The Unavailable and Available Energy
This essay examines what energy is unavailable and available to humans.
It does this by examining the universe, the observable universe, the laws of thermodynamics, the expansion of space, the process of the observable universe, the initial singularity, the current observable universe, human nature, human science, human energy needs to exist, human energy needs to move, total human energy use, space travel limits, the energy from solar constant, the total energy input from sun and moon to earth, fossil fuels, earth energy resources, the energy of the biomass, the replenishment energy of the biomass, available energy compared to total human energy use, total available energy, current total energy availability with reducing fossil fuels, current total energy availability with reducing fossil fuels and future total energy availability without fossil fuels and increasing population.
Finally conclusions are drawn.
The Unavailable Energy
The Universe.
The Universe was created in a singularity.
All of the energy, mass and space time in the Universe was in this singularity.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_singularity
None of the energy in the Universe outside of the Observable Universe is available to human beings.
The Observable Universe
The Observable Universe is estimated to be 13,800,000,000 light years in extent.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Observable Universe
Source: https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/Observable Universe/uni_age.html
Source: www.space.com/24073-how-big-is-the-Observable Universe.html
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law
Only some of the energy in the Observable Universe is available to human beings.
The Laws of Thermodynamics.
These relate to all of the energy in the Observable Universe. The four laws are.
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.
The entropy; randomness; of any isolated system always increases.
The entropy; randomness; of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
Source:https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermodynamics-17/the-laws-of-thermodynamics-123/the-three-laws-of-thermodynamics-496-3601/
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics
The Expansion of Space
There is a quantifiable amount of energy and mass in the Observable Universe at any location in space time. The distance between these energy and mass sources is increasing with the constant expansion of Space Time.
Source: www.space.com/24073-how-big-is-the-Observable Universe.html
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law
The Process of the Observable Universe.
The Observable Universe is moving towards thermal equilibrium when no further interaction will take place. The total amount of energy is spreading out and reducing.
Source:https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/thermodynamics-17/the-laws-of-thermodynamics-123/the-three-laws-of-thermodynamics-496-3601/
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium
The Initial Singularity.
At the initial singularity the conditions can be estimated.
1 Planck Volume 4.2217e−105 m3
1 Planck Density 5.15500e+96 kg/m3
1 Planck Mass 2.176470e−8 kg
1 Planck Speed of Light C = 2.99792458e+8 metres second−1
1 Planck Energy 1.9561e+9 Joules, 5.43365e+10 kWh, 1.2209016426e+28 ev
1 Planck Temperature 1.416e+32 Kelvin
1 Planck Time 5.39e−44 seconds
None of the initial energy at the singularity is available to human beings.
The Current Observable Universe
In the current Observable Universe the conditions can be estimated.
Volume 4e+80 m3
Density 9.9e-27 kg/m3
Mass 1e+53 kg (3.96e+54 kg)
Speed of Light C = 2.99792458e+8 metres second−1
Energy 2.49654e+63 kWh
Temperature -273 K
Time, Age 13,800,000 years
The singularity has expanded by a factor of 9.5e+184
The density within the singularity has decreased by a factor of 5.2e+122
The mass within the singularity has increased by a factor of 4.6e+52
The speed of light has remained constant = C = 2.99792458e+8 metres second−1
The energy within the singularity has increased by a factor of 1.8e+42
The temperature in the singularity has decreased by a factor of 1.42e+32 K
Time has increased within the singularity by a factor of 2.6e+53
Only a proportion of the energy in the current Observable Universe is available to human beings.
Human Nature
Humans are an evolution of a space time density zone of the Observable Universe.
They are a part of the Observable Universe that has evolved to detect itself detecting due to its interaction with multiple space time density zones in the Observable Universe.
