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Launceston was the town guarded the gateway to Cornwall in medieval times, being on the main northern route into the county.
Its coat of arms were officially granted on July 24, 1572
Originally the Borough of Dunheved, it was later renamed Launceston & in ancient times was the
Capital of Cornwall holding several Royal Charters.
Launceston was the town guarded the gateway to Cornwall in medieval times, being on the main northern route into the county.
Its coat of arms were officially granted on July 24, 1572
Originally the Borough of Dunheved, it was later renamed Launceston & in ancient times was the
Capital of Cornwall holding several Royal Charters.
Greystone Bridge
Launceston was the only crossing point of the River Tamar for many centuries and has several C15th arch bridges which were built with money from 40 day indulgences granted by the Abbot of Tavistock Abbey.
Polson Bridge
HEXT CONNECTIONS My Hext Corpse Collection. Begun in May 2003 additional research ongoing in 2022
HEXT CONNECTIONS My Hext Corpse Collection. Begun in May 2003 additional research ongoing in 2022
Start point Jane Hext daughter of Digory Hext married Andrew Pomeroy in St Kew in 1601
Digory was oldest son of Thomas Hext was a merchant who became Mayor of Launceston and built several properties around the town square which survive today- see below He died 1595
Thomas's 1st wife was a daughter of William Mylle of former mayor of Launceston ( Aldermen took it in turns to be mayor)
His 2nd wife was Jane Callard widow Stone who had 1 son and 7 daughters by Stone and the 6th daughter was Anne
They married Anne to her step brother Digory the son of Thomas Hext /Hickes /Heckes
Thomas Hext was the 2nd husband of Jane Callard ,widow of John Stone of Trevigo who died 1573.
Thomas had 6 children by his 1st wife, an unnamed daughter of William Mylle, a previous mayor of Launceston gave him 2 sons and 3 daughters His 2nd wife seems to have given him a son Thomas
In his 1595 Will he left the Mylle lands to his granddaughter Jane Hext daughter of his eldest son Digory.
His sons Digory, George & Thomas and his daughters were Florence wife of Mundy, a family that connects to Rialton near Newquay ; Grace, wife of Thomas Isaacks (see Isaack Visitation pedigree page 501 ) and Ephue wife of Francis Holbyn, 2nd son of Richard Holbyn & his wife Philippa Pye
His tailor was Mr Thomas Greenwood a haberdasher of Exeter to whom both he and his son Digory owed money , notably so did the Hext of Staverton in Totnes
Parliamentary History
HICKES, Thomas, of Launceston, Cornw. Constituency NEWPORT IUXTA LAUNCESTON
1559 possibly son of Thomas Hickes, mayor of Launceston. by his second wife Jane, da. of John Callard of Callard, Devon, widow of John Stone of Trevigo, MP Cornw.
Mayor, Launceston 1575-6, 1581-2, ?1589-90.1
The connection between Launceston in Cornwall & the wealthy wool town of Totnes in Devon
through the Hext family is the KINGSTON House & Estate in Staverton parish near Totnes in Devon .
The connection between Launceston in Cornwall & the wealthy wool town of Totnes in Devon
through the Hext family is the KINGSTON House & Estate in Staverton parish near Totnes in Devon .
Totnes dates from Saxon times & listed in Domesday Book (1086) Its earliest charter is dated 1205 and became a walled town commanding the lowest crossing of the river, which functioned as a port well into the C19th.
The present Kingston House in Staverton near Totnes in Devon was completed by 1735, for John Rowe a wealthy catholic wool merchant at a staggering cost of £16,100 which was a fortune in those days. Elizabeth Pomeroy daughter of Sir Richard Pomeroy & Elizabeth Densil married William Barnhouse of Staverton, son of Thomas Barnhouse and their daughter Agnes married John Rowe who built the present house at great expense bankrupting himself in the process.
AJP- notes- John Hext was probably a merchant trading in wool which was the most profitable venture to undertake at that time- It built England's economic wealth.
Thomas Hext ,Mayor of Launceston & merchant was probably the 2nd son of Thomas Hext by his wife Florence Bonville who in turn was 2nd son of John Hext of Kingston & his wife Jane Fortescue.
