[1] Subg. Neoandinium  

[1] Viola subg. Neoandinium Marcussen, Nicola, Danihelka, H. E. Ballard, A. R. Flores, J. S. Watson, subg. nov.

in Watson et al., Viola Subg. Andinium: 191. 2021.

Type species: Viola rosulata Poepp. & Endl. (Marcussen T. et al. 2022)/Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir., Encycl. 8: 630. 1808. Watson, J.M. et al. 2022

Description.—Perennial or annual herbs, usually forming subacaulous imbricate or loose rosettes, very rarely either caulescent, woody based, or dwarf ericoid subshrublet (in sect. Ericoidium). Axes not morphologically differentiated. Stems vertical, branched or not, occasionally arising from a buried branching “rhizome” (stolon-like persistent axes). Stipules inconspicuous or sometimes absent. Lamina usually spathulate, tapering into the petiole (pseudopetiole); margin entire, hyaline, crenulate, or lobed to pinnate; margin of juvenile laminas flat, not involute. Peduncle shorter or as long as mature laminas. Bottom petal usually cleft, rarely emarginate or entire. Spur present or rarely absent. Nectariferous appendage of the two bottom stamens filiform. Style at apex capitate and crested; crest 1–3 lobes or flanges at sides or top of style apex, or a continuous sharp dorsolateral rim, very rarely crest absent. Cleistogamous flowers not produced. Diploid. Base chromosome number x = 7.

Diagnostic characters.—Margin of juvenile laminas not involute OR peduncles not longer than mature leaves OR style capitate and crested OR cleistogamous flowers absent. 

Ploidy and accepted chromosome counts.—2x; 2n = 14.

Age.—Crown node age c. 20.3 Ma

Included species.—139.

Distribution.—From the equator (Ecuador) to southern Patagonia (Argentina) (Figure 10).

Distribution.—A monotypic section whose single-site component is an endemic of the Andes of Catamarca Province, northwestern Argentina

Etymology:  The well-established but illegitimate sectional name Andinium refers to the majority of species of the subgenus (90%) inhabiting the Andes mountains . Instead of combining the little used name Viola sect. Rosulatae to the subgenus level, we are

Subdivision: 11 Sections

        sect. Confertae 

sect. Ericoidium       

sect. Grandiflos

sect. Inconspicuiflos

sect. Relictium 

sect. Rhizomandinium

sect. Rosulatae 

sect. Sempervivum 

sect. Subandinium 

sect. Triflabellium 

sect. Xylobasis