Passive Energy Sources. Sun and Moon
This essay examines the external passive energy from the Sun and the Moon onto the Earth.
It does not cover renewable sources of energy since these have been covered in other essays as shown in references at the end of this article.
External Passive Energy Sources
The Sun
The Moon
Earth Surface Area
The surface area of the earth
= 510.1 trillion m²
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#safe=strict&q=surface+area+of+earth+in+m2&spf=1499337611726
Sun
The total energy output of the sun
= 4.7e+25 watts potential energy.
Source: SPARTAN 201-3: The Sun. Solar Data Analysis Center. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Source: https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MatthewTsang.shtml
= 92,138,796,314 w/ m² potential energy.
= 46,069,398,157 w/ m² (50% each day) potential energy.
The amount of energy deposited on the Earth; the solar constant is much less than the potential.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun
= 1,368 w/m2
This energy is spread out over the whole surface area of the Earth and so the 1368 w/m2 divides by a factor of 4; the difference from the Earth being a flat disk and being a sphere.
Source: https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/sun_radiation_at_earth.html
This gives the incoming shortwave solar energy a value of.
= 341.3 w/m²
The Earth also cools and so there is an outgoing energy value of
= Total reflected + outgoing long wave radiation
= 101.9 + 238.5 w/m²
= 340.4 w/ m²
The difference between the incoming and outgoing energy gives a value for the net energy absorbed by Earth.
= 341.3 - 340.4 w/m²
= 0.9 w/ m² net energy absorbed.
National Center for Atmospheric Research Kevin Trenberth Nasa, Goddard Nasa Langley
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
Source: Diagram_ About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
Source: http://climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.eeb
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget#Energy_budget
Source: https://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/energy_budget/
Source: Diagram_showing_the_Earth's_energy_budget,_which_includes_the_greenhouse_effect_(NASA)
Source: GEOG3890: Earth's Energy Budget https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxxEE_phcMk
Passive Energy from Surface Absorption
‘The top layer of the (Earths) surface to a depth of 10 meters (33 ft) is heated by solar energy during the summer, and releases that energy and cools during the winter.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy#Types
This allows heat to be extracted from the ground; by heat pumps, heat pumps and coils and artificial solar energy absorbers; and used to heat buildings.
Incoming shortwave solar energy
= 341.3 w/ m²
Absorbed in atmosphere
= 78 w/ m²
Absorbed by surface
= 161 w/ m²
= 78 + 161 w/ m² = 239 w/ m²
= 70% of solar energy hitting earth is absorbed.
National Center for Atmospheric Research Kevin Trenberth Nasa, Goddard Nasa Langley
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
Source: Diagram_ About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
Source: http://climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.eeb
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget#Energy_budget
Source: https://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/energy_budget/
Source: Diagram_showing_the_Earth's_energy_budget,_which_includes_the_greenhouse_effect_(NASA)
Source: GEOG3890: Earth's Energy Budget https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxxEE_phcMk
Moon
The Moon and the Earth are exchanging gravitational effects due to their orbital relationships.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Relationship_to_Earth
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_force
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_acceleration
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide
These gravitational forces effect the movement of the crust of the Earth, the tides on the oceans of the Earth, the slowing of the speed of the rotation of the Earth, the increase in length of the day on Earth, the increase in distance between the Earth and the Moon, Solar Eclipses and Lunar Phases
The movement of the crust of the Earth is still being researched.
The tides on the oceans of the Earth produce some energy.
The total surface area of the oceans of the Earth is 71% of the total surface area.
= 71% x 510.1 trillion m²
= 3.62171e+14 m²
The tides over the whole Earth can generate a total theoretical wave energy potential of
= 29,500 to 32,000 TWh/year.
= 2.95e+16 wh/yr to 3.2e+16 wh/yr.
= 1.06e+20 ws/yr to 1.15e+20 ws/yr
This is over an ocean area of
= 3.62171e+14 m²
= 0.0000034167 w/m2 /yr
Tidal stream energy, tidal range energy and ocean thermal energy conservation are also being examined but geographical, technical and economic constraints make their energy input more difficult to determine at the time of this essay.
Source: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Marine_2016.pdf
The speed of the rotation of the Earth is gradually reducing.
‘As the Earth has a period of about 23.93 hours, it has an angular velocity of 7.29×10−5 rad/s. The Earth has a moment of inertia, I = 8.04×1037 kg·m2. Therefore, it has a rotational kinetic energy of 2.138×1029 J.’ 2.138e+29 watts per second.
‘Part of the earth's rotational energy can also be tapped using tidal power.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_energy
The energy from this process is included in the initial tidal calculations.
The length of the day on Earth is increasing. This may increase potential energy that can be collected from the Sun. However it would also require increased energy storage to allow for the increased night time period on Earth.
The distance between the Earth and the Moon is increasing. This is a long term issue. The moon is being pushed away from Earth at 40mm per year. As it moves away all of the known energy and gravitational effects change.
There is a direct energy loss to the Earth during a solar eclipse. It is however temporary and so not a current energy issue.
Lunar Phases occur over set time periods as the shadow of the Earth crosses over the Moon. It is however temporary and so not a current energy issue.
Total Energy Input from Sun and Moon
Sun = 0.9 w / m2 net energy absorbed.
Moon = 0.0000034167 w/ m2
Total = 0.9000034167 w/ m2
Conclusions
The net energy from the Sun and Moon is negligible per m2.
They do however determine if life exists on the Earth or not.
Therefore the preservation of this small energy balance is a vital component in any systems of Energy Architecture on the Earth.
Ian K Whittaker
Websites:
https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles
Email: iankwhittaker@gmail.com
07/07/2017
14/10/2020
1086 words over 4 pages
Additional references.
Towards an Architecture without manufacturing web site.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-027---human manufacturing related to global warming
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-028---the cost of solar energy
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-031---the problem with wind energy
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-047--- The Potential Energy of the Earth
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-049--- The Role of Human Beings in relation to the Bio-Sphere of the Earth
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-051--- Human Passive Energy Systems – Breathing
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-052--- Human Passive Energy Systems – Temperature Control
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-053--- Human Passive Energy Systems – Light
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-054--- Human Passive Energy Systems – Oxidation
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-056--- Human Passive Energy Systems Photosynthesis to Leaf Fall
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-121---human-potential-energy-gain-and-energy-output
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-133---the-inefficient-sun