Society as Depletionist, Autopoiesis, Allopoiesis, Heteropoiesis, Praxis Architecture.
Principles
All societies are formed of the cultural, universal, goals of its population in terms of needs, values, qualities, appreciations of beauty and cultures.
This has been examined in the following essays.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-006---britain-as-a-society-in-2013-and-post-2020
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-063
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-088---the-focus-of-the-appreciations-of-beauty-in-britain-in-2014
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-087---the-focus-of-the-cultural-memory-of-britain-in-2014
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-089---the-focus-of-the-qualities-in-britain-in-2014
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-090---the-focus-of-the-values-in-britain-in-2014
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-091---the-focus-of-the-needs-in-britain-in-2014
Each society also has cultural, local, goals that relate to health, education, work, marriage, home, offspring, ownership, influence and status. These are all displays of the adaptation and survivability of a society.
This essay examines the Architecture of the Society in the UK between 1960 and the current year 2016 in terms of its cultural local goals through its economic structure.
The period has been chosen because it allows a comparison of the UK at end of rationing with the UK at the end of the consumerist global economy era.
Each economic factor is determined as trending as a statistical increase or a decrease.
A final conclusion is then drawn as to the pattern that the factors form and the type of society that is created.
Definitions
Depletionist
‘Someone who decreases seriously or exhausts the abundance or supply of anything.’
Source: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/depletion
Autopoiesis
‘A system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself.’
Source: https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#safe=strict&q=def+Autopoiesis
Allopoiesis
‘A system produces something other than the system itself.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopoiesis
Heteropoiesis
‘A system or artefact designed by humans, with some purpose.’
Source: http://www.imprint.co.uk/thesaurus/heteropoiesis.htm
Praxis
‘Exercise or practice of an art, science, or skill.’
‘Customary practice or conduct.’
‘Practical application of a theory.’
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/praxis
Architecture
‘Architecture is a science of many disciplines that is overlaid with various learning, and through proper judgment of each art it is perfected. The whole labor is born out of practice and theory.
Practice is the continuous and regular exercise of meditation, which is through the work of the hands and any material proposed through drawing.
Theory is the ability to meditate on, show and explain the reasons for the practice. ‘
Source: Unknown author Vitruvius De Architectura Harley Manuscript.2767 Book 1
Data and Trends
Population
1960 52,400,000
2014 64,100,000
Source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
Source: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27972335
Source: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/compendiums/compendium-of-uk-statistics/population-and-migration/index.html
There is an 18% increase in population.
Median Age
1960 36
2016 40.1
Source: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/uk-population/
The Median Age has increased by 10%.
Population Density
1960 217 / km2
2016 269 / km2
Source: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/uk-population/
There is a 20% increase in population density.
Urban Population
1960 78.6%
2016 81.7%
Source: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/uk-population/
There is a 4% increase in urban population.
Population Growth Rate
1960 0.2%
2016 0.6%
Source: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/uk-population/
There is an approx.0.4% increase in the population growth rate.
Natural Resources
UK total land area 241,930 sq km
Source: CIA World Fact Book.
UK total water 147 cu km, 147,000,000,000,000 litres
Source: CIA World Fact Book.
1965 Land 0.0046 km²/person
1961 Arable land 0.136 ha/person
Fresh Water 2,805,343 litres / person / year for all uses.
2016 Land 0.0037 km²/person
2013 Arable land 0.098 ha/person
Fresh Water 2,293,291 litres / person / year for all uses.
Source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
Source: CIA World Fact Book.
Source: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27972335
Source: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/compendiums/compendium-of-uk-statistics/population-and-migration/index.html
‘Each Briton uses 4,645 litres a day when hidden factors are included’
‘Only 38% of the UK's total water use comes from its own resources; the rest depends on the water systems of other countries, some of which are already facing serious shortages.’
Source:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/aug/20/water.food1
Source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC?locations=GB&view=chart
The land resource is depleting.
The arable land, food growing resource is depleting.
The freshwater resource is depleting.
The amount of natural environment, resources or energy; whatever they are; depletes if the population increases.
Retail Price Index (change in cost of goods and services)
1960 5.568
2015 115.630
Source: https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/result2.php
The Retail Price Index (change in cost of goods and services) has increased by 95%.
