kingdom Plantae - plants »  divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants »  class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales »  family Violaceae »  tribus Violeae > genus Viola >Viola sect. Chamaemelanium Ging.   > Viola subsect. Nudicaules W. Becker 

Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W. Becker

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Synon.: Viola uniflora Linnaeus var. orientalis Maximowicz, Enum. Pl. Mongolia, 81. 1889; V. conferta (W. Becker) Nakai; V. orientalis var. conferta W. Becker; V. xanthopetala Nakai.  

Common nammes: 东方堇菜 dong fang jin cai ; Фиалка восточная 

Description: Herbs perennial. Rhizome usually erect, sometimes obliquely ascending, 1-3 cm, robust, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely noded; roots numerous, white to yellowish brown, to 10 cm, with numerous filiform rootlets in lower part. Stems erect, 6-10 cm tall, usually puberulous. Stipules small, adnate to petiole only at base, free part ovate, 1-2 mm, margin entire or remotely serrulate; basal leaf petiole 3-10 cm; blade ovate, broadly so, or elliptic, 2-4 × 1.5-3 cm, abaxially puberulous, adaxially subglabrous, base cordate, sometimes subtruncate, margin obtusely serrate, apex acute; cauline leaves 3(or 4), upper 2 very shortly petiolate or subsessile, subopposite, lower ones shortly petiolate, above middle of stem. Flowers yellow, ca. 2 mm in diam., usually 1-3 in cauline leaf axils; pedicels 1-3 cm, white puberulous, sometimes glabrous, 2-bracteolate at upper part; bracteoles usually opposite, sometimes alternate, ovate, small, 1-2 mm. Sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm, apex acute, basal auricles suborbicular, short. Petals obovate, upper and lateral petals curved toward outside, upper ones dark purple striate, lateral ones inside conspicuously barbate, anterior one shorter, 1-1.5 cm (spur included); spur saccate, short, 1-2 mm; spur of anterior stamens ca. 0.5 mm wide. Ovary glabrous; styles slightly straight at base, gradually thickened upward; stigmas capitate, with several series of long beards on lateral sides. Capsule greenish, ellipsoid or oblong, 7-12 mm, often dark purple punctate. Seeds white to brownish, ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Jul. 2n = 12. 

Distributional Range: Native Asia-Temperate RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Primorye] CHINA: China [Jilin Sheng, Liaoning Sheng, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu] EASTERN ASIA: Japan, [Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku] Korea 

Habitat: Sparse forests on mountains, forest margins, thickets, grasslands on mountain slopes; 100-1100 m. 

References:

1. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.

2. Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press.

3. Igari, M. 1996. Wild violets of Japan 10. Note: book almost entirely in Japanese

4. Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.

5. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.

6. Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea. Note: = Viola xanthopetala

7. Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).