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Negative Commands (Injunctions/Prohibitions). Injunctions and prohibitions, directed to the second person, are expressed in one of three ways:
(a) nōlī or nōlīte with the infinitive:
nōlī impudēns esse.“Don’t be shameless.”(b) cavē or cavēte with a subjunctive clause (with or without nē):
cavē festīnās.“Take care not to be in a hurry.”(c) by nē with the perfect subjunctive:
nē cuiquam dīxerīs.“Don’t tell anyone.”Indirect Commands (Jussive Noun Clauses). A command reported indirectly is a species of substantive clause of purpose. This means that the subordinate clause serves as a noun – either as subject or object of a principal verb – and it expresses what was originally an imperative or jussive subjunctive. The rule of the sequence of tenses applies:
mīlitēs, fugite! = “Soldiers, flee!”mīlitibus imperat ut fugiant = “He is ordering the soldiers to flee.”mīlitibus imperāvit ut fugerent = “He ordered the soldiers to flee.”
Impersonal Verbs. Impersonal verbs are verbs which have no personal subject; many of them have forms only in the third person singular. They may be classified as follows:
(a) Verbs denoting processes of nature:
pluit = “It is raining.” [Subject was originally Jupiter or the sky.](b) Verbs of feeling, with the person affected expressed by the accusative, the source of feeling by the genitive:
mē miseret tuī = “I feel sorry for you.”mē paenitet peccātī = “I regret my mistake.”mē piget tuī = “I am disgusted with you.”mē pudet tuī = “I am ashamed of you.”mē taedet tuī = “I am bored with you.”
(c) Verbs for which an infinitive or a clause serves as the subject:
accidit ut … = “It happens that …” decet mē dīcere = “It is right for me to say ….” ēvenit ut … = “It turns out that …”fit ut … = “It comes about that …”interest meā dīcere = “It concerns me to say ….”licet mihi dīcere = “It is permitted for me to say ….”necesse est mihi dīcere = “It is necessary for me to say ….”oportet mē dīcere = “I must say ….”rēfert meā dīcere = “It is important for me to say ….”(d) The passive of verbs of motion or action is often used impersonally:
aequō Marte pugnābātur = “The battle was raging without resolution.”dēnique ad flūmen perventum est = “Finally, they came to a river.”marī terrāque ītur = “One travels by land and by sea.”Page updated
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