This detection occurs at a delay due to the maximum speed of light in a pure vacuum.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-048 ---the chemical biosynthesis of architecture
Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-145---the-universal-delay-to-human-sensing-
and-forming-of-reality
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-155---the-4d-hologram-of-reality
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-173---architecture-as-idea-and-energy
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-179---dysfunctional
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-182---the-architecture-of-perceived-space
Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-184---the-remains-of-architecture
Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-186---the-human-response-to-the-architecture-of-the-observable-Observable Universe
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-187---the-scale-interpretation
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-190---the-change-to-a-virtual-human-society
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-194---the-fundamental-holographic-architecture
Human Science.
Humans have determined that the Observable Universe was created as a singularity that then expanded, cooled, changed density, changed volume, changed mass, changed its gravity, changed in energy level, changed in frequency of light wave, changed in wavelength of light wave, changed in order, changed in arrangement, changed in entropy, changed in motion and changed in timescale.
These are all however observations of changes that occurred in the past relative to humans relative to the speed of light in a pure vacuum.
They are all perceptions of 'slices' of the Observable Universe as a series of holograms of past events.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-155---the-4d-hologram-of-reality
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-182---the-architecture-of-perceived-space
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-183---the-singularity-constraint
Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-184---the-remains-of-architecture
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-185---how-many-things-are-there-in-the-observable-Observable Universe
Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-186---the-human-response-to-the-architecture-of-
the-observable-Observable Universe
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-187---the-scale-interpretation
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-192---the-architecture-of-shape-and-its-evolution
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-194---the-fundamental-holographic-architecture
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-195---the-Observable Universe-as-an-analogy-to-a-movie
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-198-the-architecture-of-fields
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-200---an-architecture-of-multiple-space-time-density-zones
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTTCqnEnz6g NOVA The Fabric of the Cosmos The illusion of Time
Aired 7/11, 7/18, 7/25, and 8/1, 2012 on PBS Aired 7/11, 7/18, 7/25, and 8/1, 2012 on PBS
None of the current energy outside of the solar system is available to human beings since humans can only sense it as holograms of past events and its current energy state is unknown.
Human Energy Needs to Exist
For human so exist anywhere on the Earth requires energy.
The human body requires 7,500 kJ of energy per day. (2 kWh/day) (0.08 kW/hr)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy
Source: "Hunger - FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". Retrieved 27 September 2014.
To sleep a 70 kg human uses 272kJ/hr
Source: http://www.runningtools.com/energyusage.htm
To sit a 70kg human uses 294 kJ /hr
Source: http://www.runningtools.com/energyusage.htm
To stand a 70 kg human uses 350 kJ/hr
Source: http://www.runningtools.com/energyusage.htm
Human Energy Needs to Move
For Humans to move requires energy.
Walking for a 70kg human at a rate of 3 km / hr uses 588 kJ /hr
Source: http://www.runningtools.com/energyusage.htm
Cycling for a 70 kg human at a rate of 20 km / hr uses 2352 kJ /hr
Source: http://www.runningtools.com/energyusage.htm
A bicycle is a mass produced item.
Approx. Embodied energy of the main components is 2768.7kWh. 9,967,320 kJ /hr excl some parts.
Source: http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bicycle/
A 7.2kg road bicycle with a carbon frame uses 11,546,658,000 Joules of energy during its production
11,546,658 kJ/hr
Source: http://thisbigcity.net/environmental-sustainability-bicycles-three-reasons-two-wheels-great-cities/
Allowing the energy of the passengers. 1 x 2352 kJ /hr. 2352 kJ/hr
Total 11,549,010 kJ/hr
Running for a 70 kg human at a rate of 10 km / hr uses 2940 kJ /hr
Source: http://www.runningtools.com/energyusage.htm
Driving a Car A car is a mass produced item. The total energy used in it includes material production and assembly for a typical American car of 1324 kg this equates to 119,150,000 kJ
Source: http://energyskeptic.com/2015/how-much-energy-does-it-take-to-make-a-car-by-david-fridley-lbl/
The fuel cost is estimated at 32 MJ/L. 3200 kJ/L Allowing 65 litre tank. 208,000 kJ
Source: "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport#Automobiles
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_tank#Automotive_fuel_tanks
To refine the oil into petrol costs 6 kWh per gallon.6 kWh per 4.54 litres. 21600 kJ per 4.54 litres
Allowing 65 litre tank. 295.1 litres. 6,374,160 kJ for a tank of petrol.