Like many other wool merchants who made a lot of money John invested his new wealth in buying land and sometime in the C13th he built himself a house to reflect the significance of his wealth & position as an important merchant in Totnes at the time. Kingston. He became wealthy enough to marry into the Fortescue family, who at that time were 'upwardly mobile' landed family.
Thomas Hext 2md son of a 2nd son was also a merchant & became the wealthy Mayor of Launceston.
He is on record in 1588 as giving £25 to the fund raised against the threat of the Spanish Armada .
The present house at Kingston was built close to the medieval building of Hext Barnhouse
Trenarren House
seat of the senior branch of the Hext family near the Cornish coast, just north of Mevagissey
More on Hext family at CRO
in 1593 Thomas Hext' & his son Digory owed money their haberdasher/ tailor Thomas Greenwood of Exeter .|
Digory owed 27 shillings & his father Thomas owed 10/shillings whilst Richard Hext who owed 20/shi;;ings & Mr Hext of Staverton who owed 2/6d
After Digory died in 1600 his widow Julia Whadham Hexte, married again. On 22 Jane 1601 at Boyton she married John Cottell 3rd son of Walter Cottell by his wife Jane Browne ; they had a son Thomas Cottell& 2 daughters Dorothy & Hester
The HEXT FAMILY List of seats and/or estates from A2A
In the reign of Queen Elizabeth I a Hext came from Kingston in Staverton, Devonshire the ancient seat of that family to Cornwall - The family also went into Somerton in Dorset, to where Sir Edward Hext was Lord of the Manor and a benefactor to that town.
Trenarren formerly the home of historian AL Rowse ; it has an eastern aspect and opens towards the sea. It formerly belonged to a manor of the same name, which was given by Robert de Cardinham to the priory of Tywardreath, temp. Richard I., and has since been divided.
His arms are - or, a castle triple-turcetted, between three battle axes.
The manor of Lancarffe or Lancoff, held of the honor of Bodmin, or of St. Petrock, belonged, temp Richard II, (C14th) then to the family of Whalesborough, who then held it under the Bevills.
In the C15th century the barton belonged to the family of Opie; in 1685, is belonged to John Mounsteven, Esq., secretary to the Earl of Sunderland, when secretary of state; his descendant, Mr. Hender Mounsteven sold it in 1787, to Francis John Hext, Esq., father of Admiral William Hext, of Tredethy.
The mansion has latterly been occupied as a farm house. (From a History of Cornwall (pg. 99).
Unclear as to who this William Hexte was but he is clearly a mariner out of Topsham & presumably Exeter circa 1500
Thomas Hext Mayor of Launceston circa 1588 was the 2nd husband of Jane Callard ,widow of John Stone of Trevigo who died 1573.
Hext had 6 children by his 1st wife, a daughter of William Mylle, a previous mayor of Launceston
In his 1595 Will he left the Mylle lands to his granddaughter Jane and to his eldest son Digory.
His children were sons Digory, George & Thomas & 3 daughters
Florence wife of Mundy, a family that connects to Rialton St Columb Minor ;
Grace wife of Thomas Isaacks (see Isaack Visitation pedigree page 501 )
Ephue Mrs Francis Holbyn, 2nd son of Richard Holbyn & his wife Philippa Pye
Digory Hext married his step-sister, Anne Stone, the daughter of John Stone his stepmothers 1st husband who died in 1573.
Digory & Anne had 2 children. AJP suspects Jane was the 1st born in about 1584 and son Thomas the son who died in 1586 at which time it seems likely that wife Anne died too.
Digory Hext was a wealthy Launceston merchant and one time Mayor of that town waited a while before he remarried and on September 13th, 1596 he married Julianna Wadham daughter of Sir John Wadham a lawyer of St Stephen by Launceston, recorded in the parish records.
Three years later he took a lease on a house in Fowey in 1599. Fowey was the most important port in that part of Cornwall at that time and he would have exported his merchandise through there-
Digory died in 1600 whilst he was mayor of Launceston , leaving his daughter Jane an orphan & quite a catch. His widow Julia remarried and had children.
Andrew Pomeroy of Collaton in St Kew married Jane Hext on 30th September 1601. She was about 15 and she died 9 years later having given birth to children only two of whom survived to adulthood.
Thomas Hext was Mayor of Launceston a number of times. In 1555 & in 1575 to 76; in 158- 82 & in 1589 -90 He died 1595
His son Digory another merchant of Launceston was also Mayor in 159- 90 and died in office
MANOR OF FOWEY.LEASES. Fowey.Houses and land, various. FILE [no title] - ref. R/471 -
date 13th Mar. 1599 Nich. Borlase of Newlyn, gent., to Digory Hext of Launceston, gentleman.
Jane Hext was daughter of Digorie Hext of Launceston who almost certainly connect to the Hext family of Kingstone.
Jonathan Hext kindly sent me this -
In "Hextiana", Frances Margery says that Thomas Hext, living in Launceston in 1573, was probably the 2nd son of John Hext, who sold Kingstone to the Barnhouse family in the 16th century.
It is a slender link, BUT given that Thomas named a daughter Florence, I think it more likely he was 2nd son of Thomas Hext & his 1st wife, Florence Bonville & grandson of John Hext of Kingston & his wife Jane Fortescue - see the pedigree footnoteHext sold the Kingstone Estate to William Barnhowse whose wife was Elizabeth Pomeroy, daughter of Sir Richard Pomeroy. Their daughter Agnes married lawyer Rowe, who all but bankrupted himself, building the huge Kingston mansion which supplanted the original house.
1575-76 Thomas Hickes Mayor of Launceston
1599-1600 Digory Hicks Mayor of Launceston
Thomas Hext of Launceston in Cornwall, was tenant of the lands of Launceston priory, of which the borough of Newport formed a part. He was an alderman & Mayor five times. In 1535, 1555 , 1575-76 , 1581-82 and 1589-90. He was mayor in 1555 when the town was granted its new charter. In 1588 his name appears on the list of gentlemen who were called upon to provide Ships Money to the Crown with money to repel the Spanish Armada - "March 27, 1588 - Hext gave £25. He also used the stones of the decommissioned Priory to build "several houses in the centre of the town"
The stone used for these now listed buildings was taken from the dissolved and magnificent Launceston Priory.
The Launceston Houses seen here left -
image supplied by Derek Iremonger 2010
Digory Hext married his step sister, Anne Stone , ( Not that an uncommon occurrence & not a blood relation ) Married circa 1580 they had at least two children, Thomas died in 1586, Jane was likely the first born child & Ann e his wife probably died at the birth of son Thomas In the burial register of St Thomas' church, Launceston there is an entry "1586, Feb 22nd, Thomas Hecks, the son of Digorie Hecks &
Anne Stone Hext was the 6th daughter of John Stone MP 1573 by Jane Callard of Trevigo who after 1573 marriedThomas Hext Mayor of Launceston father of Digory Thomas and William and 3 daughters
Jane Hext Hickes became her father's sole heir, as well as a substantial beneficiary from her grandfathers Will of 1595.
In the burial register of St Thomas' church, Launceston there is an entry "1586, Feb 22nd, Thomas Hecks, the son of Digorie Hecks & in 1599-1600 Digory Hext was Mayor of Launceston, like his father before him.
Mayor of Launceston Thomas Hext whose 1st wife was a daughter of William Mylle a former mayor of the same borough had 6 children.
Digory , George & Thomas , Florence, Grace, & Ephue.
His 2nd wife was Jane Callard who he married after the death of her husband John Stone in 1573.
found 2021 After Thomas died in 1595 his widow, Jane Callard Stone/Hext may have gone to live with her daughter Winifred Matthews in St Kew, taking her orphaned granddaughter Jane , age about 15, with her. Hence the reason the girl Jane got married in St Kew.
Launceston NOTES 2019
The ancient town of Launceston guarded the gateway to Cornwall in medieval times, being on the main northern route into the county.
The South Gate of Robert of Mortain's eleventh century Norman castle still survives, restricting the modern vehicular traffic to one lane.
In the centre of the town the imposing church of St Mary Magdalene has many interesting carvings on its granite exterior.
The priest Cuthbert Mayne was hung, drawn and quartered at Launceston in 1574 for his allegiance to the Catholic faith.
Thomas Hext Mayor of Launceston was brother to John Hicks/Hext a canon under Prior Shere of Launceston Priory.
Thomas Hext 1st wife was dau of William Mill or Mylle a former Mayor of Launceston. His 2nd wife Jane Callard widow STONE mother of Mary Stone who in about 1580 married her step brother Digory .
