Object Clauses, Substantive Clauses, Clauses of Proviso

Object Clauses of Fearing. After verbs of fearing, the object of the fear is expressed by a clause in the subjunctive. A fear that something will happen is introduced by ne or ne nōn; a negative fear is introduced by ut:

The construction arises in two parallel statements:

Substantive Clauses of Result. The term ‘substantive’ means ‘serving as a noun’. Clauses in ut (negative ut nōn) with the subjunctive may stand as the subject or object of verbs or phrases that denote the accomplishment of an effort: to do, to achieve, bring it about, see to it that, etc.

Note that informally the imperatives fac/facite often take the subjunctive without ut:

Substantive clauses of result serve as the subject of impersonal constructions such as ēvenit ut (‘it turns out that…’), accidit ut (‘it happened that that…’), reliquum est ut (‘there remains the fact that…’), etc.

The expression fore ut is often used in place of the future infinitive in indirect statement:

Substantive Clauses of Purpose. Clauses in ut (negative nē) with the subjunctive may stand as the subject or object of verbs or phrases that denote an action that aims for a future end or purpose. Verbs of urging, persuading, asking, commanding, decreeing, ordering, resolving, etc. (Note that some verbs in this category — such as iubeo take object infinitives.) Note that substantive clauses of purpose are often translated by infinitives in English. (The grammar text refers to these as ‘jussive noun clauses’)

Dum “while” and Dum “until”. The conjunction dum takes the indicative to denote action contemporaneous with that of the principal verb, in the sense of “while” or “as long as”.

dum with the present indicative is used when the principal verb is a past tense to denote continued action in the past. Note that the Latin present will be translated by an English past tense::

With the present or imperfect subjunctive dum means “until”, expressing an expected or anticipated situation. The action is prospective to the action of the principal verb; the rule of the sequence of tenses applies: