Article 247 - The Architecture of Poverty in the UK

The Architecture of Poverty in the UK

Purpose

This essay examines the nature of the Architecture of Poverty in the UK.

Time Period

The essay covers the time period from 1751 to 2018; 267 years in terms of available data.

Method

The essay examines the following for the UK over 267 years. Total population, the historic poor laws of each country, the pauper numbers, the total working and non-working population, the national average salary before tax, tax revenue, total tax revenue per person, total tax revenue per working person, national average salary after taxes, the average spending per household, the total foreign debt, the total foreign debt per person, the total foreign debt per working person, the total national debt, the total national debt per person, the total national debt per working person, the gross domestic product gdp , gdp per person, gdp per working person, gdp – foreign debt, gdp – national debt, total domestic product per person, total domestic product per working person, total number of households, parts of the population likely to be in poverty.

The data is presented in the form of a spread sheet.

Historic Trends are then drawn.

Conclusions are then drawn.

References are included in the text and at the end of the essay.

Total Population of the UK

The Population of the UK currently is 65,640,100

Source: Google Search

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

Source: www.UKometers.info/UK-population/uk-population/

Historic Trend

The population has been constantly increasing over 267 years.

Poor Laws

Before 1601 there was no relief for the Poor. The poor were regarded as vagrants and criminals.

In 1601 The Act for the Relief of the Poor in England and Wales was enacted.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Relief_of_the_Poor_1601

By 1776, 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in England and Wales, providing housing almost 100,000 paupers.

In 1832 the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws found that the old poor law; a part of the English Poor laws; was subject to widespread abuse and promoted squalor, idleness and criminality in its recipients, compared to those who received private charity.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom#History

In 1838 the Irish Poor Law was enacted.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Poor_Laws

In 1845 the Scottish Poor Law was enacted.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Poor_Laws

In 1908 The Children and Young Persons Act introduced a set of regulations that became known as the Children's Charter. This imposed severe punishments for neglecting or treating children cruelly.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom#History

In 1908 Pensions were introduced for the over 70s.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom#History

In 1909 Labour Exchanges were set up to help unemployed people find work.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom#History

In 1911 The National Insurance Act was passed, ensuring free medical treatment, and sick pay of 10 shillings a week for 26 weeks. An estimated 13 million workers came to be compulsorily covered under this scheme.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom#History

In 1942 The Beveridge Report, identified five "Giant Evils" in society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease essentially recommended a national, compulsory, flat rate insurance scheme which would combine health care, unemployment and retirement benefits.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom#History

In 1946 The National Insurance Act, which provided for sickness and unemployment benefit for all who had paid the required national insurance contributions. The National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act was also enacted.

In 1948 The National Assistance Act was enacted and the National Health Service was founded.

Historic Trend

Poor laws are a recent Trend within the last 417 years.

Pauper Numbers

Paupers are identified by the need and enactment of Poor Laws.

Paupers still exist in 2018.

Pauper funerals are still provided by some local authorities.

Historic Trend

Paupers once identified have never been removed as an economic group from UK society.

The consumerist nature of the UK economy and society creates wealth and so rich people and so poverty and so paupers.

Total Working and Non-Working Population of the UK

Data on the working population is available from 1855 to 2018.

From 1855 to 2018 the working population has increased by 21,124,000.

The working population percentage from 1855 to 2018 has remained between 39% and 50% of the total population.

The average between 1855 and2018 is 44% of the population are working.

There were 32,150,000 people in work Dec 2017.

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/february2018#main-points-for-october-to-december-2017

The data on the non-working population is available from 1855 to 2018.

From 1855 to 2018 the non-working population has increased by 679,614.

The average between 1855 and 2018 is 5.7% of the working population are non-working.

There were 1,430,000 people not in work Dec 2017.

Source;https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/december2017

Historic Trend

The trend over 163 years out of 267 years; 61% of the examined time period; is for an increasing working population. The population are incentivized to work to survive.

The working population maintains at an average of 44% of the total population over the time period.

National Average Salary before Tax in the UK

The national average salary before tax data extends from 1751 to 2018.

Source: Bank of England Records. "The UK recession in context — what do three centuries of data tell us?" Data Annex - Version 2.2 July 2015. Sheet 21 Spliced composite series average weekly wages x 52 weeks for a yearly salary value. Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx

Allowing for current earnings to be from ONS records in 2018

£512 / 48 hour week

£512 x 52

Annual Gross Salary £26,624 per year.

