Tywardreath

the silted up harbour inlet at Tywardreath

Tywardreath or Tiwardrai. Is west of  Fowey, with the sea on the south & west of the parish. it is inland of  Par sands with  Par river & harbour separating it from St Austell & St Blazey.
The village lies on the Pilgrim's Way  which long ago had travellers  passing through the village on their way to take ship at Fowey. This ancient track way brought many traders heading for places across the southwest;  wool merchants heading for the Staple of Exeter in Devon used it to avoid the perils of rounding Lands End by ship; the religious pilgrims passed by on their way to Fowey to cross the Narrow Sea - the Channel - to make homage at the holy shrines at Santiago de Compostella, Rome & the Holy Land.

ADJACENT PARISHES: Lostwithiel, Lanlivery, Lanhydrock, Cardinham, Bradock, Boconnoc, St Veep and Golant St Sampson.

 The villages that are close by are  Polkerris, Highway, Par, Polmear, Middleway Bridge, and Chapel Down. 

Domesday 1068-  The Manor of Tywardreath was given to Robert, Earl of Mortain, Earl of Cornwall, half brother of  William the Conquerors it later passed to Ricardus Dapife
the earliest benefactor of the Priory .

Richard holds of (from) the Earl, Tiwardrai. Colo held it in the time of King Edward and it was taxed for one hide, nevertheless there are two hides: the arable land is twelve carneats:  in Domain there are four carucates: seven bond servants and eight villains, and eighteen borderers, with three ploughs: there are six acres of wood and one hundred acres of pasture: formerly it was worth £4, now 40s (£2)

Lord of the Manor  in 1086 was Richard son of Turolf. Tenant-in-chief in 1086: Count Robert of Mortain

Bad Habits






A Priory was founded at Tywardreath in 1169 , the Priory of St Andrew  & it  brought  money and influence. This alien priory of Benedictine Monks   belonged to the Abbey of St Sergius & Bacchus at Angers in Normandy.  As Lord of the Manor of Tywardreath the priory gradually extended its authority over St Austell, Fowey, Lostwithiel, Lanlivery, Golant, St Blazey and even as far afield as Lelant and St Anthony in Meneage.
However the Prior & his  senior monks became more interested in leading an easy life and amassing wealth  than with spreading the word of God & received  reprimands from the  bishop. 


Ricardus Dapifer, who is mentioned in a charter of Henry III (1154 -1189) was the earliest benefactor of the Priory. A man of wealth and influence he held the office of High Steward of the household; either under the King or the Earl of Cornwall and the foundation has been accredited to him.
The priory was eventually dismantled in the 1540 Dissolution of the Monasteries and after the Dissolution, the Priory with its possessions and tithes, became  a fruitful source of investment for the landed gentry. For some years the Crown, until forced by economic pressure of wars, leased but did not sell.

In spite of the great importance of this house, its founder and exact foundation date have not been settled by the historians. 

In October 1536 the site and demesnes of the Priory and the grange of Trenant were leased to John Grenville for 21 years at £9 9s 4d.

Sir William Godolphin and Sir John Arundell both wanted the Priory and evidently quarrelled over it and harried John Grenville but eventually it was granted to the Earl of Hertford (Protector Somerset) with the manor (value £14 5s per annum); being the King's brother-in-law he paid nothing for it.

Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset sometime later alienated it to the Duke of Suffolk.

In 1540 Henry VIII had annexed the following property of The Priory to the Duchy; the manor of St Austell value £5 3s 6d; Fentrigan value £3 13s 4d; Trevennen £9 11s 7d; Greadow £10 19s 6½d; Fowey £1 19s 2d; Porthea Prior £7 10s 10d.

In 1564 the manor and 1/6th of the desmenes were sold outright to John Young who later sold to Christopher Copleston.

 By now their value had gone up to £1466 10s.

In 1573 Copleston alienated more of the demense to one of the Rashleighs.

In 1545 Philip Rashleigh had already bought the manor of Trenant and paid cash for it. £209 6s 8d

 
Daphney du Maurier uses the Priory as part of her plot in her evocative novel The House  on the Strand ' placing it close to there the church at Kilmarth stands - HOWEVER  this maybe conjecture because nothing now remains to mark its actual site.

From the information of J. T. Austen, Esq., of Place-House, who has lately published a chart of the harbour.

There was also a strong boom or chain, which ran across the harbour, two links of which were taken up by a trawl-boat, about the year 1776, and preserved by Philip Rashleigh, Esq., in his grotto at Menabilly. (Grose's Antiq. vol.)


Placita, 30 Ed. I. The following curious letter, from Lord Cromwell to the Prior, on the subject of this claim, (written a short time before the dissolution, so about 1535 )
Preserved in the British Museum, where it was deposited some time since, by Charles Bowles, Esq.:—

To the Priour of Trewardreth in Cornewall be this youen.

"Mr. Prior, as vnaccquanted I haue me comended vnto you, that where as it is comen vnto the Kings highnes knowledge that the Towne of Fowey is sore decayed, and thoccasion therof p'tlie is that in the saide Towne is no order of Justice, bicause the liberties concerninge the same graunted by the Kings highnes and his noble progenitours to your predecessours, and by theame vnto the inhabitaunts of the saide Towne, remayne in yor handes and kepinge, so that betwene you no maner good order, equitie, nor iustice is executed and vsed wtin the saide Towne: Wherfore I require you to condiscende and agree wt the inhabitaunts of the saide Towne so that you hauynge yor reasonable approued Duties, they may haue theire liberties to be vsed and extended amongeste theime wtin the said Towne to thincrease of good order wtin the same; And as ye shall agre therin to certifie me in writinge by Thomas Treffry berer herof: For his Highnes thinketh that the saide Porte of Fowey oweth to be his, and to be holde of hime so that his Grace entendeth from hensforth to haue it as well prouided for wt good gouernuce and of defence for vtter enemyes as other his townes and ports be wtin those parties. Whereunto ye for yor partie before this tyme haue had litle or no regarde neyther to the good order, rule, and defence therof, ne yet to the good rule and gouernaunce of your self, yor Monasterie, and religion, as ye be bounde;

Wherefore his Highnes thinketh that ye be veray vnworthey to haue rule of any towne that cannot well rule yor self. And that I may haue aunswer as is afforesaide by this berer what ye intend to do I require you to th'intente I maye certifie his Highnes therof. 

And thus fare ye well. At London the xxjth daie of Maie,

your Freend Thom[a]s Crumwell."


Property in Golant on the Fowey estuary

In Chancery 31 Jan 1621: Thos Pomeroy of Tynardreth aged 36 years on 25 Jan 1621 served Elizabeth Pomeroy, Wm Collombe and Joane his wife with subpoena out of court of chancery to show cause whey they should not perform an order of decree made the last term in chancery.


(if "Tynardreth" is Tywardreath?  this Pomeroy was born there in 1585.)

In 1621: John and Elizabeth Pomeroy bp. a daughter on LOWDY, 4 Nov 1621, Tywardreath. 


  Records created, acquired, and inherited by Chancery, and also of the Wardrobe, Royal Household, Exchequer and various commissions

   Division within C  Records of Equity Side: the Six Clerks

     C 3  Court of Chancery: Six Clerks Office: Pleadings, Series II, Elizabeth I to Interregnum

Treleekes. held at CRO - : Lease for 99 years.

Jonathan Rashleigh of Menabilly, esq., to Thos. Pomeroy of Tywardreath, husbandman. Treleekes and Westaways. ( unable to identify this .)

Husbandman was a lesser social status than Yeoman who were often younger sons of landed gentry

Thomas Pomeroy of Tywardreath : Yeoman wife Jane or Joan (Bellot)
possible children

lease under the heading of MANOR OF LANTYAN - Golant - lease - Treleekes.