Money Value
1960 £1 0s 0p
2015 £20.80 based on retail price index
2015 £19.80 based on GDP deflator
Source: https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1960&amount=1&year_result=2016
The value of money has increased by 95%.
Employment
1960 25,000,000 48% of population
2016 31,417,000 49% of population
Source: www.ons.gov.uk/.../labour.../a-century-of-labour-market-change--1900-to-2000.pdf
Source:http://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/february2016#summary-of-latest-labour-market-statistics
Employment has risen in relation to total population by 1 %
Income
1960 £1 0s 0p
2015 £47.00 based on the average earnings
2015 £57.40 based on per capita GDP
Source: https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1960&amount=1&year_result=2016
Income has increased by 98%.
Average Annual Wage
1964 £18
2014 £26500
Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2618940/A-window-past-A-look-London-50-years-ago-sixties-began-swing.html
Source: www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk.../uk-average-salary-26500-figures-3002995
The average annual wage has increased by 99.94%
Nominal GDP per capita
1960 499.41
2015 28644.00
Source: https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/result.php
The Nominal GDP per capita has increased by 98%.
Real GDP per capita
1960 9296.00
2015 27505.00
Source: https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/result.php
The Real GDP per capita has increased by 66%.
Average Annual nominal Earnings
1960 545.06
2015 25608.50
Source: https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/result2.php
The Average Annual nominal Earnings have increased by 98%
Average Annual Real Earnings
1960 9790
2015 22145.90
Source: https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/result2.php
The Average Annual Real Earnings have increased by 56%.
Income Tax
1965 28.41%
1974 30%
1983 39.4%
2015 20%
Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/comment/10487704/The-tax-system-is-as-complicated-today-as-it-was-in-the-sixties.html
Source: http://www.which.co.uk/money/tax/guides/uk-taxes-compared/how-income-tax-rates-have-changed--/
Source: Various Tolley’s Income Tax.See also https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rates-and-allowances-income-tax/rates-and-allowances-income-tax
Source: http://taxfix.co.uk/articles/do-you-pay-more-of-your-income-in-tax-than-ever-before/
The basic rate of tax has decreased by approx. 50%
Income paid as Tax
1961 25 to 30% of gross income paid as tax
2011/2012 35% of gross income paid as tax
Source: http://taxfix.co.uk/articles/do-you-pay-more-of-your-income-in-tax-than-ever-before/
The percentage of gross income paid as tax has increased by approx. 5%
Disputes
‘A widespread workers’ consciousness formed in the UK from the peak of the Chartist movement in the 1830s, leading to a wave of strikes in 1842. Those strikes have been viewed as the first time that a large body of workers organized themselves in a politically-motivated action to win concessions.’
Source: http://visual.ons.gov.uk/the-history-of-strikes-in-britain/
The peak strike periods and the period examined in this essay are.
1898 15257 disputes
1912 40890 disputes
1919 34969 disputes
1926 162233 disputes
1960 3024 disputes 25,000,000 employed population
1972 23909 disputes 24,585,000 employed population
1979 29474 disputes 25,229,000 employed population
1984 27135 disputes 24,335,000 employed population
2011 1390 disputes 29,277,000 employed population
2014 788 disputes 30,793,000 employed population
Source: http://visual.ons.gov.uk/the-history-of-strikes-in-britain/
Source: www.ons.gov.uk/.../labour.../a-century-of-labour-market-change--1900-to-2000.pdf
Source:http://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/february2016#summary-of-latest-labour-market-statistics
Source:https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/376768/Historical_labour_market_statistics.pdf
There is an increase and then a decrease in the level of disputes between 1960 and 2014. The working population has increased during this time period indicating that the level of politically-motivated action to win concessions is decreasing in the total population.
Marriages
1960 343,614
2013 240,854
Source: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1l3M8Os9tRs9MW25Hkv0PQ-SWLP0-WxEsmBCTa8_9tc8/pub
The total number of marriages has decreased by 30%
Family Size
1960 – 1961 16,300,000 families. 3 person being the largest group.
2015 18,700,000 families, 2 person being the largest group.
Source: ONS: Family statistics 2015 Table 5
Source: ONS: Social Trends 41 Households and Families.
The number of families has increased.
The number of people in the family group has decreased.