Tax Free Allowance £11,500.00

Total Taxable £15,124.00

Income Tax Paid £3,024.80

National Insurance £2,215.20

Student Loan £0.00

Total Deductions £5,240.00

Source: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours

Source: https://www.gov.uk/holiday-entitlement-rights

Source: https://www.incometaxcalculator.org.uk/?ingr=26624

Historic Trend

The data indicates a salary per year increase from £15.08 per year to £26,624.00.

An increase of £26,608.92 over 267 years.

Tax Revenue of UK

Income tax was announced in Britain by William Pitt the Younger in his budget of December 1798 and introduced in 1799, to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic Wars.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom

Tax Data is partially indicated from 1900 to 1964 and then in more detail from 1964 to 2017 from

Source: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/25/tax-receipts-1963

Source: https://www.ukpublicrevenue.co.uk/past_revenue

Tax Revenue from 1900 to 2018 has increased from £14,811,800,000 to £683,701,948,800.

An increase of £668,890,148,800.

Tax Revenue as a percentage of GDP has increase from 10% to 36% from 1900 to 2017.

Tax Revenue Per Person has increased from £390 to £10,026 per annum.

Tax Revenue Per working Person has increased from £895 to £21,550 per annum.

Taking the current HMRC Revenue collected to be £569,300,000,000.in 2017-2018

Source:https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/682278/Jan18_Receipts_NS_Bulletin_Final.pdf 2016 - 2017

Total Tax Revenue Per Person in the UK in 2017- 2018

£569,300,000,000 / 65,640,100

Approx. £8,673 per person in the UK in 2017.

Total Tax Revenue Per Working Person in the UK in 2017- 2018

£569,300,000,000 / 32,150,000

Approx. £17,707 per working person in the UK in 2017.

National Average Salary after Taxes in the UK in 2017- 2018

Net Wage £21,384

Source: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours

Source: https://www.gov.uk/holiday-entitlement-rights

Source: https://www.incometaxcalculator.org.uk/?ingr=26624

Historic Trend

The trend has been for tax revenue to increase from 1900 to 2017.

Average Spending Per Household in the UK

Average spending per household has increased from £319 to £28,818 from 1751 to 2018.

An increase of £28,499.

Allowing for current spending per household to be from ONS records in 2016

£528.90 / week

£528.90 x 52

£27,502 / year

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/expenditure/bulletins/familyspendingintheuk/financialyearendingmarch2016#main-points

In 2016 2 person households were the most common.

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/families/bulletins/familiesandhouseholds/2016#main-points

This allows a possible spending of

£27,502 / year x 2.

£55,004 spending a year potential per household.

The net wage for an individual less the spending per year per household.

£21,384 - £27,502

-£6,118

Indicates an overspend per year per individual.

The spending less the net wage for 2 people in a household

£42,768 - £27,502

£15,266

Indicates a net additional potential spend per year.

Historic Trend

There has been an increase in the average spend per household in the UK.

The potential for individuals to fail to keep up with the required spending per household has increased and so moved that group of the population towards poverty.

Total Foreign Debt

‘Foreign or External debt represents the amount a country (both public and private sector) owe to other countries.’

Source: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1784/economics/uk-external-foreign-debt/

Foreign; external debt; 1987 to 2018

The total Foreign Debt has increased from £576,251,000,000 to £5,631,862,836,600

An increase of £5,055,611,836,600

Source: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/timeseries/zaus/ukea

The current UK external; foreign debt; is

$7,852,460,000,000. £5,631,862,836,600

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt

Total Foreign Debt Per Person in the UK

£5,631,862,836,600 / 65,640,100

Approx. £ 85,799 per person in the UK in 2017.

Total Foreign Debt Per Working Person in the UK

£5,631,862,836,600 / 32,150,000

Approx. £175,174 per working person in the UK in 2017.

Historic Trend

The Foreign Debt has been increasing from 1987 to 2018.

Total National Debt

‘National Debt represents the total amount the government owe the private sector. National debt builds up because the government spend more than they receive in tax.’

Source: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1784/economics/uk-external-foreign-debt/

‘Some of the National debt is financed by selling bonds to oversees investors. But, most of the UK National debt is bought by domestic financial institutions.’