   St Winnow is on the other bank of the Fowey up river from Golant ; 


St Winnow is where in  30 May 1654  Elizabeth Pomeroy married William Donye 

 Katerine Pomerye baptised  1613, Tywardreath, Cornwall

 John Pomeroy baptised 15 Sep 1616 Bodmin, later married   Joan

 Susan Pomeroy baptised 23 Dec 1621 Bodmin, Cornwall 

 Johan POMEROY   baptised  23 Feb 1622, Tywardreath, Cornwall


 R/958  27 June 1642  held at Cornwall Record Office Contents: Lease for 3 lives.


Until after  the Civil War in the C17th England had no standing army.
Defence of the realm fell to ordinary men  with skilled  archers becoming very significant in that defence.  From C14th onward It was the law that every  man in England over the age of 15 must practice at the village butts with a bow& arrows on Sundays & Holy Days 

 Subsidies where a tax levied  between 1525 & 1543 in reign of Henry VIII - 

The subsidy rolls were introduced in 1489 and then extended in 1512 and 1514/16. These two taxes included a poll tax for those not under the general taxation due to being under the minimum.


Cardinal Wolsey,   Lord Chancellor, & Henry VIII's  chief adviser,  in 1522 ordered a survey & a military muster .
Men were ostensibly valued for their ability to provide a a militia but in reality it was used to raise money on everyone with goods over £5 and income from hand of £1 or more

"G" = Goods

1525 – Trewardreyth includes John Poky - G 3 Total raised £4 11s 8d

1543 – Trewardreyth includes John Pomere - G 1 Total Tax raised £6 0s 2d

Includes place names: Treveryan, Penhale, Trill, Trenerry (Allen), Penpoll (Kea)


Muster Roll 1569

The Privy Council of Elizabeth I issued a directive to record a general muster of all able men aged between 16 - 60 years who could be called to arms. The weapon(s) that a man had did not always agree with the type of (a) able man -
 an archer may have a bill, a billman may have a bow.

An archer wore a jack or heavy leather jerkin with a doublet underneath. He had a long bow, arrows and carried a short sword, also a dagger. A trained & practiced archer could fire off 12 arrows a minute.

An Almain rivets  was light body armour of overlapping plates

The ubiquitous  Bill was a hooked blade with a spike on a long handle - in daily use in farming;

Harquebus was heavy matchlock gun;

The Pike was  8 foot long spear that took some handling ; Sallet a steel helmet;

Splints  were armour which protected  the forearm or lower leg

John Pomere in 1545 subsidy rolls but not in 1525. 

Harry Cokke & John Cokke - ditto and Tywardreath Subsidy Rolls 1525

Muster Roll 1569

a : billman - Richard Pokye - bill a  : billman – John POMERY - maryner. a : archer - Henry Cooke - bow, 12 arrows

An English Longbow
& a sallet or steel helmet

a bill hook a useful farming tool repurposed as a weapon

 below  harquebus 's

Lay Subsidies: Tywardreath: 1525: Reign of Henry VIII - 1525 & 1543

John Pomere - Goods 1


The parish hath in their store 4 pair of almayne ryvetts,  one jacke and a bill,  2 sallets, 3 pair of splents.  The furniture of this parish so remayninge ys one ryvet, 19 bills, one bowe.


