kingdom Plantae - plants »  divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants »  class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales »  family Violaceae »  tribus Violeae > genus Viola > Viola sect. Plagiostigma Godr.  > Viola subsect. Adnatae W. Becker 

Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W. Becker

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Synon.: Viola albida var. chaerophylloides (Regel) F. Maek.; Viola dissecta var. chaerophylloides (Regel) Makino; Viola pinnata var. chaerophylloides Regel; Viola sieboldiana var. chaerophylloides (Regel) Nakai

Common Name: 南山堇菜 nan shan jin cai ; Фиалка бутенелистная 

Description: Herbs perennial, acaulescent, dwarf at anthesis, 4-20 cm tall, to more than 30 cm tall at fruiting. Rhizome erect, short, 3-10 mm, stout, surrounded by remains of stipules, with 3-6 robust yellowish or white roots. Basal leaves 2-6, long petiolate; stipules over 1/2 adnate to petioles, broadly lanceolate, membranous, margin sparsely denticulate and ciliate or entire, apex acuminate; petioles 3-9 cm at anthesis, usually green, sometimes purplish, glabrous, nitid, elongated at fruiting to more than 20 cm; leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent along veins, 3-sect, segments shortly stipitate, lateral segments deeply 2-fid, central segment deeply 2- or 3-fid, terminal lobes highly variable in shape and size, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, margin irregularly dentate or shallowly divided, sometimes triparted to pinnatiparted or 3-lobed, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers white, creamy-white, or purplish, large, 2-2.5 cm in diam., fragrant; pedicels usually purplish, nitid, subequaling or exceeding leaves at anthesis, glabrous, 2-bracteolate above middle; bracteoles linear or linear-lanceolate, margin very remotely and minutely denticulate. Sepals oblong-ovate or narrowly ovate, 1-1.4 cm, basal auricles developed, 4.5-6 mm, glabrous, 3-veined, margin membranous, apex irregularly emarginate or shallowly divided. Petals broadly obovate, upper petals 1.3-1.5 cm × ca. 9 mm, lateral ones ca. 1.5 × 0.7 cm, sparsely bearded, anterior one purple-striate, 1.6-2 cm (spur included); spur long, 5-7 mm, stout, straight or slightly curved downward. Anthers 2.5-3 mm, spur of anterior 2 stamens ca. 5 mm, slender, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Ovary ca. 2 mm, glabrous; styles ca. 3 mm, base slightly geniculate; stigmas slightly thickly margined on lateral sides and abaxially, slightly raised in central part, shortly beaked in front, with a rounded stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, large, 1-1.6 cm, glabrous, apex acute. Seeds numerous, ovoid, ca. 2.2 mm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. 

Distributional Range:  Native Asia-Temperate RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Primorye] CHINA: China [Anhui Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Hebei Sheng, Heilongjiang Sheng, Henan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Jilin Sheng, Liaoning Sheng, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, Qinghai Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Shandong Sheng, Shanxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng (n.), Zhejiang Sheng]

Habitat: Mixed forests, forest margins, shaded and moist places in stream valleys, thickets on sunny slopes, grassy slopes; below 2000 m. 

• Viola chaerophylloides var. chaerophylloides

• Viola chareophylloides var. sieboldiana (Maximowicz) Makino (Viola chaerophylloides f. sieboldiana (Maximowicz) F. Maekawa)

References:

1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) URL: www.skud.info

2. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.

3. Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press.

4. Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening Note: lists as Viola chaerophylloides Makino

5. Igari, M. 1996. Wild violets of Japan Note: book almost entirely in Japanese

6. Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.

7. Jiangsu Inst. Bot., ed. v. 1; Shan. R. H., ed. v. 2. 1977-1982. Jiangsu Zhiwuzhi (Flora of Jiangsu).

8. Kitagawa, M. 1979. Neo-lineamenta florae Manshuricae. Note: lists as "chamaephylloides"

9. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.

10. Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea. Note: = Viola dissecta var. chaerophylloides (Regel) Makino

11. Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.). Note: = Viola dissecta f. chaerophylloides

12. Steward, A. N. 1958. Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze valley.

13. Tai Hyun Chung. 1965. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea, vol. 5, Tracheophyta.