـلِمَاتٌ  
    تِلْكَ مُسْـلِمَةٌ        تَانِكَ مُسْـلِمَتَانِ           أُلَئِكَ مُسْـلِمَاتٌ   

"FAKE" Feminine Plural

( Or Non-Human Feminine Plural )

Having "Ending Combination".

Considered as  جَمع مُؤَنَّث سَالِم  too.

It can be treated as :
(1) feminine and singular.
(2) feminine and plural.

Somewhat having 2 answers but the "Singular & Feminine" is preferred in grammar even though in meaning they are plural.

Examples

Broken Plural  جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ 

Consist of : 

(a)"Human broken Plural" & 

(b)"Non-Human broken Plural" 

= both having "Ending Sound".

> It sounded the same as a singular word. The only way to know that it is plural is to know the vocab by memory.

>>> i)  Human broken plural

Eg.      طُلَّابٌ   طُلَّابً   طُلَّابٍ  = the 3 status of "students"  (plural)

-> Similar to the ending "singular" sound of :-

         طَالِبٌ   طَالِبً   طَالِبٍ  = the 3 status of "a student" (singular)

The word  طُلَّابٌ  Students :-

(2 Answers)

1>"Plural" & "Masculine" = Students of males and females.

                       "Those are students" :   أُلَئِكَ طُلَّابٌ  

2> "Singular & Feminine" since it is a broken plural (similar to "fake feminine").  

                                 "That is" students  تِلكَ طُلَّابٌ 

Both above are correct in grammar.
Usually for Broken Plural = we use "Singular & Feminine".

Singular = طَالِبٌ ( ending sound ) 

Pair = طَالِبَانِ (ending combination)

Plural (broken) = طُلَّابٌ  ( ending sound )

Eg. ٱلرُّسُلُ 

> In Surah Al-Baqorah:253,  ٱلرُّسُلُ  is treated as "Singular & Feminine".

 "Those messengers" :  تِلۡكَ ٱلرُّسُلُ   (That messengers)

Eg.  "Came" a Messenger :   جَاءَ رُسُلٌ   (M. verb) Or  جَاءَتْ رُسُلٌ  (F. Verb)      

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Eg.   أَزْوَاجٌ  spouses   (The singular is =  زَوْخٌ  A spouse )

This word technically is special.

زَوْخٌ  can be used for both "husband" or "wife" ( you do not have to say زَوْجَةٌ  for wife)

أَزْوَاجٌ  = human broken plural :-

1> "Singular & Feminine" : since it is a broken plural

    "That spouses"   تِلْكَ ٱلأَزْوَاج

2> Plural & Masculine: 

    "Those spouses"  أُلَئِكَ ٱلأَزْوَاج

3> Plural & Feminine : If all of them are wives (real females)

    "Those spouses"   أُلَئِكَ ٱلأَزْوَاج 

Side-note: If a human noun have a "male" and female" version, the plural masculine version might be a "Broken Plural" but the plural feminine version is a regular "Feminine Plural". 

Eg. Student  ( can be male or female )

Masculine :-

طَالِبٌ  a student(singular) -> طُّلَّابٌ (broken plural)

Feminine :-

طَالِبَةٌ a female student(singular)-> طَالِباتٌ  (regular Feminine plural)

>>> ii) Human feminine broken plurals

Eg.   إِمَاءٌ  "female slaves"  ,  نِسَاءٌ   "women"

(2 Answers)

1-> "Singular & Feminine" (since they are broken plurals)

"those" are female slaves=>"that is" female slaves تِلكَ إِمَاءٌ

2-> Plural and Feminine (since all of them are real human females)  

  "those are female slaves"     أُلَئِكَ إِمَاءٌ

   ingular Feminine                       Plural Feminine 

 This/ These Women    هَؤُلاَءِ  النِّسَاءُ                       هَذِهِ النِّسَاءُ   
  This/ These female slaves    هَؤُلاَءِ إِمَاءٌ             هَذِهِ إِمَاءٌ   

>>> iii) Non-Human broken Plural 

"Non Human Broken Plural" is treated the same as "Singular & Feminine" = Only one answer. 

Eg.   بُيُوتٌ , بُيُوتًا , بُيُوتٍ  

      "Houses"  plural of House 

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-> Similar to the ending sound of :

=   بَيتٌ    بَيتًا  بَيتٍ    (Masculine and Singular).

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> Singular & Feminine

 "These are houses" ("This is" houses)

   هَذِهِ بُيُوتٌ  

"Singular & Feminine" = If we take 1 answer for all of these :-
"FAKE" Feminine Plural,
  Human broken plural,
  Human feminine broken plurals,
  Non-Human broken Plural 

More examples:-
    Singular                    Plural  "Singular & Feminine"     
    هَذِهِ قُلُوبٌ               قَلْبٌ      Hearts

Oaths     هَذِهِ أَيْمَانٌ                       
Houses      هَذِهِ بُيُوتٌ              بَيْتٌ  
Lessons      هَذِهِ دُرُوسٌ             دَرْسٌ 
Written  Exercise      هَذِهِ  تَمَارِينٌ                    
Types        هَذِهِ أَقْسَامٌ               قِسْمٌ  

In summary: 

1>   شَجَرَةٌ , كِتَابٌ
Singular: "S & F"  /  "S & M"

2>  شَجَرَتَانِ  ,  كِتَابَانِ
Two:  "T & F"  /  "T & M"

3> مُســلِمَاتٌ  ,  مُســلِمُونَ
Regular Plural: "P & M" / "P & F"

4>  ظُلُمَاتٌ
Fake Feminine regular plurals: "S & F"

5>  رِجَالٌ
  Human broken plurals: "S & F" or  "P & M" (2 answers) 

6>  نِسَاءٌ

Human Feminine broken plurals: "S & F" or "P & F" (2 answers)

7>  كُتُبٌ
  Non-Human broken plurals:  "S & F"

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Also note that:

There are two types of broken plurals in terms of quantity.

1. The lesser broken plural (3 to 9)

2. The greater broken plural (more than 9)

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Plural because the Arabs said so  

Example :-

قَومٌ    (nation)  

نَاسٌ    (people)    أُلَئِكَ ٱلنَّاس   those people

قَرنٌ    (generation)

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