a : billman – John POMERY - maryner

a : billman - Richard Pokye - bill

a : archer - Henry Cooke - bow, 12 arrows

harquebuser - Richarde Brytton - gun

a : archer - Roger Hambly - bow, 6 arrows

a : archer - William Davye

a : archer - John Barowe - bow, 6 arrows

a : billman - John Collyn - pair rivets, sallet, bill

Robert Corne - bow, 12 arrows

a : archer - Richard Helman

a : billman - Henry Cocke - bill

a : billman - William Cole - bill

a : billman - John Bonny - pair splints, sallet, bill

a : billman - Walter Thomas - bill

a : billman - Roberte Thomas - bill

a : billman - Richarde Wytte - pair rivets furnished, bill

a : archer - John Laxes - maryner

a : billman - Thomas Smyphe - jack, pair splints, bill

a : archer - Richarde Brooke - bow, 12 arrows

a : archer - John Davy - bow, 6 arrows

a : archer - Nicholas Davy - bow, 6 arrows

harquebusier - Walter Davy - harquebut

a : archer - John Treveryan - bow, 6 arrows

- William Clemence - jack, bow, 12 arrows

a : archer - John Corrant - bill

a : archer - Henry Fanston - bow

a : billman - William Byshopp - bill

a : billman - John Fayre - bill

a : archer - John Pendall - bow, 12 arrows

a : archer - Richarde Pendall

harquebusier - Robert Grype - harquebus

CRO

 Treffry of Place [TF/1 - TF/1080] FOWEY

The ancient Cornish family of TREFFRY came originally from Treffry in the parish of Lanhydrock. The manor of Fowey was acquired by marriage; lands formerly owned by Robert de Cardinham passed from his family to that of Boniface of Pyworthy, Devon, whose heiress Elizabeth married Thomas Treffry of Treffry. After this marriage the family moved to Fowey, where they already held the manor of Langurthow.

The Treffrys never owned extensive estates but during the middle ages gained considerable wealth through their activities as merchants in handling exports of tin, fish and wool. By the mid-fifteenth century they had become the owners of a fine mansion overlooking the town. It is not known exactly when Place was built; John Leland, the king's antiquary, was impressed by the house, where he stayed when he visited Fowey in the early sixteenth-century.

The family fortunes increased steadily;

In the Cousins Wars the Wars of the Roses John Treffry actively supported the cause of Henry Tudor against Richard III,. 

Treffry was rewarded with a knighthood, and dying a comparatively wealthy man. He owned lands in and around Fowey, and had considerable investments in shipping.



RECORDs CRO 

TF/567 1 Dec 1653

Contents: Lease for 99 years.

Jn. Treffry of Fowey, esq., to Wm. Maior of Fowey, merchant

Saffron meadow.


TF/412 29 Sept 1680

Contents: Lease for 99 years.

Jn. Treffry of Fowey, esq., to Jn. Pomeroy of Fowey, merchant.

House late in occ. of Joan Bunney, wid.


TF/274 26 Apr 1695

Contents: Assignment of remainder of term of 99 years.

Jonathan Toller of Fowey, merchant, to Jn. Pomeroy and Peter Maior of Fowey, merchants.

Polglaze.


TF/568 9 Dec 1697

Contents: Lease for 99 years.

Jn. Treffry of Place, esq., to Jn. Pomeroy of Fowey, merchant.

Saffron meadow. 


TF/334 18 June 1701

Contents: Lease for 99 years.

Jn. Treffry of Place, esq., to Hen. Hoskyn of Warleggan, husbandman.

House and garden on w. of street to passage late in occ. of Agnes Pomeroy.


TF/253 12 May 1702

Contents: Lease for 99 years.

Jn. Treffry of Place, esq., to Jn. Pomeroy of Fowey, merchant.

2 meadows in occ. of Phil. Goodall.


TF/413 2 Nov 1703

Contents: Lease for 99 years.

Jn. Treffry, of Place, esq., to Thos. Luney of Fowey, lime-burner.

House late in occ. of Jn. Pomeroy, adjacent to  Benedict Pedler's house.

TF/416/1,2 21 Sept 1715

Contents:Lease for 99 years (also counterpart).

Jn. Treffry of Place, esq., to Wm. Toller of Fowey, gent.

House in occ. of Jn. Pomeroy, merchant, late of Joan Benny, wid., on w. of highway.


TF/441 24 June 1715

Contents: Lease for 70 years.

Wm. Toller of Fowey, merchant, and w. Rebecca (wid. of Pete Maior, merchant),  to Wm. Goodall of Fowey, merchant.

House, malt-house and garden, late Jn. Pomeroy's, near Bull Hill.

Condition: To pull down premises and rebuild.







Attested copy of Deed to make a tenant to the praecipe for suffering a Common Recovery of lands of John Pomeroy, gent.

