The Limited Lifespan of the Observable Universe.
This essay examines if the Observable Universe has a limited lifespan.
Theory.
If the Observable Universe has a limited lifespan then this can be demonstrated by establishing if its components have limited duration and if its resources are reducing.
Calculations. Lifespan of Components.
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Top Quark mean life time.
5e-25 seconds
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark
Charmed Quark mean life time.
1e-13 seconds
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark
Bottom Quark mean life time.
1e-12 seconds
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark
Up Quark mean life time.
stable but decays in beta decay to down quark with the emission of a positron and a neutrino.
Source: http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16 19/Nuclear%20physics/Nuclear%20structure/text/Quarks_/index.html
Down Quark mean life time.
900 seconds but in beta minus decay a down quark changes into a up quark with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino.
Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/qrkdec.html
Source: http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16 19/Nuclear%20physics/Nuclear%20structure/text/Quarks_/index.html
Strange Quark mean life time.
1e-8 seconds
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark
Free Neutron mean life time.
881.5(15) seconds
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron
Current age of the observable universe.
13.82 billion years
Source:http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html
Universe Peak Star formation.
11 billion years ago
Source: http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-11/almost-all-stars-are-old-and-universe-making-hardly-any-new-ones
Source: http://www.space.com/18370-universe-star-formation-rate-decline.html
Universe Star formation Ceases.
1e+14 years
Universe can no longer support life.
Source: http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-11/almost-all-stars-are-old-and-universe-making-hardly-any-new-ones
Source: http://www.space.com/18370-universe-star-formation-rate-decline.html
Free Electron mean lifetime.
6.6e+28 years (stable)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron
Free Proton mean lifetime.
2.1e+29 years (stable)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton
Proton Decay.
1e+34 years
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe
Hydrogen atom, ‘Protium’ minimum proton half-life is in excess of 1e+34 years
Abundance of more than 99.98%
Resources
Initial Universe.
10% neutrinos, 15% photons, 12% atoms, 23% dark matter.
Current Universe.
4.6% atoms, 23% dark matter, 72% dark energy
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Universe mean lifetime.
1e+1000 years to reach thermodynamic equilibrium when no more structure will be possible.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe
Original density of matter.
1.17E-27 kg/m3
Current density of matter.
4.5e-31 g/cm3, 4.5E-28 kg/m3, 1 proton for every 4m3 of volume
Original density of matter approx.2.6 times as great as currently.
Conclusion
All of the universe builds from simplicity to complexity and then decays from complexity to simplicity.
This process is achieved by an increase in mass and volume and a decrease in density and temperature.
The Observable Universe recycles itself by changing energy into mass into energy and increasing its volume.
It dissipates itself as it recycles its components.
The initial Universe is infinitely dense and so high in temperature and energy.
The current Universe is expanded in volume and so reduced in density, temperature and energy.
The final Universe will be reach thermodynamic equilibrium when no more structure will be possible.
The Universe has a limited lifespan.
Ian K Whittaker
Websites:
https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles
Email: iankwhittaker@gmail.com
28/06/2017
14/10/2020
438 words over 2 pages