Source: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1784/economics/uk-external-foreign-debt/

The total National Debt of the UK has increased from £78,100,000 to £1,720,100,000,000.

An increase of £1,720,021,900,000.

The current total UK National Debt for 1 year incl. capital and interest equates to £1,720,000,000,000

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicspending/bulletins/ukgovernmentdebtanddeficitforeurostatmaast/september2017#main-points

Total National Debt Per Person in the UK

Taking the current national debt and the current population.

£1,720,000,000,000 / 65,640,100

Approx. £26,203 per person in the UK in 2017.

Total National Debt Per Working Person in the UK

£1,720,000,000,000 / 32,150,000

Approx. £53,499 per working person in the UK in 2017.

Historic Trend

The National Debt has been increasing from 1751 to 2017.

Gross Domestic Product

GDP is taken as being the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nominalgdp.asp 2016

Source: Bank of England Records. "The UK recession in context — what do three centuries of data tell us?" Data Annex - Version 2.2 July 2015. Sheet 2 real GDP A Composite measures of real UK GDP: Chained volume measures, £mn 2011 prices Chained composite measure of GDP at basic prices. Chained volume measure £mn, reference year 2011

The GDP has increased from £12,011,000,000 in 1751 to £1,899,172,080,000 in 2016.

An increase of £1,887,161,080,000

Taking the current GDP to be $2,648,000,000,000 and converting it to pounds sterling.

$2,648,000,000,000. £1,899,172,080,000

Source: https://data.worldbank.org/country/united-kingdom

Total Domestic Product Per Person in the UK

£1,899,172,080,000 / 65,640,100

Approx. £ 28,933 per person in the UK in 2017.

Total Domestic Product Per Working Person in the UK

£1,899,172,080,000 / 32,150,000

Approx. £59,072 per person in the UK in 2017.

GDP – Foreign Debt

£1,899,172,080,000 - £5,631,862,836,600

GDP is less than the Foreign Debt in the UK.

GDP – National Debt

£1,899,172,080,000 - £1,720,000,000,000

GDP is more than the National Debt in the UK.

90.5% of GDP is taken up by National Debt.

90.5% of all work potential in the UK is used as debt, investment or leverage.

Historic Trend

GDP has been increasing from 1751 to 2016

GDP is less than the current Foreign Debt.

GDP is more than the National Debt.

However 90.5% of GDP; of all current work potential in the UK; is taken up by National Debt.

Total Number of Households

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/families/adhocs/005374totalnumberofhouseholdsbyregionandcountryoftheuk1996to2015

The total number of households has increased from 23,738,500 to 27,227,700 between 1996 and 2017.

An increase of 3,489,200.

Historic Trend

The UK is forming more households than it used to.

Total Number of Families

The total number of families has increased from 16,560,000 to 18,997,000 between 1996 and 2017.

An increase of 2,437,000.

Historic Trend

The UK is forming more families than it used to.

Parts of the Population Likely to be in Poverty.

The distinctions in the economy of the UK previously examined allow particular economic groups to be identified as those being likely to be in poverty.

Households with children

Families with children are more likely to be poor than people without children.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: The Family Resources Survey publishes an annual report which summarises the results of the full survey year.

The total number of households with children has increased from 7,393,000 to 7,983,000 between 1996 and 2017.

An increase of 590,000.

Historic Trend

The UK is forming more families with children and so that potential poverty group is increasing.

Households without children

The total number of households without children has increased from 6,637,000 to 8,090,000 between 1996 and 2017.

An increase of 590,000.

Historic Trend

The number of households without children exceeds those with children and so that potential anti-poverty group is increasing.

Lone parent Households

Lone parents are more likely to experience poverty than those in a couple.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: The Family Resources Survey publishes an annual report which summarises the results of the full survey year.

The total number of lone parent households has increased from 2,445,000 to 2,817,000 between 1996 and 2017.

An increase of 372,000

Historic Trend

The UK is forming more lone parent families and so that potential poverty group is increasing.

Disabled

Disability is strongly connected to poverty.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: http://www.dlf.org.uk/content/key-facts 2015 2016 disabled people in UK

Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-resources-survey-financial-year-201516

Source: The Family Resources Survey publishes an annual report which summarises the results of the full survey year.