("Sur Disseiui en le post").  Date: 2nd, February, 1750


Held by: Cornwall Record Office,  

Language: English - Reference: GR/472     date 1750

Description: (1) John Pomeroy, boro. Fowey, surgeon (2nd son of J.P., late of Fowey, since of Pinneck, p. Fowey, now deceased, and brother of Joseph P., eldest son of J.P., also deceased).

(2) John Kimber, boro. Fowey, gent.

(3) John Short, Middle Temple, London, gent.


Perrewicke, p. Fowey; moiety of Rectory and glebe lands, p. Fowey; moiety of 30 acres in Sistrowe, p. Fowey; one house a stable in boro. Fowey (John Ponter, butcher); Millpoolpark, p. Fowey; Rocks-end, p. Fowey; meadow adj. Pollvillon, p. Fowey;

 one dwelling house, boro. Fowey;  Ashgarden, boro. Fowey; Leyowne, p. St. Sampson/Golant; messuages in Landreath alias St. Blazey, p. St. Blazey (called Landreath, Pengelly); Newton, p. St. Austell; Mentrine, p. St. Austell;

 ½ fields in Davy Lane, p. Tywardreath; Osveare, p. St. Austell; Knighter, (fields) Great Yeate, Best park, Bee park, Dry House meadows, Mowhay meadows,

 Restanick Moor, messuages Chitton, Trethingye, Canamarron, p. St. Austell, Blackehay p. Withiel; 

fields, Buslowne Eglos alias Borlorne Eglosse, p. St. Breock; Borlorne, p. Egloshayle; other lands in Egloshayle; Higher Trevilow, Middle Trevilow, Lower Trevilow, p. St. Teath.



OLPC Baptisms

1608 Tywardreath Jone POMERY son of Thomas

1621 Tywardreath Lowdy POMEROY son of John

1622 Tywardreath Johan POMEROY son of Thomas

1670 Tywardreath George POMERY son of Richard

1699 Tywardreath Hugh PAMER son of William


There were THREE Pomeroy's in Tywardreath in one of the Rolls...

making it  difficult to sort out the generations in between.

Marriages 

William Pomeroy married Alice Cleere 21 Sept 1607

William Pomeroy married Mary Colquite 18 Oct 1630

Edward Pomery married Sarah Cleve 12 June 1676

Edward Pomeroy married Jane Rounsevell 3 march 1700


1669 Tywardreath Richard POMMEROY

1793 St Austell, John POMERY spouse Nancy TONKIN witn Mich. TONKIN, Walter POMERY

1798 Luxulyan George POMERY spouse Mary BUTCHER

IGI Tywardreath

Lowdy Pomeroy christening: 4 November 1621 TYWARDREATH,CORNWALL, father: John Pomeroy

Johan Pomeroy christening: 23 February 1622 TYWARDREATH,CORNWALL, father: Thomas Pomeroy

Jone Pomery christening: 20 August 1608 TYWARDREATH,CORNWALL, father: Tho Pomery

Katerine Pomerye christening: 1613 TYWARDREATH,CORNWALL, father: Thos Pomerye

IGI - 1612-1669 records for Tywardreath bring up nothing !


OLPC THOMAS POMEROY

Baptisms

26 Nov 1566 Neot, St. Thomas POMERY son of Robt

22-Apr 1573 Mellion, St. Thomas POMEROY son of Johis

17 Nov 1616 Menheniot Thomas POMEROY son of Jonas

3 July 1636 Landrake Thomas POMEROY on of Henry mother Jane

14 Jan 1690 Neot, St. Thomas POMEROY on of Thomas mother Grace

1 July 1719 Cardinham Thomas POMEROY son of Thomas & mother Elizabeth

11 July 1719 Cardinham Thomas POMEROY son of Thomas& Elizabeth

30 Jan 1732 Lewannick Thomas POMEROY


The Rashleighs of Fowey and Menabilly were powerful merchants in the time of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. 

Philip Rashleigh, younger son of a family from Barnstaple in north Devon, had purchased the manor of Trenant close to Fowey from the King after the dissolution of the monasteries in 1545.