Thomas was clearly a merchant, most probably dealing in wool & wool cloth with a shop in the market place of Launceston. When he died in 1595 he left his widow well provided for with goods chattels and …
His dwelling house during her life, with the parlor, the Chamber over, the highest Roome over that, together with the chamber over the shop and the shop below and what appears to be a share of use of the kitchen. ..’thone moyetie of the kitchen to dresse her meate in.’
Plus stabling for 4 horses 4 milch cows ; a bell salt - sault, a dozen silver spoons, a gilt goblet half a garnish of pewter Vessel and assorted other pots & pans and riches indeed 6 horses at her disposal plus income from various properties and £20 a year
His children were Digory, George & Thomas found in the Will of 1595
Son Digory has children by his wife Anne Stone ; Thomas who died 1558 & Jane born about 1556 married Andrew Pomeroy at her grandmothers home is St Kew in September 1601
Florence Mundy was his daughter & 2 other daughters Grace wife Frauncis Hoblin and Ephue wife of Thomas Isack (my sonnes by lawe, )
His grand-daughter, Jane who, 6 years later, married Andrew Pomeroy, came with a substantial dowry of properties including lands of her Mylle grandmother and £100.
The Will of Thomas Heckes of Launceston, 1595 In the name of God amen I Thomas Heckes of Danheved Borough alias Launceston in the County of Cornewall, being in perfect health and meamory, God be thanked, Doe make and ordaine my last will and testament, in manner and forme hereafter following. First I geve and yeelde up in the handes of almighty god, my soule of whome first I receyved the same, my bodie to be buried within the parish Church of StMary Magdalen in Launceston aforesayd. To every of the Almes people in the saide Towne I geve twelve pence a peece, and to the rest of the poore people within the same Towne, Twenty shillinges to be distributed amongest them by my executors or Overseers. To the poore Lazer people of St Leonardes I geve twelve pence a peece, and to the poore prysoners of the Gaile, six shillinges and eight pence to be delyvered equally amonngst them. To the poore people of St Thomas I geve ten shillinges. To the poore of St Stephens I geve tenn shillinges.
To every of my god children I geve Twelve pence a peece. Moreover my Will and devyse is, that Jane ( Stone nee Callard) my wife, shall have this Roomes of my dwelling howse during her life, which I have in the same, to witt, The parlor, the Chamber over, the highest Roome over that againe, togither with the chamber over the shopp wherein I used to lie my self, togeather with the shopp under, and thone moyetie of the kitchen to dresse her meate in.
More my Will and devyse is, that shee shall have Six miltch kyne, to be pastured in and upon Landryne, with two Acres of grasse to make haie of in the Priory meadow, and stable roome for fower 4 Geldinges in the priorie stable, togeither with sufficient fewell yeerely of furz and other in Landryne.
Also my Will is, that shee shall have her bed perfourmed with her best Coverlid for her owne bed.
And my Will is farther, that shee shall have twoo other bedds perfourmed with meanner Coverlettes to lay her freendes on when they come to see her.
Moreover my Will is, that shee shall have sufficient Napery of every sort some.
Also my Bell sault, and one dozenn of sylver spoones with my best gilt Goblett, Foure paire of sheetes, half a garnish of peauter Vessell, twoo pottle potts, twoo quartes, twoo brasse Crockes, six small panns, a Caulderne, The Chest which shee brought with her.
Moreover I geve unto her twenty poundes, to be paide her in monny Within twoo Yeeres after my decease, if shee so long lyve.
Item I geve unto her one Gelding, one mare, to be pastured upon Culver Cleive, and parcke Launceston Without paying anything for the same, and the fowerth part of the Fruite of the Orchard before the Barnes doore, When the same shall happen to beare Without paying any thing for the same.
Item My Will and devyse is, that there shall be payd unto her yeerely during her naturall lief the summe of twenty poundes of lawfull English mony, to be levied and takenn out of such landes as is appointed by a Feoffment which I made unto her, at the tyme of my Marriage with her in ioynture whereof Richard Penfounde and ..... Stone .... to her use .... geve ... Mathew ... within one Yeere ... her marriage... shillinges... [the marginal insertion which should fit here is too obscured by folded page in original to transcribe fully] and foure pence.
