vkingdom Plantae - plants »  divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants »  class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales »  family Violaceae »  tribus Violeae > genus Viola > Viola sect. Nosphinium  W. Becker  > Viola subsect. Pedatae (Pollard) ined. 

Viola pedata L 

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Description: Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–30 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. Leaves basal, 4–10, ascending to erect, deeply divided; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, lacerate, or shallowly divided, apex acute; petiole 2–12 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; blade 3–9(–10)-lobed, lobes similar in width and shape, spatulate, lanceolate ± linear, deltate, or ovate, 1–4 × 1–4 cm, base attenuate or broadly cordate to cuneate, margins entire, ciliate or eciliate, apex rounded to usually acute, surfaces usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent on abaxial veins. Peduncles 5–12 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers: sepals lanceolate, margins mostly ciliate, at least proximally, auricles 1–2 mm; petals uniformly light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces or upper 2 darker adaxially, sometimes white, upper and lateral 2 often darker basally, lowest, seldom others, dark violet-veined, all beardless, lowest white basally, 12–24 mm, spur white, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers absent. Capsules ellipsoid, 6–10 mm, glabrous.Seeds beige, mottled to brown, 1.4–3 mm. 2n = 56.

Distributional Range: Native Northern America EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Ontario (s.)] NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia] NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Wisconsin] SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas]

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora): e North America.

Viola pedata Linnaeus var. pedata  

Common names: Bird’s foot or bird-foot violet, violette pédalée Bird’s foot or bird-foot violet, violette pédalée

Synonims: Viola ampliata Greene; V. digitata Pursh; V. pedata var. atropurpurea Gingins; V. pedata var. inornata Greene; V. pedatavar. lineariloba Gingins; V. redunca House

Description: Leaf blades reniform or ovate to elliptic, 7–9-lobed, lobes spatulate, lanceolate, or ± linear, sometimes with narrowly deltate to falcate appendages toward apex, base broadly cordate to cuneate, apex acute, mucronulate. Flowering Mar–Jun. 

Distribution:  Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va., Wis.

Habitat: Sandy, open woods, fields, and rights-of-way; 0–2000 m

Notes: The orange tips of the stamens of var. pedata are exerted.

Viola pedata Linnaeus var. ranunculifolia Gingins 

Synonims: Viola ranunculifolia Jussieu ex Poiret in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 8: 626. 1808

Description: Leaf blades ovate to narrowly elliptic, 3–5(–10)-lobed, lobes deltate or ovate, base cuneate, apex rounded to acute. Flowering Mar–Jun. 

Habitat: Sandy, open woods; 50–200 m; 

Distribution: N.C., S.C.

Notes: Variety ranunculifolia is apparently endemic to the Fall Line Sandhill physiographic province of South Carolina and North Carolina.

References:

1. Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.

2. McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.

3. McKinney, L. E. & N. H. Russell. 2002. Violaceae of the southeastern United States. Castanea 67:375.

4. McKinney, L. E. 1992. A taxonomic revision of the acaulescent blue violets (Viola) of North America

5. Ohio Flora Committee (E. L. Braun, T. S. Cooperrider, T. R. Fisher, J. J. Furlow). 1967-. The vascular flora of Ohio.

6. Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.

7. Russell, N. H. 1965. Violets (Viola) of central and eastern United States: An introductory survey. Sida 2:48.

8. Scoggan, H. J. 1978-1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.

9. Strausbaugh, T. D. & E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, ed. 2.

10. Voss, E. 1972-. Michigan flora.