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121003115220/http://statistics.dwp.gov.uk/asd/frs/index/index.php?page=publications

Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/600465/family-resources-survey-2015-16.pdf

Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/disability-facts-and-figures/disability-facts-and-figures

Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/321594/disability-prevalence.pdf

Source: http://www.papworthtrust.org.uk/sites/default/files/Disability%20Facts%20and%20Figures%202016.pdf

The total number of disabled people in the population has increased from 10,400,000 to 11,900,000 between 2002 and 2016.

An increase of 1,500,000.

Historic Trend

The number of disabled people in the population is increasing and so that potential poverty group is increasing.

Certain ethnic minorities are also more likely to live in poverty.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: The Family Resources Survey publishes an annual report which summarises the results of the full survey year.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_Kingdom#Social_issues

Source: http://www.irr.org.uk/research/statistics/ethnicity-and-religion/

Source: Population Trends No. 96 - Office for National Statistics 1992 to 1997

The total number of the population belonging to ethnic minorities has increased from 3,394,000 to 8,400,000 between 1996 and 2014.

An increase of 5,006,000.

Historic Trend

The number of people in the population from ethnic minorities is increasing and so that potential poverty group is increasing.

Households with working people have increased.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: The Family Resources Survey publishes an annual report which summarises the results of the full survey year.

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/previousReleases

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/workingandworklesshouseholdstableahouseholdsbycombinedeconomicactivitystatusofhouseholdmembers

Historic Trend

The number of people in the population working and living in households is increasing.

Households with mixed work and no work have increased.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: The Family Resources Survey publishes an annual report which summarises the results of the full survey year.

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/previousReleases

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/workingandworklesshouseholdstableahouseholdsbycombinedeconomicactivitystatusofhouseholdmembers

Historic Trend

The number of people in the population working and living in households with mixed work and no work is increasing.

Households with workless have decreased.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: The Family Resources Survey publishes an annual report which summarises the results of the full survey year.

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/previousReleases

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/workingandworklesshouseholdstableahouseholdsbycombinedeconomicactivitystatusofhouseholdmembers

Historic Trend

The number of people in the population working and living in households with workless population is decreasing. The population are having to work to survive.

Living and Working in London

The high costs of living and especially housing in London puts extra pressure on low income families.

Source: http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/who-lives-poverty

Source: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/workforce-jobs

Source: Gross disposable household income (GDHI) is the amount of money that households have available for spending or saving, hence ‘disposable income’.

The number of people employed in London has increased from 4,028,000 to 5,836,000 between 1996 to 2017.

An increase of 1,808,000.

Historic Trend

The number of people in the population working in London is increasing and so that potential poverty group is increasing.

The number of employed in the UK over same Time Period has increased from 26,060,000 to 32,150,000

An increase of 6,090,000

Historic Trend

The number of people in the population working in London and the UK is increasing over the same time period.

The percentage of the total UK employed over same time period working in London averages 16.7% of the total UK working population.

In 2018 this would allow for 16.7% of the 32,150,000 workforce of the UK.

5,369,050 people in the UK workforce.

This would allow for 1 in 6 of the UK working population to be working in London.

In 2018 16.7% of the total population; to allow for families to be living in London; would be.11,117,775 people.

The municipal population of London was estimated at 8,787,892 in mid 2016. 13.4% of the UK population.

The urban population of London was estimated at 9,787,426 in 2011. 14.7% of the UK population.

The metropolitan population of London was estimated at 14,040,163 in 2016. 21% of the UK population.

Almost one-quarter of the total UK population.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London

Historic Trend

The UK is increasingly centred around London in terms of employment and so the poverty groups associated with living and working in London in potential poverty are increasing.

GDHI – Disposable Household Income London.

The disposable household income in London has increased from £12,228 to £19,461 between 1997 to 207.

An increase of £7,233

GDHI- Disposable Household Income UK.

The disposable household income of the UK has increased from £10,030 to £ £17,559 between 1997 to 2013.

An increase of £7,529

Historic Trend

The UK is becoming less wealthy relative to its own capital city in terms of disposable income and so the poverty groups associated with living and working in London and the UK in potential poverty are increasing.

Conclusion

The economy of the UK is dependent on Foreign and National borrowing to sustain its increasing population over the same land area over time.