Source: http://gatewayev.org/how-much-electricity-is-used-refine-a-gallon-of-gasoline
Allowing the energy of the passengers. 4 x 294 kJ /hr. 1176 kJ/hr
Embodied energy. 20,800 kWh. 74,880,000 kJ/hr
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport#Automobiles
Source: Life cycle assessment website www.ademe.fr see page 9
Total energy use for a car is 200,613,336 kJ/hr
Total Human Energy Use.
Humans energy use per year is 21.36e+12 kWh (2014 est.) 7.6e+16 kJ per year.
Source: CIA World Factbook 2016
For humans to exist on the Earth or move over its surface takes energy.
The more complex the need, the more environment, resource and energy are needed.
Space Travel Limits
If you consider the potential of travelling to the other planets and mining them at our current technological level humans can only travel at a maximum speed in space of 13.3 AU/yr. 1 AU is equal to 0.000015 light years. 13.3 AU would allow for allows for 0.0002 light years travel distance in a year.
With current technology to travel 100 light years would take approx. 500,000 Earth years.
To travel to the nearest detected Earth like planet; say Tau Ceti e 11.9 light years away; would take 59,500 years at our current technological potential.
Allowing for Apollo technology.
To travel to the Moon would take 3 days to travel 380,000 km. A speed of 126,666 km/day. 5,277 km/hr.
To travel to the Sun and back would take 3 years, 1181 days to travel 149,600,000 km. A speed of 126,666 km/day. 5,277 km/hr.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-034-If there are less resources on Earth then where are they ?
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-046 --Earth Resources and the Drake Equation.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-092---the-issues-of-helium-3-as-a-fusion-energy-source
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-144---asteroid-mining-for-resources-and-energy
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-132---100-light-years
The part of the Observable Universe available as energy to humans is the solar system at their current technological ability.
The nearest confirmed largest and accessible sources of energy for humans in the solar system are the Sun, Moon and Earth.
The Available Energy
Energy from Solar Constant
The amount of energy available from the Sun, Moon and Earth can be quantified.
‘Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power. The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter (see solar constant), though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value, after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth, is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89,000 TW, reaches the Earth's surface.’
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption
Source: Schreiber, William (May–June 2007). "Solving the Energy Problem". MIT Faculty Newsletter. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Converting the solar constant 1361 w/m2 into the energy units for humans to exist for a day
1361 w/m2 , 1.3608 ± 0.0005 kW/m², 81.65 kJ/m² per minute. 117,576 kJ/m² per day.
Allowing for only day time. 58,788 kJ/m² per day
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constant
Allowing for the total human population of 7,500,000,000 people (2017) to each get this amount.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
This allows each human to access 58,788 kJ/m² per day.
Total Energy Input from Sun and Moon to Earth.
Sun = Solar Constant input of 1361 w/m2 of which
= 0.9 w / m2 net energy absorbed.
Moon = 0.0000034167 w per m2
Total = 0.9000034167 w per m2
= 0.0009000034 kJ per m2 per sec
= 0.054000204 kJ per m2 per min
= 78 kJ per m2 per day.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-210---passive-energy-sources-sun-and-moon
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-212---passive-energy-sources-food-chains
Allowing for the total human population of 7,500,000,000 people (2017) to each get this amount.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
This allows each human to access 78 kJ per m2 per day.
The energy absorbed from the Sun and Moon by the Earth is minimal.
The Earth is the largest accessible energy source to humans.
Not all of this is available to humans since some is contained within fossil fuel, some is within the Biomass and some is only accessible with technology,
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are stored solar energy over the lifetime of the Earth.
The remaining fossil fuels are estimated at 4e+23 J, 4e+20 kJ.
Over the total surface of the earth; to match to solar constant values.
4e+20 kJ / Total surface area of 5.1e+14 m2 allows for 784,313 kJ/m2
This is 7 times the energy input from the Sun per day.
Fossil fuels currently account for 64.2% of total installed energy generation capacity (2012 est.)
Source: CIA World Fact book 2017
Fossil Fuels are the main fuel source for human beings in 2017.
Fossil fuels output greenhouse gases and are the main contributor to climate change.
Source: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data
Fossil fuel use is to end between 2050 and 2100.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/08/g7-leaders-agree-phase-out-fossil-fuel-use-end-of-century
Fossil Fuels; for the purpose of this essay; are considered to be reducing and then unavailable to humans as an energy source.
This reduces the solar constant by 64.2% x 58788 kJ/m² per day.
The remaining accessible energy is 21047 kJ/m² per day.
Allowing for the total human population of 7,500,000,000 people (2017) to each get this amount.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
This allows each human to access 21047 kJ/m² per day.
Therefore some of this energy is available to humans but it is being phased out as an energy source.
Earth Energy Resources
If the total mass of the earth was converted to energy.
5.972e+24 kg would convert into 5.36737e+38 kJ
Source:https://www.google.co.uk/search?safe=strict&hl=en&site=webhp&source=hp&q=mass+of+the+earth&oq=mass+of+the+earth&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l4.105275.107840.0.108164.17.10.0.0.0.0.364.1145.0j3j0j2.5.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..12.5.1142.sYwvV8EACzE
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass
Source: http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/relativity/emc
This is the maximum figure possible since it removes the total human habitat but gives the maximum amount of energy potential for humans.
Therefore this total amount of energy is not available to humans.
The Biomass
The Biomass; Biotic and Abiotic materials; has a combined mass of 4Ttc of Carbon
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology) (Ttc = Terra tons)
This would allow for a total mass or potential energy of Biomass of 4e+15 kg
Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-213---passive-energy-sources-earth-oceans-atmosphere-biosphere
This would convert to 3.59502e+29 kJ
If the total Biomass is used as energy then it removes the total human life support system on the Earth.
Therefore this total amount of energy is not available to humans.
The Replenishment of the Biomass
Taking the total annual primary production of biomass is just over 100 billion t/yr of Carbon
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)
This would allow for a total mass or potential energy of Biomass of 1e +14 kg.
This equates to 0.000000001% of the total mass of the Earth Oceans and Atmosphere combined.
As Potential Energy this equates to 2.49654e+24 kWh
Source:https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles/home/article-213---passive-energy-sources-earth-oceans-atmosphere-biosphere
This would equate to 8.98754e+27 kJ
If only the replenishing energy of the Biomass is used then it retains the total human habitat on the surface of the Earth.
Replenishing energy of the Biomass per year of 8.98754e+27 kJ relates to a total surface area of 510,000,000 km2
This is an energy level per km2 of 1.7622627e+19 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 1.7622627e+13 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 48,281,169,863 kJ per day.
Allowing for the total human population of 7,500,000,000 people (2017)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
This allows each human to access 6 kJ per m2 per day.
This total amount of energy is available to humans.
Available Energy Compared to Total Human Energy Use
If the Human total energy requirement per year is compared against the yearly total available energy then sustainability potential can be quantified.
Total Available Energy
Sun and Moon Energy. 78 kJ per m2 per day..
Solar Constant Energy less Fossil Fuels Energy. 21047 kJ/m² per day.
Replenishing Energy of the Biomass 6 kJ per m2 per day
Total available Energy. Approx.21131 kJ per m2 per day.
This gives a total energy resource over the whole surface of the Earth
21131 kJ per m2 per day. x 5.1e+14 m2
1.08e+19 kJ per day
Current Total Energy Availability With Reducing Fossil Fuels
The current total human energy use per year with reducing fossil fuels is 21.36e+12 kWh (2014 est.) 7.6e+16 kJ per year.
