Article 099 - Britain a Century of War, Austerity and Welfare.

Britain a Century of War, Austerity and Welfare.

This analysis tests the theory that Britain has been politically focused on War and Austerity since 1900.

Each date is described by political nature and events.

The overlaps in the conflicts have been highlighted in the initial list and then allowed for in the total calculations in the conclusion.

Date Events

1900 Middle east Colonization by the British.

Imperialism. Peace in Britain. Liberalism.

1903 – 1904 British Expedition into Tibet

1906 – 1914 Welfare reforms in Britain

1914 - 1918 World War 1

1914 - 1918 Rationing. Reduction in resources,

energy, environment

1917 Russian Revolution

1918 – 1920 British and Allied intervention into Russia

1919 Economic stagnation, austerity, socialism

1919 – 1923 Turkish War of Independence

1919 Third Anglo Afghan War

1919 – 1921 Irish War of Independence

1920 Somaliland Campaign

1920 Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920

1921 Final Peace treaty to end World War One hostilities

signed between Britain and Austria.

1926 General Strike

1929-1939 Great World economic Depression.

Appeasement. Disarmament.

1936 – 1939 Great Arab Revolt in Palestine

1938 – 1948 British–Zionist conflict Jewish insurgency in Palestine

1939 - 1945 World War 2

Rationing. Reduction in resources,

energy, environment

1944 – 1948 Greece (Greek Civil War)

1945 – 1946 Vietnam. Operation Masterdom

1945 Economic stagnation, austerity, socialism

Nationalization

1945 – 1949 Indonesian National Revolution

1947 – 1991 Cold War between the Warsaw Pact and

Nato forces

1948 - 1960 Malaysian War

1950 - 1953 Korean War

1951 – 1954 Suez Canal Emergency

1952 – 1960 Mau Mau Uprising. British East Africa. Kenya

1953 Final end of conflicts with remaining German

Home Guard resistance fighters and peace in

Germany.

End of rationing in Britain

1955 – 1960 Cyprus Emergency

1955 - 1975 Indo China. Vietnam. Cambodia. Laos. War

1956 – 1957 Suez Crisis

1956 – 1962 Irish Border Campaign

1960 Free Trade. Start of EEC. Counterculture.

1962 – 1966 Indonesia Malaysia Confrontation

1962 – 1975 Dhofar Rebellion

1963 – 1967 Aden Emergency

1968 – 1998 The Troubles. Northern Ireland

1973 Oil depletion due to middle east conflict

1976 Oil depletion due to middle east conflict

1979 Membership of EEC. Thatcherism. Low inflation

Oil depletion due to middle east conflict

1982 Falklands War

1982 – 1984 Lebanon. Multi-National Force

1990 Small State interference. Private Enterprise.

Ownership of Property.

1991 Gulf War 1

1992 – 1996 Bosnian War

1998 Bombing of Iraq

1998 – 1999 Kosovo War

2000 – 2002 Sierra Leone Civil War

2001 Capitalism. Socialism. New Liberalism.

2001 – 2014 Fourth Anglo-Afghan War

2003 – 2009 Iraq War

2007 – 2014 World recession. Austerity

Eco-politics. Energy, resource, environment

Depletion, climate change agreements to reduce

fossil fuel use world wide reduce carbon dioxide and

greenhouse gas outputs and move to renewable

energy sources. The end of the Carbon Economy.

2011 Libyan Intervention

2009-2014 Interventions into Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Palestine,

Syria.

Conclusions

Total number of years

2014 – 1900 114

Total Years at War 88

1903 – 1904 1

1914 – 1918 4

1918 – 1920 2

1920 – 1923 3

1936 – 2014 78

Total number of years of Austerity 50

1906 – 1914, 1914 – 1919, 1926 – 1939, 1939 – 1945, 1945 – 1953

1973, 1976, 1979, 2007 – 2014

Total number of years of Welfare 108

2014 – 1906

There are a number of repeating themes in the analysis.

A political focus on protecting the borders of former colonies.

A focus on agreements to assist other smaller countries who are attacked.

A focus on historical, liberal ideals of welfare for Britain.

A use of ‘nobles oblige’ attitude.

A declining world resource, energy and environment situation since the turn of the century.

There are new issues of

Combating climate change through international agreements.

A growing source of conflict linked to world resource, energy and environment depletion.

The data indicates that

The focus of Britain that has been in some form of external conflict for the last 88 years, and constantly for the last 78 years somewhere on earth.

That half of the century has been focused on Austerity politics.

That Welfare, to combat austerity and socialist political revolution, has been a major focus in Britain continually for the past 108 years.

These figures therefore indicate that Britain has been largely focused on War, Austerity and Welfare since 1900.

The effects of these themes on the population must be considered to be severe since the War, Austerity and Welfare have run beyond at least three average human lifespans and so will have affected the financial, social and moral attitudes of the population.

The cycle of warfare, austerity and welfare will continue.

It will be made worse by humanity struggling to cope with depletion of energy, resources and environment.

There are too many problems for humanity to agree solutions across the whole planet.

Localization is necessary to identify and propose responses to the problems of individual humans and their settlements.

The localization needs a framework, an arrangement, an order, an architecture to exist.

This may be a role that Architects can assist with in the future.

Ian K Whittaker

My websites:

https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles

Email: iankwhittaker@gmail.com

11/09/2014

14/10/2020

829 words over 3 page