Also I will and graunt unto Florence Monday my daughter, one Annuytie or Yeerely rent of three poundes during her naturall life, the same I will to be levyed out of all my landes and tennementes within the County of Cornewall,
And further I will, That if the same be not quarterly paide by Fifteene shillinges in every quarter of every Yeere, That then it shalbe lawfull for her to enter into all my landes and tennementes within the sayd County of Cornewall, and to distrane for the same, and the distresse to detaine untill the same be paide
Item I give to Jane Hickes the maiden and daughter of Digory Hickes, one Tennemente with the appurtenaunces in the High Markett Streete in the Borrough of Donevett now in the tenure of Ann Seymour widowe, together with one close of land lying at windmyll hed nowe in the tenure of Sir William Churton Clarke,
Likewise I geve unto her the one Moytie or halfendeale of all such landes lying in St Stephens by Launceston as I bought of Sir William Symon Clarke, and some other lieth in Boightley which was the landes of William Mille, the other Moyety is to descend to Digorie Hickes as his mothers landes being the daughter and heire of the sayd William Mille. All which moiety of the sayd landes which I had of the sayd William Symon with the other tennement in the High Streete and meadowe of Windmyll head with the Appurtenaunces
I geve and bequeath to the sayd Jane Hickes and to the heires of her bodie lawfully begotten and for default of such issue, I will that the same landes shall come and remayne to Thomas Hickes my sonne and his heires for ever.
More I geve unto the sayd Jane Hickes my lease of one tennement in Newport Borrough next Launceston wherein one Symon Coradge dwelt togeither with all the landes, meadowes, gardens and Orchardes to the same belonging, the Yeerely rent whereof is Seaven poundes ninteene shillinges six pence to the Queene, and the terme is eleaven Yeeres to be expired next after the feast of St Michaell, one thowsand fyve hundreth nyntie twoo, as appeereth by the lettres patentes of the demise of the saide Mannor, by Vertue of which lettres patentes I houlde all the rest of the landes and tennementes which I have of the Queenes Maiestie.
Item I geve unto the sayd Jane one hundred poundes of lawfull mony of England.
Also I will, geve and graunt unto Digorey, George and Thomas Hickes, my sonnes and to theire heires for ever all other my messuages, landes, tennementes and hereditamentes whatsoever as well Customary as otherwise within the County of Cornewall, before not geven nor appointed.
And also I will and geve unto the sayd Digorey, George and Thomas my sonnes and to theire assignes all my estate, lease and lease tymes and termes to come Whatsoever of and in the mannor of Launceston lande, and of and in the Barton of Newhowse, and of and in all howses, edifices, graunges, landes and tennementes myne Whatsoever belonging to the sayd mannor and Barton or parcell of the same, or reputed, called or knowen as part or parcell thereof or any of them, togeither also and with all my estate, tyme and terme to come of and in the Demeanes landes of the sayd mannor or Barton of Newhowse by what name or names soever I have the same, set lying and being also within the sayd County of Cornewall, in as ample manner as I have the same. Lastly I ordaine and appoint Frauncis Hoblin and Thomas Isack my sonnes by lawe, executors of this my last will and testament in trust, Touching all other my goodes and Chattells, before not geven, for and to the use of the sayd Digorey, George and Thomas my sonnes, and to no other use, Willing them to see the same emonngest them equally to be devyded, accoring [sic] to the true meaning of this my last will,
Whereof I make Ollyver Clowberry and Olyver Collyns gentlemen, my overseers and Assistantes with my sayd executors in the same.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my seale and signe. Yeoven the fourteenth day of October in the Seaven and thirtieth Yeere of the raigne of our soveraigne lady Elizabeth, by the grace of god of England, Fraunce and Ireland, Queene Defender of the faith etc one thowsand fyve hundreth fourescore and fifteene.
Sealed and delyvered in the presence of William Grills, Arthure Piper and others, The day and Yeere above written.
Boightlyseems to be a mis-transcription of Boiton or Boyton where there is Bradridge the dwelling of John Hoblyn, Esq. barrister at law, son of Mr. Hoblyn, attorney at law of Bodmin ;
The Houses that Hext /Hicks Built .
The Will of Thomas Hext of Launceston 1595 mentions both Jane his wife, his sons including Digory, & his unmarried granddaughter Jane .
