Bufo valliceps

The Gulf Coast toad (Incilius valliceps) is a species of toad native to eastern and southeastern Mexico and Central America as far south as Costa Rica.

DESCRIPTION

• The Gulf Coast toad is a medium-sized toad species, ranging from 2.5 to 10.2 cm (1 to 4 inches) in length.

• Their backs vary in color, ranging from nearly black to shades of brown and grey, with a distinctive white or yellowish-colored stripe down the center and sometimes lighter-colored patches on the sides.

• Their underside is yellow or cream-colored.

• Their back is covered in small tubercles, while their underside is normally devoid of them.

• The ridges extend from the nose to the back of the head, with a branch that wraps around the back side of the eye.

REPRODUCTION

• The breeding season of Incilius valliceps typically occurs during the wet season, which is characterized by increased rainfall. The exact timing can vary depending on local environmental conditions.

• Like many amphibians, Montserrat mountain chickens engage in amplexus, a mating behavior in which the male grasps the female from behind. During amplexus, the male fertilizes the eggs externally as the female releases them into the water.

• Montserrat mountain chickens are known for their preference for breeding in fast-flowing streams, where they deposit their eggs. The streams provide an ideal environment for the eggs and tadpoles, with flowing water helping to oxygenate the developing embryos.

• Females lay eggs in clutches, attaching them to rocks and vegetation within the stream. These eggs are typically grouped together in gelatinous masses.

• Each clutch can contain a variable number of eggs, with larger females laying more eggs.

• Once the eggs hatch, tadpoles emerge and begin their development in the stream. They are adapted to the flowing water and have specialized mouthparts for grazing on algae and other aquatic vegetation.

• Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis in the stream, gradually developing into juvenile frogs.

• Montserrat mountain chickens are unique among amphibians in that they exhibit maternal care. After laying her eggs, the female remains in the vicinity of the breeding site, guarding the eggs and providing protection from potential predators.

HABITAT

• The Gulf Coast toad is found in a wide range of habitats, including open grassland, semi-arid regions, light forest, and even suburban backyards.

•  They are typically found not far from a permanent water source, which they use for breeding in the spring, but they are capable of travelling long distances while foraging for food.