Total Dwelling Stock
1961 approx. 16626000 dwellings
2014 approx. 28073000 dwellings
Source: ONS Table 101: Dwelling stock: by tenure1, United Kingdom (historical series)
The dwelling stock has increased by approx. 40%.
Types of Dwelling Stock
1961 Owner occupied 6933
Rented Privately or
With a job or business 4952
Rented from LA 4352
2014 Owner occupied 17199
Rented Privately or
With a job or business 5213
Rented from HA 2755
Rented from LA 2075
Other public sector 64
Source: ONS Table 102: Dwelling stock: by tenure1, Great Britain (historical series)
The owner occupation has increased by 60%.
House Prices
1960 £2301
2016 £206346
Source: www.nationwide.co.uk/~/media/.../house-price-index/.../uk-house-price-since-1952.xls
House prices have increased by 99%.
Education Costs.
1960 52,400,000 total population
2014 64,100,000 total population
1960s approx.400,000 students in higher education 0.7% of the
total population.
1960s further education degree qualifications eligible for grant funding.
1960 16851 students obtained a degree
1963 70% of students receiving grants.
2011 153235 students obtained a degree
2014–15 2,270,000 students in higher education 3.5% of the total
population
2015 £24000 Cost per year of education including education and
housing and all needs.
2015 £44000 Debt on Graduation for course and (£9,000 x 5 years)
Allowing £24000 per year
£120,000 total debt for a degree course
Source: http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/facts-and-stats/Pages/higher-education-data.aspx
Source: http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04252/SN04252.pdf
Source: http://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/student-finance/how-much-does-it-cost-study-uk
Source: http://repec.ioe.ac.uk/REPEc/pdf/qsswp1015.pdf
The number of people as a percentage of the total population in higher education has increased by 20%.
The ability to get grants has increased.
The cost of higher education has increased due to education, housing and all needs costs increasing.
The debt levels per student have increased due to education, housing and all needs costs increasing.
Conclusions
The record of the society in the UK between 1960 and the current year 2016 in terms of its cultural local goals through its economic structure is confirming the historical media view of a move from rationing to global consumerist economics.
The trends from each section indicate increases in all of the economic sections examined with the exception of the basic rate of tax, marriage rate and the number of people in a family group which have decreased.
The tax decrease is explained by the percentage of gross income paid as tax during the same period which has increased.
The marriage rate decrease appears to be a trend from 1972 that is reoccurring.
Source:https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/marriagecohabitationandcivilpartnerships/bulletins/marriagesinenglandandwalesprovisional/2013
The family group decrease may be due to financial ability.
‘The overwhelming factor for the shrinking family is said to be financial, with 89 per cent of those surveyed saying that they were under pressure from the rising cost of living.’
Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1515285/Family-size-shrinking-due-to-cost-of-children.html
The cultural local goals; health, education, work, marriage, home, offspring, ownership, influence, status; are only accessible through the individual being part of the economic structure of the society.
This is not through choice. Birth places each human into a society and is subject to its cultural universal and local goals and the economic ability of the society.
Increases in population and population growth rate increase taxes, increase wages, increase the cost of goods and services and decrease the ability of the population to purchase cultural local goals.
This increases population discontent, increases politically-motivated action to win concessions and forces austerity to return the society to a stabilized condition.
When the population and population growth rate increase again the process is repeated but over a wider economic basis to accommodate the increased population.
The population expands itself, then the economy, then the ability to produce and acquire more goods and services but it also diminishes the natural environment, resources and energy to create this transition from austerity to global consumerism.
The Architecture of the Society in the UK between the 1960s and the current year 2016 is a self-creating depletion programme driven by population increase.
It is a society operating beyond the Neo-Malthusian model of population control programmes to ensure resources for future generations.
It is a society where population growth is required to pay for and replace future populations and it must use environment, resource and energy to achieve these aims.
Therefore population growth coupled with environmental, resource and energy depletion is inevitable and universally normal.
The modern society follows the aims of deliberate depletion, self-creation, self-maintaining, product creation and constant action.
It displays its nature as a Self-Programmed, Depletionist, Autopoiesis, Allopoiesis, Heteropoiesis, Praxis Architecture.
Ian K Whittaker
My websites:
https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles
Email: iankwhittaker@gmail.com
13/10/2016
14/10/2020
1838 words over 7 pages.