 He went into trade, became successful but died in 1551. His two sons Robert and John founded the fortunes of the Fowey Rashleighs and their pedigree has been well documented.


Catalogue Ref. R Creator(s): Rashleigh family of Menabilly

TITLE DEEDS & LEASES. Stuckey's tenement.

FILE [no title] - ref. R/1058 - 

date: 20 Mar. 1610

  Jn. Mathew, gent., w. Mary, s. Edw., and Edw. Poolye of Lanlivery, Loveday Beill, wid., Alice, w. of Jn. Colquite, Martin Mitchell and w. Joan, and Wm. Moon of Golant, and Nich. Davy and Thos. Pomeroy of Tywardreath, to Jonathan Rashleigh of Menabilly, esq. (deed of recovery)


Thomas Harris married. 27 Dec. 1573, Elizabeth (d. 1634), da. of Henry Pomeroy of Colquite, in the parish of St Mabyn near Wadebridge in North Cornwall. They had 2 sons and 2 daughters.


1597 on his son's marriage he made a settlement of the manor and in 1603 conveyed it outright to his son Edward Harris later-Chief Justice of Munster (Ireland) 1620


The lay manor of Tywardreath belonged in the thirteenth century to the Champernownes, it passed to the Herles and Bouvilles and probably came to the Crown by the attainder of the Duke of Suffolk who inherited Lord Bonville's estate. By 1620 it was Rashleigh property,


Property was acquired thus:-

1569 John Rashleigh bought Luxulyan mills from John Collins (according to Flamank, this was part of Tywardreath, not Luxulyan); (R/2550).

1569 John Rashleigh bought Pennarth from John Polwhele of Polwhele (R/2578).

1570 John Rashleigh bought South Gomme from Thomas Tregoddeck.

1573 Robert Rashleigh bought Tregaminion from Christopher Coplestone (R/2587).

1573 John Rashleigh bought Menabilly, Treswethick, Trewrong and Penpol from Christopher Coplestone (R/2571).

1574 Thomas Rashleigh bought Trevillack and Cockfish from Christopher Coplestone (R/2601).

1578 John Rashleigh bought from Christopher Coplestone half his tenements in Tywardreath (R/2618).

1579 John Rashleigh bought Great Pennarth from Christopher Coplestone (R/2579).

1581 Manor transferred from Coplestone to Rashleigh (R/2620).

1587 Additional property at Pennarth purchased.

MANOR OF LANTYAN.

LEASES. Golant.

Treleekes.Treliske

FILE [no title] - ref. R/957 - date: 29 Dec. 1630

[from Scope and Content] Jonathan Rashleigh of Menabilly, esq., to Thos. Pomeroy of Tywardreath, husbandman.


FILE [no title] - ref. R/958 - date: 27 June 1642

Jonathan Rashleigh of Menabilly, esq., to Susan Pomeroy, dau. of Thos. Pomeroy of Tywardreath, and Jn. P.omeroy son of Thos. P., and spouse Joan.

Tywardreath. Trenadling.


FILE [no title] - ref. R/1128 - date: 18 Feb. 1638 Lease for 99 years.

Thos. Pomeroy of Tywardreath, yeo., to Edmond Dennys of St. Neot, esq., and Wm. Broad of Tywardreath, yeo. Trenadling.


MANOR OF FOWEY.

Fowey. Mansion House.

FILE [no title] - ref. R/384 - date: 1 Oct. 1702 Sir. Rich. Carew of Antony, bart., Nich. Kendall of Pelyn, clerk, and Jn. Rashleigh of Hertford, esq., to Jn. Pomeroy jun., of Fowey, pewterer.


FILE [no title] - ref. R/1129 - date: 14 July 1712

[from Scope and Content] Property at Trenadling late in occ. of Israel Pomeroy.


FILE [no title] - ref. R/514/1,2 - date: 25 Mar. 1736

[from Scope and Content] House late in occ. of Jn. Toller, then of Hester Pomeroy.
Place names: Treveryan, Penhale, Trill, Trenerry (Allen), Penpoll (Kea)

Fowey harbour 

&

 Bull Hill