vkingdom Plantae - plants » divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants » class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales » family Violaceae » tribus Violeae > genus Viola > Viola sect. Nosphinium W. Becker > Viola subsect. Boreali-Americanae (W. Becker) Gil-ad

Viola brittoniana Pollard - Northern Coastal Violet

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Synon.: Viola atlantica Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 92. 1897, not Pomel 1874; V. baxteri House; V. brittoniana var.pectinata (E. P. Bicknell) Alexander; V. pectinata E. P. Bicknell; V. pedatifida G. Don subsp. brittoniana (Pollard) L. E. McKinney; V. pedatifida var. brittoniana (Pollard) R. J. Little & L. E. McKinney

Common name: Coast or coastal violet Coast or coastal violet

Description: Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–30 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. Leaves basal, 5–9, ascending to erect, 5–9-lobed; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, apex obtuse; petiole 3–16 cm, usually glabrous; mid-season blades incised or lobed throughout, earliest blades lobed (plants homophyllous), similar to mid-season blades, middle and lateral blade lobes differ in width and/or shape, middle lobes lanceolate or spatulate to narrowly obovate, lateral lobes lanceolate or spatulate to falcate (each sometimes with deltate to falcate appendages or teeth along margins), 1–7 × 2–8 cm, base truncate to cordate, margins entire, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces usually glabrous, rarely with a few strigose, hairs concentrated on veins. Peduncles 5–18 cm, usually glabrous. Flowers: sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm; petals light to soft reddish violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally, dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–25 mm, sometimes bearded, spur same color as petals, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on ascending to erect peduncles. Capsules ellipsoid, 10–15 mm, glabrous. Seeds beige, mottled to bronze, 1.5–2.5 mm. 2n = 54.

Flowering Apr–Jun

Distributional Range: Native Northern America NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania] SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia]

Habitat: Alluvial woods, mesic forests on slopes near streams, wet fields, salt meadows; 0–100 m

Notes:

Britton considered Viola brittoniana similar to V. pedatifida, apparently making him the first to recognize their affinity. Both are homophyllous and similar in other characters (L. E. McKinney 1992). McKinney recognized V. brittoniana as a variety of V. pedatifida. Additional evidence (N. L. Gil-Ad 1997; A. Haines 2011) suggests that these taxa are sufficiently distinct to continue recognition as separate species.

Viola pectinata has sharply dentate leaves and is closely related to V. brittoniana, usually occurring with it. N. L. Gil-Ad (1997) made a convincing argument to recognize it as a form; A. Haines (2011) recognized it as a species. Others have considered it to be a sporadic form that may be of hybrid origin, or, as N. H. Russell (1965) suggested, is due to genetic dimorphism. We are reserving a decision on treating this taxon until additional studies are completed.

A. Haines (2011) reported that the distribution of Viola brittoniana in Maine is actually based on the hybrid V. ×insolitaHouse (V. brittoniana × V. sororia).

Viola brittoniana reportedly hybridizes with V. cucullata (= V. ×notabilis E. P. Bicknell), V. sagittata var. sagittata (= V. ×mulfordiae Pollard), and V. sororia (= V. ×insolita).

References:

1. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. Note: = Viola brittoniana
2. McKinney, L. E. & N. H. Russell. 2002. Violaceae of the southeastern United States. Castanea 67:376.
3. McKinney, L. E. 1992. A taxonomic revision of the acaulescent blue violets (Viola) of North America