This can be described by the relationships.

Foreign and National Revenue = National Debt = Economic Investment, leverage = Economic Growth to allow a larger population to survive = Increased Consumption of Environment, Resources and Energy = Increased Production = Increased Workforce = Increased money per working person = Increased Taxation to repay Foreign Revenue Debt = Foreign and National Debt Repayments = Foreign and National Revenue.

The initial revenue is therefore re-named as a debt, investment or leverage.

This debt; investment, leverage; is passed from government to the devolved countries to the regions to the local authorities and then to the population to allow repayment through taxation.

The whole economy of the UK and the World are debt dependent to survive.

The consumerist nature of the UK economy and society creates wealth and so rich people and so poverty and so paupers as a hierarchy of wealth is established.

The part of the population at a poverty level have only been acknowledged in the last 417 years.

The poor were considered criminals before 1601 when Poor Laws were established in England.

Poverty has within the last 417 years come to be regarded not as a crime but rather as an issue the whole society must try and reduce through welfare contributions from the wealthy to those in or approaching poverty.

Despite these Welfare Acts poverty still exists in the UK population in 2018.

The components in the process of Foreign and National borrowing can be examined; within the scope of available data; and historic trends identified from 1751 to 2018.

The total population has been constantly increasing over 267 years and so the government of the UK has to borrow more external and internal money to sustain its population.

The working part of the total population has increased over 163 years out of 267 years.

The average working population over 163 years out of 267 years is 44% of the total population.

The population is incentivized to work to survive.

The salary per year has increased to allow the population to purchase the goods they produce so that they have the incentive to produce more of them.

The tax revenue per year has increased to pay back the increased borrowing to sustain the increasing population.

The average spend per household has increased to maintain a minimum lifestyle as resources become more scarce as the population increases.

The Foreign Debt has been increasing from 1987 to 2018 and is higher than the Total National Debt.

The National Debt has been increasing.

Gross Domestic Product; GDP; has been increasing.

GDP is less than the current Foreign Debt.

GDP is more than the National Debt. However 90.5% of GDP; of all current work potential; is used as debt, investment or leverage; and is taken up by National Debt.

The number of people in the population working and living in households is increasing.

The number of people in the population working and living in households with mixed work and no work is increasing.

The number of people in the population working and living in households with workless population is decreasing since the population are having to work to survive.

These all indicate increasing poverty potential in the UK economy and society.

The components that indicate those groups within the total population most susceptible to poverty can be examined; within the scope of available data; and historic trends identified from 1751 to 2018.

The UK is forming more households.

The UK is forming more families.

The UK is forming more families with children.

The UK is forming more families without children than with children.

The UK is forming more lone parent families than it used to.

The number of disabled people in the population is increasing.

The number of people in the population from ethnic minorities is increasing.

The number of people in the population working in London is increasing.

The number of people in the population working in London and the UK is increasing over the same time period.

The UK is becoming centred around London in terms of employment.

The UK is becoming less wealthy relative to its own capital city in terms of disposable income.

These all indicate increasing poverty potential amongst the most susceptible groups in the UK population.

The whole economy of the UK has become increasingly debt dependent and consumerist to survive.

The increase in population has always been forcing the UK to deplete its own or global environment, resources and energy.

This reduces the global and UK sustainability potential and so always forces the economy towards depletion and towards poverty.

The agricultural and industrial revolutions; that occupy about 100 years, 37%, within the total data examined; 1500 to 1850; replaced people with machinery and so increased the potential of poverty.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-244---the-green-house-gas-architecture-of-the-uk-1715-to-2018

Taking the original purpose of tax revenue; to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Wars; this could be taken as an indicator that the UK has been at war since 1900. This can indeed be shown to be the case. Of the 114 years from 1900 to 2014 the UK has been at war for 88 of them with some other country on the Earth.

Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-099---britain-a-century-of-war-austerity-and-welfare

This data could also be taken as an indicator that the UK has been a welfare state since 1900. This can indeed be shown to be the case. Of the 114 years from 1900 to 2014 the UK has been a welfare state for 108 of them.

Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-099---britain-a-century-of-war-austerity-and-welfare

This data could also be taken as an indicator that the UK has been in a state of austerity since 1900. This can indeed be shown to be the case. Of the 114 years from 1900 to 2014 the UK has been in a state of austerity for 50 of them.

Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-099---britain-a-century-of-war-austerity-and-welfare

The other possible conclusion is that as a consumer economy and society the UK is in a trade war; a situation in which countries try to damage each other's trade, typically by the imposition of tariffs or quota restrictions; and that the tax revenue pays for the weapons of trade, workers, environment, resources and energy and so forces depletion upon the whole planet.

The data indicates that any individual citizen born in the UK is born with a portion of the total Foreign and National Debt and so grows up being incentivized to work to repay it.

Foreign and National Debt is larger than GDP. The data indicates that Foreign and National Debt in the UK cannot be repaid by the amount of work; production; carried out by the UK workforce.

For every £1 of GDP £2.97 of Foreign Debt has to be obtained. For every £1 of GDP £0.95p is National Debt, investment, leverage.

This imbalance always moves a part of the UK population to a poverty level.

32,150,000 people are working in the UK in 2018

5,836,000 people are working in London in 2018.

1 in 6 of the UK population; is working in the Capital City London in 2018.

The whole UK is living in an economy related to the Capital City; London; that apportions the revenue for England and then apportions that value out as a debt, investment, leverage, wage, disposable income to each devolved country and then to each region and local authority and then to each individual for repayment through constantly increasing taxation.

Source:https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/research-publications/Documents/Briefings/city-stats-june-16.pdf

Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-246---the-architecture-of-the-location-of-profit

As the population obtains more of the foreign and national debt; investment, leverage; it gets ‘richer’ it needs to spend more revenue to finance its lifestyles.

The ‘rich’ are poor in that they spend more to maintain their lives and are foreign and national debt reliant.

The ’poor’ are poor in that they lack the ability to get the loans, debts, investment, leverage; of the ‘rich’.

The ‘poor’ cannot repay; circulate; re-locate, move, re-invest; their debts as quickly as the ‘rich’.

In any successful debt repaid by revenue consumer society there is a hierarchy of wealth; debt, investment, leverage; and this cannot be altered.

In 2015 the ONS confirmed that ‘7.3% of the UK population were experiencing persistent poverty, equivalent to roughly 4.6 million people. ‘

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/articles/persistentpovertyintheukandeu/2015

From 2012 to 2015, roughly 3 in 10 (30.2%) of the population were at risk of poverty for at least 1 year.

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/articles/persistentpovertyintheukandeu/2015

‘Experiencing persistent poverty is defined as being in relative income poverty in the current year and at least two of the three preceding years.’

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/articles/persistentpovertyintheukandeu/2015

Having outlined the Architecture of Poverty over 267 years. A comparison between the UK and London and can test the ONS figures for the percentage of the population who could be in persistent poverty in a particular year.

Between 1998 and 2015 an average of 11 % of the total workforce in the UK per year were below the minimum wage levels and so in poverty.

Source: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/Pages/economic-statistics.aspx

Source: http://www.poverty.org.uk/01/index.shtml

Over the same time period the workforce for the UK averaged 29,896,125 people per year.

This equates to 3,288,574 people in the UK in poverty per year between 1998 and 2015

In 2015 13% of the workforce in the UK were below the minimum wage levels and so in poverty.

In 2015 the workforce for the UK was 31,284,000 people.

This equates to 4,066,920 people in the UK in persistent poverty in 2015.

Between 1998 and 2015 an average of 8 % of the workforce in London per year were below the minimum wage levels and so in poverty.

Source: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and information/Pages/economic-statistics.aspx

Over the same time period the workforce for London averaged 5,079,000 people per year.

This equates to 406,320 people in London in poverty per year between 1998 and 2015

In 2015 10% of the workforce in London were below the minimum wage levels and so in poverty.

In 2015 the workforce for London was 5,545,000 people.

This equates to 554,500 people in London in in persistent poverty in 2015..

Adding in the data from the groups within the total population most susceptible to poverty. Households without Children, Households with Lone Parent Families, Total Disabled People per year, Total Ethnic Minorities per year, Households with mixed work and no work, Workless Households, to those employed in London below the minimum wage levels and so in poverty.

Arrives at a total poverty group of 58,576,817 people in the UK population. Applying the 10% factor to this number; since London is the highest potential for work and wages; arrives at 5,857,682 people in persistent poverty in the UK in 2015.

