Satyana et al., 2008

MUD DIAPIRS AND MUD VOLCANOES IN DEPRESSIONS OF JAVA TO MADURA : ORIGINS, NATURES, AND IMPLICATIONS TO PETROLEUM SYSTEM

Awang Harun Satyana and Asnidar

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Thirty-Second Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2008

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ABSTRACT

Mud diapir and mud volcano are piercement structures showing release of overpressured sediments piercing upward from subsurface to the Earth’s surface due to buoyancy and differential pressure. These structures occur in “elisional” basin mainly characterized by rapid deposition of thick young sediments, presences of fluid overpressures, under-compacted sediments, and petroleum generation; and recently compressed.

The Bogor-North Serayu-Kendeng-Madura Strait Zone was an axial depression of Java to Madura Islands with elisional characteristics. The Mio-Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments were rapidly deposited into the depression and compressed since then due to the islands have been located frontal to the plate convergent boundary. Numerous mud diapirs and mud volcanoes are found along the zone.

We examined the origins and natures of mud diapirs and mud volcanoes found along the depression, they include : Ciuyah mud volcano (Kuningan, eastern West Java), North Serayu diapirs (northern Central Java), mud volcanoes of Bledug Kuwu, Bledung Kesongo, Bledug Kropak (to the south of Purwodadi, Central Java), mud diapir and mud volcano of Sangiran Dome (Central Java), LUSI (erupting mud volcano, Sidoarjo, East Java), Porong, Kalang Anyar, Pulungan (Sidoarjo), Gunung Anyar (Surabaya), Socah (Bangkalan, Madura), and submarine mud diapirs and mud volcanoes of the Madura Strait. The origins were basically same, relating to factors in elisional system. The surface morphologies of mud volcanoes include : swamp-like area, crater muddy lake, classic cone edifice, and collapsed synclinal depression. The development stages of the mud diapirs to mud volcanoes include stage-2 (pre-eruption –diapiric phase), stage-3 (syn-eruption), and stage-4 (post­eruption).

These mud diapirs and mud volcanoes apparently have spatial and genetic relationship with petroleum. Oil and gas seeps and producing oil and gas fields share the same places with the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes of the Bogor-North Serayu-Kendeng-Madura Strait Zone. It is considered that here mud diapirism and mud volcanism have implied the petroleum systems, especially in : maturing the source rocks generating petroleum, forming structural dips and faults for petroleum migration and generating diapiric structural traps at shallow horizons. Worldwide cases show that diapirism and mud volcanism have close relationship to petroleum and here in Java to Madura we have the same case.

JOINT CONVENTION BALI 2007

The 36th IAGI, The 32nd HAGI, and the 29th IATMI

Annual Convention and Exhibition

Bali, 13-16 November 2007

Geological Disaster on the Falls of Jenggala and Majapahit Empires : A Hypothesis of Historical Mud Volcanoes Eruptions Based On Historical Chronicles of Kitab Pararaton, Serat Kanda, Babad Tanah Jawi; Folklore of Timun Mas; Analogue to the Present LUSI Eruption; and Geological Analysis of the Kendeng Depression – Brantas Delta

Bencana Geologi dalam “Sandhyâkâla” Jenggala dan Majapahit : Hipotesis Erupsi Gununglumpur Historis Berdasarkan Kitab Pararaton, Serat Kanda, Babad Tanah Jawi; Folklor Timun Mas; Analogi Erupsi LUSI; dan Analisis Geologi Depresi Kendeng-Delta Brantas

Awang Harun Satyana (BPMIGAS)

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ABSTRACT

Jenggala and Majapahit are two empires of 11th to early 16th centuries located at the Brantas delta, East Java, Indonesia. The growth, rise, and fall of these two empires are more or less related to geological processes undergone by the Brantas delta. The Jenggala empire lasted for only 50 years, fell in 1116 AD, and annexed by the Kediri empire. The Majapahit empire started in 1293 AD, rose successfully during almost the first hundred years, declined, and fell in 1478 AD, became the subordinate to the Demak empire, and ended in 1518 AD.

Based on interpretations of the historical chronicles of the Kitab Pararaton, Serat Kanda, and Babad Tanah Jawi, folklore developing in the Jenggala and Kediri period, geological setting of the area where Jenggala and Majapahit existed, and making an analogue to the present LUSI (Sidoarjo mud) mud volcano eruption which occurred close to the area where the center of the Jenggala empire was; there is a possibility that natural disasters of mud volcanoes eruptions had declined both Jenggala and Majapahit empires before they were annexed by the competing empires.

