kingdom Plantae - plants »  divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants »  class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales »  family Violaceae »  tribus Violeae > genus Viola > Viola sect. Plagiostigma Godr.  > Viola subsect. Adnatae W. Becker 

Viola dissecta Ledeb.

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Common Name: 裂叶堇菜 lie ye jin cai ; Фиалка рассечённая 

Synon.: Viola dissecta var. dissecta Ledeb. 

Description: Herbs perennial, acaulescent, highly variable in height, 3-17 cm tall at anthesis, 4-34 cm tall at fruiting. Rhizome erect, short, 5-12 mm, 3-8 mm in diam., densely noded, often producing from lower part several thicker yellowish roots. Stipules of basal leaves glaucous to greenish, over 2/3 adnate to petioles, free part narrowly lanceolate, submembranous, margin remotely denticulate, apex acuminate; petioles highly variable in length and indumentum, 1.5-24 cm, those of young leaves often pubescent, glabrescent; blades of basal leaves orbicular, reniform, or broadly ovate, 1.2-9 × 1.5-10 cm, both surfaces white pubescent, later glabrescent or sparsely pubescent only adaxially, veins conspicuously raised and pubescent or glabrous abaxially, usually 3-, rarely 5-sect, segments linear, oblong, or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 0.2-3 cm wide, margin entire or sparsely irregularly dentate, or subpinnatilobed, terminal lobes usually minutely ciliate, blade not divided, margin incised. Flowers purplish or purple-violet, large; pedicels usually subequaling or slightly exceeding leaves, usually shorter than leaves at fruiting, hairy or glabrous, 2-bracteolate above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, 4-7 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex ± acute, basal auricles short, 1-1.5 mm, apex truncate, entire or 1- or 2-denticulate. Upper petals narrowly obovate, 8-13 × 6-9 mm, slightly curved upward in upper part, lateral ones oblong-obovate, 7-10 mm × ca. 6 mm, sparsely bearded, anterior one (including spur) 1.4- 2.2 cm; spur conspicuous, cylindric, 4-8 mm, 2-3 mm in diam., apex obtuse and slightly enlarged. Anthers 1.5-2 mm, appendage of connectives 1.5-2 mm, spur of anterior 2 stamens long, 3-5 mm, slender, 0.5-0.7 mm in diam. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 1.8 mm, glabrous; styles clavate, 2-2.5 mm, slightly slender at base and slightly geniculate forward; stigmas slightly thickened and margined on lateral sides and abaxially, margins spreading, shortly beaked in front, with a conspicuous stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, 7-18 mm, apex acute, pericarp hard, glabrous. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. May-Oct. 

Distributional Range:  Native Asia-Temperate SIBERIA: Russian Federation, [Gorno-Altay, Tyumen] Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia] MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan

MONGOLIA: Mongolia RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Amur] CHINA: China [Zhejiang Sheng, Hebei Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Jilin Sheng, Liaoning Sheng, Shanxi Sheng, Shandong Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, Xizang Zizhiqu]

Habitat:  In forest glades, steppe slopes, outliers, fallows, in shrubby and oak thickets along slopes and along river banks

 Viola dissecta var. dissecta 

裂叶堇菜(原变种) lie ye jin cai (yuan bian zhong)

Viola dissecta f. pubescens (Regel) Kitagawa; V. dissecta var. pubescens (Regel) Kitagawa; V. ×lii Kitagawa; V. pinnata Linnaeus var. dissecta (Ledebour) Regel; V. pinnata subsp. multifida W. Becker.

Leaf blade cordate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, deeply divided. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. May-Oct. 2n = 24*.

Grasslands on mountain slopes, mixed forest margins, thickets, field margins, roadsides; below 3000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, N Sichuan [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

Viola dissecta var. incisa (Turczaninow) Y. S. Chen, 

总裂叶堇菜 zong lie ye jin cai

Basionym: Viola incisa Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 302. 1842; V. fissifolia Kitagawa; V. ×jettmarii Handel-Mazzetti.

Leaf blade ovate, 1.5-3 × 1-1.5 cm, accrescent at fruiting, to 5 cm, both surfaces densely white puberulous, base broadly cuneate, margin irregularly emarginate-lobed to emarginate-fid, lower lobes irregularly 2- or 3-dentate, apex ± acute. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Oct.

Forest margins on mountains, grasslands in logged forest areas, grasslands on mountain slopes; below 1300 m. Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia, Russia].

Nikitin prefer to treat Viola incisa as a distinct species, at least in Russia, and considers V. fissifolia also possibly to be a separate species.

References:

1. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.

2. Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press.

3. Grubov, V. I. 2001. Key to the vascular plants of Mongolia

4. Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening

5. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.