This allows; by all available data; for between 4,066,920 and 5,857,682 people in the UK in poverty in 2015.

Given a total UK population of 65,130,000 people in 2015 this is between 6% and 9% of the total population in poverty in the UK in 2015. This broadly agrees with the previously stated ONS data.

There is an Architecture of Poverty in the UK.

It effects 4,066,920 and 5,857,682 people. 6% to 9% of the population of the UK in a single year.

The individual in the UK has no control over its poverty level it is pre-determined from birth.

Additional References

Population data from 1751 to 1819 is from the Bank of England Records.

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx Sheet 4

Paupers have been defined from 1851 to 1860 from census data.

The value of employed for 1801 is from the census returns. For England, Wales and Scotland only.

Source: http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/GB1801ABS_1 Occupations totals

Unemployment records become available by 1881.

The unemployment data from 1751 to 1881 is sparse.

The working data from 1855 to 1971 is from the Bank of England Records.

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx

Unemployment percentages from 1855 to 1880 are from the Bank of England Records.

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx

Comparable estimates for workforce jobs by industry begin to be collected by 1978.

Earnings from 1751 to 2014 are taken from the Bank of England Records.

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx sheet .21

2015 earnings, yearly salary, is taken from

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2015provisionalresults#main-points

2016 earnings, yearly salary, is taken from

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2016provisionalresults#main-points

The data for the spending per household is taken from

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/compendium/familyspending/2015/chapter4trendsinhouseholdexpenditureovertime Table 1.4 Household expenditure at 2014 prices with data back to 2001. 2005 is taken as 100 for the CPI calculation for other years.

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx Headline Consumer Price Index (CPI) - alternative measure that maximizes use of consumer price indices and minimizes use of implied consumption deflator sheet 21

Sources:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/expenditure/bulletins/familyspendingintheuk/financialyearending2017, 2016, 2015, 2014#main-points

National Debt Data is taken from the Bank of England Records.

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx sheet 2. Composite measures of real UK GDP: Chained volume measures, £mn 2011 prices. Chained composite measure of GDP at basic prices. Chained volume measure £mn, reference year 2011. Sheet

Source:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160601171816/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/onebank/threecenturies.aspx sheet .14 Source: Mitchell (1988) and ONS (series code HF6W)

Source: https://www.ukpublicspending.co.uk/uk_national_debt

Source: Denman, James; McDonald, Paul (1 Jan 1996)."Unemployment statistics from 1881 to the present day" (PDF). Labour Market Trends. Retrieved Jul 3, 2016.

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom#UK_unemployment_data_from_1881 Paupers, Unemployment from 1881

Source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338560. Journal Article The Relative Pauperism of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1851 to 1860 Frederick Purdy Journal of the Statistical Society of London Vol. 25, No. 1 (Mar., 1862), pp. 27-49

Source: Unemployment rate (aged 16 and over, seasonally adjusted) 1971 to 2017 percentage unemployment rate

Source: Number of People in Employment (aged 16 and over, seasonally adjusted) 1971 to 2017 employed people in UK

Source: ONS A century of labour market change:1900 to 2000. Craig Lindsay, Labour Market Division, Office for National Statistics

Source: Official statistical publications and economic statistics Economic & Labour Market Review | Vol 1 | No 1 January 2007 1970 earnings per week

Source: Labour Force Survey (LFS), Office for National Statistics Produced by Demographic Analysis Unit,Office for National Statistics pop.info@ons.gsi.gov.uk 2017

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings: 2012,2015, 2016, 2017 provisional and 2016 revised results

Source: Proportion of employee jobs in London paid less than the specified hourly pay rate

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (2014 - provisional), Office for National Statistics (ONS)

Source:https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/research-publications/Documents/Briefings/city-statistics-feb-2017-v2.pdf

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/latest total employed in UK

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/apriltojune2017#around-10-of-people-aged-16-to-64-live-in-workless-households

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/aprtojune2016

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/2015-10-06#households

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/2014-10-29#households

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/2013-08-28#households

Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/workingandworklesshouseholds/2012-08-29#households

Source: ONS Working and workless households 2011 - Table A Households by combined economic activity status of household members 1996 to 2011

Ian K Whittaker

Websites:

https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles

Email: iankwhittaker@gmail.com

22/03/2018

14/10/2020

5250 words over 13 pages

Data