Source: CIA World Fact book 2016
Over the surface of the Earth the total energy use per year of 7.6e+16 kJ relates to a total surface area of 510,000,000 km2
This is an energy level per km2 of 149,019,607 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 149 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 0.41 kJ per day.
This is an energy level over the whole surface of the Earth of
0.41 kJ per m2 per day x 5.1e+14 m2
2.09e+14 kJ per day
This gives a ratio of 1.08e+19 kJ per day to 2.09e+14 kJ per day
1.08e+19 / 2.09e+14
This allows for 51674 days. 141 years of resources at current energy levels with reducing fossil fuels, increasing population levels. This covers the years 2017 to 2158
Current Total Energy Availability With Reducing Fossil Fuels
The current total human energy use per year without fossil fuels is 64.2 % of 21.36e+12 kWh (2014 est.) 64.2% of 7.6e+16 kJ per year.
7.6e+16 kJ per year. - (64.2% x 7.6e+16 kJ per year.)
This gives a revised energy use by humans of 2.72e+16 kJ per year
Over the surface of the Earth the total energy use per year of 2.72e+16 kJ relates to a total surface area of 510,000,000 km2
This is an energy level per km2 of 53,333,333 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 53 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 0.15 kJ per day.
This is an energy level over the whole surface of the Earth of
0.15 kJ per m2 per day x 5.1e+14 m2
7.65e+13 kJ per day
This gives a ratio of 1.08e+19 kJ per day to 7.65e+13 kJ per day
1.08e+19 / 7.65e+13
This allows for 141,176 days. 387 years of resources at energy levels without fossil fuels and with an increasing population. This covers the years 2017 - 2404
Future Total Energy Availability Without Fossil Fuels and Increasing Population
If the population increase is allowed for up to the year 2100.
World Population 2017, 7,500,000,000
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
World Population 2100, 11,200,000,000
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
Increase in population, 3,700,000,000
Percentage increase in population, approx. 50%
Allowing for the total energy use without fossil fuels of 2.72e+16 kJ per year for approx. 7,000,000,000 human beings. This allows for an energy per human at current consumption levels of
2.72e+16 kJ per year / 7,000,000,000
3.9e+6 kJ per year per human
Extrapolating this for the population of 2100 of 11,200,000,000 humans at the same energy consumption level.
11,200,000,000 x 3.9e+6 kJ per year
4.368e+16 kJ per year
Over the surface of the Earth the total energy use per year of 4.368e+16 kJ relates to a total surface area of 510,000,000 km2
This is an energy level per km2 of 85647059 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 85.64 kJ per year
This is an energy level per m2 of 0.23 kJ per day.
This is an energy level over the whole surface of the Earth of
0.23 kJ per m2 per day. x 5.1e+14 m2
1.173e+14 kJ per day
This gives a ratio of 1.08e+19 kJ per day to 1.173e+14 kJ per day
1.08e+19 / 1.173e+14
This allows for 92,072 days. 252 years of resources at energy levels without fossil fuels and with an increasing population. This covers the years 2017 - 2269
Conclusions
The only accessible energy for humans is from the Sun, Moon and Earth.
In the next 141 years; 2017 to 2158; fossil fuels will gradually be reduced and then omitted from human available energy sources.
The available remaining energy resources at current consumption levels and increasing population levels will extend to a maximum of 387 years. 2017 to 2404.
Allowing for increasing population levels as those predicted up to 2100 at current consumption levels excluding fossil fuels the Earth cannot sustain an increasing population beyond 2269.
It indicates that within this century humans have to alter their society to a zero carbon economy.
Then beyond the year 2100 yearly balance increasing populations with decreasing energy availability.
Ian K Whittaker
Websites:
https://sites.google.com/site/architecturearticles
Email: iankwhittaker@gmail.com
27/07/2017
14/10/2020
3258 words over 8 pages