kingdom Plantae - plants »  divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants »  class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales »  family Violaceae »  tribus Violeae > genus Viola > Viola sect. Plagiostigma Godr.  > Viola subsect. Adnatae W. Becker 

Viola prionantha Bunge

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Synon.: Viola prionantha var. sylvatica Kitagawa; V. prionantha var. trichantha C. J. Wang; V. taishanensisC. J. Wang. 

Common name: 早开堇菜 zao kai jin cai 

Description: Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 3-10 cm tall at anthesis, to 20 cm at fruiting. Rhizome erect, short, 4-20 cm, stout, to 9 mm in diam., often surrounded by remains of leaves of previous year in upper part; roots several, gray-white, long, robust, usually produced from lower part of rhizome, straight descending or sometimes subhorizontal. Leaves numerous, basal; stipules greenish or glaucous, membranous when dry, ca. 2/3 adnate to petioles, lower ones 7-9 mm wide, free part linear-lanceolate, 7-13 mm, margin remotely denticulate; petiole 1-5 cm at anthesis, to 13 cm at fruiting, robust, narrowly winged in upper part, glabrous or puberulous; leaf blade at anthesis oblong-ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 1-4.5 cm × 6-20 mm, both surfaces glabrous or puberulous, sometimes hairy only along veins, base slightly cordate, truncate, or broadly cuneate, slightly decurrent, margin usually involute when young, densely crenulate, apex obtuse or ± acute; leaf blade conspicuously enlarged at fruiting, to 10 × 4 cm, triangular-ovate, broadest near middle, base usually broadly cordate. Flowers purple-violet or purplish, light colored and purple striate at throat, large, 1.2-2 cm in diam., not fragrant; pedicels angled, exceeding leaves, robust, 2-bracteolate near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-8 mm, margin narrowly white membranous, apex acute, basal auricles 1-2 mm, apex irregularly dentate or subentire, ciliate or glabrous. Upper petals obovate, 8-11 mm, curved upward, lateral ones oblong-obovate, 8-12 mm, glabrous or rarely sparsely bearded, anterior one 1.4-2.5 cm (spur included); spur 5-9 mm, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., apex obtuse and curved upward. Appendage of connectives ca. 1.5 mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens ca. 4.5 mm, apex acute. Ovary narrowly ellipsoid, glabrous; styles clavate, base conspicuously geniculate, thickened in upper part; stigmas flat or slightly concave, very rounded or narrowly margined on lateral sides and abaxially, very shortly beaked in front, with a smaller stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, 5-12 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse, often with persistent styles. Seeds numerous, deep brown, ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., often brown-punctate. Fl. Mar-Apr and Oct, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 48*. 

Distributional Range: Native Asia-Temperate RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Khabarovsk, Primorye, Amur] CHINA: China [Heilongjiang Sheng, Henan Sheng, Hebei Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Jilin Sheng, Liaoning Sheng, Shanxi Sheng, Shandong Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, Ningxia Huizi Zizhiqu]

Habitat: Grasslands on mountain slopes, streamsides, alongside houses; below 2800 m. 

References:

1. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.

2. Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press.

3. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.

4. Personal Care Products Council. INCI

5. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).