The hypothesis that the decline of the Jenggala and Majapahit empires was caused by natural disaster is based on and examined by five theses as follows. (1) Thesis of disasters called ”banyu pindah” 1334 AD and ”pagunung anyar” 1374 AD written in the Kitab Pararaton; (2) Thesis of chronowords (“suryasengkala”) explaining the fall of the Majapahit empire : ”sirna ilang krtaning bhumi” meaning 1400 Caka/1478 AD written in the Serat Kanda and Babad Tanah Jawi, which textually and grammatically can be re-defined as “loss by an earthy work” indicating a geological disaster; (3) Thesis of an event called the ”Guntur pawatugunung” in 1403 Caka/1481 AD which has mostly been interpreted as volcanic eruption (could also be mud volcano eruption) and is considerd as related to the “sirna ilang krtaning bhumi” because of their contemporaneity. (4) Thesis of folklore called ”Timun Mas” which developed in the Jenggala/Kediri period; this story perfectly represents the sequences of mud vocano eruption. The story was possibly composed to explain this eruption; (5) Thesis of the geological setting of the areas where Jenggala and Majapahit empires were located; the two empires were located at the eastern part of the Kendeng depression partly covered by the Brantas delta; the Kendeng depression is an elisional basin, a condition required for the occurrence of mud volcano eruption.

The Kendeng depression is an ideal elisonal system characterized by thick young clayey and sandy sediments rapidly deposited into the subsiding basin, not perfectly compacted, mobile, overpressured, intensive smectite to illite transformation; high geothermal gradient due to the southern border of volcanic arc; and strongly compressed forming anticlinorium. A number of mud volcanoes found along the Kendeng depression from Purwodadi to the Madura straits (such as bledug Kuwu, bledug Kesongo, Gunung Anyar, Kalang Anyar, Pulungan, LUSI) prove the effectivity of elisional system of the Kendeng trough which has been active sincethe Plio-Pleistocene.

Based on the geological principle of uniformity (the present is the key to the past) and that LUSI, Jenggala and Majapahit share a same place, it is considered that what is occurring presently on LUSI eruption could also happen during the Jenggala and Majapahit periods as natural disasters which significantly declined the two empires. This consideration is supported by historical chronicles, folklore, and geological analysis. A collaboration of historians, archaeologists, and geologists are required for confirming the hypothesis. The historical chronicles should be deliberately examined to check the treatises on disasters, the archaeological sites of Majapahit and Jenggala should be re-visited, and the areas of expected mud volcanoes during the Majapahit and Jenggala periods indicated in this study should be geologically investigated.

SARI

Kerajaan Jenggala dan Kerajaan Majapahit berpusat di delta Brantas, Jawa Timur pada sekitar abad ke-11 sampai awal abad ke-16. Perkembangan, kemajuan, dan keruntuhan kedua kerajaan ini sedikit banyak berkaitan dengan proses-proses geologi yang terjadi pada delta Brantas. Kerajaan Jenggala hanya bertahan sekitar 50 tahun, runtuh pada tahun 1116 M, dan sejak itu wilayahnya menjadi bagian Kerajaan Kediri.

Kerajaan Majapahit berawal pada 1293 M, maju dalam hampir seratus tahun pertama, mundur, runtuh pada 1478 M, menjadi bawahan Kerajaan Demak, dan berakhir pada 1518 M.

Berdasarkan penafsiran beberapa sumber sejarah (Kitab Pararaton, Serat Kanda, Babad Tanah Jawi), cerita rakyat, kondisi geologi wilayah Jenggala dan Majapahit, dan analogi terhadap semburan lumpur panas di Sidoarjo (LUSI) yang berlokasi di dekat pusat kerajaan Jenggala, terbuka kemungkinan bahwa kedua kerajaan tersebut telah mengalami kemunduran yang berarti akibat bencana alam berupa erupsi gunung-gununglumpur sebelum dianeksasi oleh kerajaan-kerajaan pesaingnya.

Hipotesis bencana erupsi gununglumpur pada masa Jenggala dan Majapahit didasarkan dan diteliti melalui lima tesis : (1) tesis bencana ”banyu pindah” 1334 M dan bencana ”pagunung anyar” 1374 M yang tercatat pada Kitab Pararaton; (2) tesis suryasengkala peristiwa keruntuhan Majapahit ”sirna ilang krtaning bhumi” yang berarti tahun1400 Saka/1478 M, tercatat dalam Serat Kanda dan Babad Tanah Jawi, dan secara leksikal dan gramatikal dapat didefinisikan ulang sebagai ”musnah hilang sudah selesai pekerjaan bumi” (berkonotasi kemusnahan akibat bencana kebumian/geologi); (3) tesis peristiwa ”guntur pawatugunung” pada tahun1403 Saka/1481 M yang telah banyak ditafsirkan para ahli sebagai bencana letusan gunungapi (atau dalam hal ini gununglumpur) yang berkaitan dengan ”sirna ilang krtaning bhumi” berdasarkan saat kejadian yang berdekatan atau sebenarnya bersamaan; (4) tesis folklor ”Timun Mas” yang berkembang pada masa Jenggala dan Kediri yang isi ceritanya sangat mirip dengan peristiwa kejadian erupsi gununglumpur, sehingga cerita rakyat ini bernilai dichtung und wahrheit (antara cerita dan kenyataan) untuk menggambarkan proses kejadian alam; dan (5) tesis geologi wilayah Jenggala dan Majapahit yang menunjukkanbahwa kedua kerajaan ini berlokasi di depresi Kendeng bagian timur yang di atasnya

sebagian ditutupi oleh delta Brantas dan bersifat elisional. Suatu sistem elisional akan mendorong terjadinya gejala diapir dan erupsi gununglumpur.

Depresi Kendeng tempat Jenggala dan Majapahit berlokasi merupakan sistem elisional yang ideal yang dicirikan oleh : sedimen lempungan dengan sisipan pasiran sangat tebal yang diendapakan dalam waktu singkat, sehingga tidak terkompaksi sempurna, labil, overpressured, transformasi mineral lempung smektit ke ilit yang intensif; mempunyai gradien geotermal yang tinggi akibat berbatasan dengan jalur gunungapi di sebelah selatan; dan terkompresi kuat sehingga membentuk jalur antiklinorium. Sejumlah gununglumpur yang ditemukan di sepanjang depresi Kendeng dari Purwodadi sampai Selat Madura, di bekas wilayah Majapahit dan Jenggala (misalnya : bledug Kuwu, bledug Kesongo, Gunung Anyar, Kalang Anyar, Pulungan, LUSI) membuktikan efektivitas sistem elisional depresi Kendeng yang telah aktif sejak Plio-Pleistosen.

Berdasarkan asas uniformisme (masa kini adalah kunci ke masa lalu - the present is the key to the past) dan bahwa wilayah Majapahit, Jenggala, dan LUSI berlokasi di wilayah yang sama; maka apa yang sekarang tengah terjadi dengan LUSI, dapat terjadi juga pada masa Jenggala dan Majapahit sebagai bencana yang cukup berarti untuk kemunduran kedua kerajaan tersebut. Data sumber sejarah, cerita rakyat, dan analisis geologi mendukung hal ini.

Diperlukan kerja sama antara ahli sejarah, arkeologi, dan geologi untuk meneliti ulang naskah-naskah lama sumber sejarah, mempelajari kembali situs-situs purbakala Majapahit dan Jenggala, dan melakukan penyelidikan geologi lapangan untuk memeriksa kemungkinan keberadaan endapan gununglumpur di daerah-daerah yang telah diidentifikasi dalam studi ini.

Satyana et al., 2003

Oligo-Miocene Carbonates of the East Java Basin, Indonesia : Facies Definition Leading to Recent Significant Discoveries

Awang Harun Satyana¹, M. Djumlati¹ (1) Indonesia's Implementing Body for Upstream Oil and Gas Business, Jakarta, Indonesia

AAPG International Conference Barcelona, Spain September 21-24, 2003

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Abstract

Prospectivity of the Oligo-Miocene carbonates of the East Java Basin have been proven since early 1970s. However, the significance of the carbonates as oil producer have not obtained full attention until the late of 1990s when un-interrupted significant discoveries within the carbonates resulting in hydrocarbon reserves in excess of 900 MMB oil and 700 BCF gas take place. This number will be continually increasing since aggressive exploration ventures are being made by oil companies operating in this area. Eleven new working areas are offered in Indonesia in 2003, eight of them are located in the East Java Basin and the Oligo-Miocene carbonates are their main objectives. The geology and petroleum system of the Oligo-Miocene carbonates of the East Java Basin are increasingly well defined.