Digory does not appear in the Visitations of the Hext family tree and yet he inherited substantial properties from the Thomas Hext Will. and is named as his son- natural and legitimate- Jane Hext received a considerable inheritance from that Will.
Digory Hext was a Merchant from a family of merchants. Fowey at that time was a thriving port exporting wool and cloth- Cornish straight whites and russets, hides, fish and most of all tin and bringing in French wines, spices, salt, and linen. He was Mayor of Launceston at the time he died in 1600, leaving his only child Jane an orphan with a very good dowry having inherited property not just from her father but also from he grandfather Thomas a previous Mayor when he died in 1595.
The Visitations pedigree of the Hext Family is without dates for that period and there is no Digory in there although there are several Thomas's & one who was the 1559 MP Launceston .
the Latin Probate says.....Degorio heris filio naturalis et legittimo... i e son and legitimate heir?
Digory died in 1600 during the time he was Mayor of Launceston 1599-1600
A2A record 1605
Plaintiffs: William Grosse & his wife Julian Defendants: Andrew Pomeroy, Walter Cottell, & Humphry Cottell
Subject: lands and tenements, late of Digory Hext, who also possessed site of late dissolved priory of Launceston with moiety .
Date range: 1603 - 1625 Reference:C 2/JasI /G12/11Subjects:Litigation | Religions
After Digory's death his 2nd wife Julian re married and had children
John Hardy v. Andrew. Pomeroy, Oswald Cook. Meadow in Bainham Lane, near Conny Park, sometimes called "Trelawney Meadow," in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, and other lands in the borough of Downhevid and burrow of Newport, lately held by Thomas Hicks otherwise Hecks, lord of the "manor of Launceston Land."
Survey of same.Records of the Exchequer, and its related bodies, with those of the Office of First Fruits and Tenths, and the Court of Augmentations.
Exchequer: King's Remembrancer: Depositions taken by Commission James I 1607 Division within E Records of the King's Remembrancer 4th of James I - 1607
PROBATE translated from Latin
On the 15th day of the month of November in the year of our Lord one thousand five hundred and ninety five, a grant was issued to Degory Heckes, the natural and lawful son of the said deceased, for the administering of the goods etc of the same, according to the tenor of this will, because Francis Hoblin and Thomas Isack, executors etc renounced the burden of the execution etc before the Ordinary for London, as in the allegation now existing in this matter, well etc in the person of Thomas Redman, notary public and proctor etc, having sworn. (marginal entry in Latin)
On the 1st of November 1600 a grant was issued to George Hickes, natural son of the said deceased, for the administering of the goods etc of the said deceased, according to the tenor of the said will etc, because the said Degory Hickes pertinently etc now also deceased not having administered etc, well etc in the person of Alexander Serle, notary public, proctor etc, having sworn.
Source: The National Archives Ref: PROB 11/86/351 Transcribed by Richard Samways
Digory Hext was Mayor of Launceston in 1599 -1600 and died in 1600 before his father's will was probated & before his daughter was married
In 1999 AJP researched , wrote and illustrated a booklet about the Devon Wool Trade also available as a paperback BOOK- Dyed in the Wool -
A SLICE OF 17TH CENTURY LIFE JOHN WATTS – KIDNAPPING MAIDENS
The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Published Quartely by The Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va. Volume VI - No. 1 July 1898, p. 230
Title of Article: Kidnapping Maidens, to be Sold in Virginia, 1618
(Abstract, from English Pub. Record Office, by W. N. Sainsbury.)
1618, Nov. 13. Examinations of Francis Prewe, of Ottery, Thomas Crocker, William Mitchell and JOHN WATTS, taken before Sir Edward Hext the 16th and 31st of October 1618.
In reference to the proceedings of Owen Evans in endeavouring to press Maidens to be sent to the Bermudas and Virginia -- that same bred such terror as above forty young women fled out of the parish of Ottery and were not yet to be found :
That he threatened Prewe should answer his conduct in another place, if he failed;
That Thomas Crocker should be hanged in the morning if he failed to press him some maidens;
That Michell compounded with Evans for ten shillings to be free ;
That Evans gave JOHN WATTS four shillings to press him four maidens and bring them to him at Sherborne in Dorset, and twelve pence to one Jacob Crystel to press his own daughter.
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