kingdom Plantae - plants »  divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants »  class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales »  family Violaceae »  tribus Violeae > genus Viola > Viola sect. Melanium  Ging. 

Viola arvensis Murray 

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Synonim: Viola tricolor var. arvensis (Murr.) Boiss.; Viola tricolor subsp. arvensis (Murray) Nyman; Viola agrestis Jordan; Viola atlantica Pomel; Viola aurasiaca  Pomel; Viola gracilis var. aurasiaca  (Pomel) Batt.; Viola banatica  Kit. ex Roem. & Schult.; Viola arvensis subsp. megalantha  Nauenb.; Viola megalantha  (Nauenb.) G.H. Loos; Viola ruralis  Jordan ex Boreau

Common names: Field or wild pansy, European field pansy, violette des champs Field or wild pansy, European field pansy, violette des champs 

                                       野生堇菜 ye sheng jin cai ; Фиалка полевая; åkerviol 

Distributional Range: 

Native

• Africa 

  • MACARONESIA: Portugal, [Madeira Islands] Spain [Canarias]

  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria (n.), Morocco, Tunisia

• Asia-Temperate 

  • WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Iran, Turkey

  • SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia, [Eastern Siberia] Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia]

• Europe 

  • NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom

  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland

  • EASTERN EUROPE: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation-European part, [European part] Ukraine (incl. Krym)

  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Macedonia, Montenegro,Romania, Serbia, Slovenia

  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Andorra, France (incl. Corsica), Portugal, Spain

Naturalized (natzd. elsewhere)

Habitat: Weeds in exposed places, abandoned fields,  cultivated , roadsides, lawns; 0–3000 m 

Notes: 

A. R. Clapham et al. (1987) noted that Viola arvensis is pollinated by insects and is often selfed; T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson (2010) stated that V. arvensis regularly self-pollinates. Roots of V. arvensis have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (A. E. Radford et al. 1968; W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). Viola arvensis is not vegetatively distinguishable from V. tricolor var. tricolor.

G. Halliday (pers. comm.) reported that Viola arvensis occurs in southwestern Greenland, where it is introduced, and is ephemeral on St. Pierre and Miquelon.

References: see GRIN