kingdom Plantae - plants »  divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants »  class Rosopsida - eudicots » order Malpighiales »  family Violaceae »  tribus Violeae > genus Viola > Viola sect. Plagiostigma Godr.  > Viola subsect. Adnatae W. Becker 

Viola mandshurica W. Becker

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Synon.: Viola alisoviana Kiss f. intermedia (Kitagawa) Takenouchi; V. hsinganensis Takenouchi; V. mandshurica f. albiflora P. Y. Fu & Y. C. Teng; V. mandshurica f. ciliata (Nakai) F. Maekawa; V. mandshurica var. ciliata Nakai; V. mandshurica f. glabra (Nakai) Hiyama ex Maekawa; V. mandshurica var. glabra Nakai; V. mandshurica f. macrantha (Maximowicz) Nakai & Kitagawa; V. oblongosagittata Nakai f. ishizakii Yamamoto; V. patrinii Candolle ex Gingins f. glabra (Nakai) F. Maekawa; V. patrinii var. macrantha Maximowicz; V. philippica Cavanilles f. intermedia (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; V. rhodosepala Kitagawa; V. yedoensis Makino f. intermedia Kitagawa. 

Common name: 东北堇菜 dong bei jin cai ; Фиалка маньчжурская 

Description: Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 6-18 cm tall. Rhizome erect, dark brown, short, 5-12 mm, densely noded, often producing from a single point several robust brown long roots; roots obliquely descending or sometimes slightly horizontal, usually smooth. Leaves 3-5 or numerous, basal; stipules membranous, lower ones scalelike, brown, upper ones brownish, purplish, or glaucous, over 2/3 adnate to petiole, free part linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, margin remotely denticulate or subentire; petiole 2.5-8 cm, narrowly winged in upper part, wing conspicuously broadened after anthesis, puberulous or glabrous; leaf blade oblong, ligulate, or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones usually smaller and narrowly ovate, 2-6 × 0.5-1.5 cm, accrescent after anthesis, narrowly triangular, elliptic-lanceolate, or slightly hastate, to 10 × 5 cm, broadest in lowest part, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulous, midvein conspicuously raised abaxially, base truncate or broadly cuneate, decurrent to petiole, margin remotely and shallowly repand-crenate or sometimes subentire in lower part, apex obtuse or rounded. Flowers purple-violet or purplish, sometimes white, ca. 2 cm in diam.; pedicels long, usually exceeding leaves, slender, glabrous or puberulous, usually 2-bracteolate below or near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-7 mm, apex acuminate, basal auricles short, 1.5-2 mm, broad, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded or truncate, usually not dentate. Upper petals obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm × 5-8 mm, lateral ones oblong-obovate, 1.1-1.5 cm × 4-6 mm, distinctly or sparsely bearded, anterior one 1.5-2.3 cm (spur included); spur cylindric, long, 5-10 mm, robust, apex rounded, curved upward or straight. Appendage of connectives ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens 4-6 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous; styles clavate, base slender and geniculate forward, thicker in upper part; stigmas slightly thickened on lateral sides and abaxially and with erect, thin margins, shortly beaked in front, beak obliquely ascending, with a larger stigma hole at tip. Capsule oblong, 1-1.5 cm, glabrous, apex acute. Seeds brownish red, numerous, ovoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24, 48*. 

Distributional Range: Native Asia-Temperate SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia] RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Kurile Islands, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Amur] CHINA: China [Gansu Sheng, Hebei Sheng, Heilongjiang Sheng, Jilin Sheng, Liaoning Sheng, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, Shaanxi Sheng, Shandong Sheng, Shanxi Sheng] EASTERN ASIA: Japan, [Hokkaidô, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku] Korea, Taiwan

Habitat: Grasslands, grassy slopes, thickets, forest margins, sparse forests, fields, sandy places along river banks; below 1000 m .

References:

1. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.

2. Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press.

3. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. 1993-. Flora of Taiwan, ed. 2.

4. Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening

5. Igari, M. 1996. Wild violets of Japan Note: book almost entirely in Japanese

6. Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.

7. Kitagawa, M. 1979. Neo-lineamenta florae Manshuricae.

8. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.

9. Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.

10. Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.

11. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.

12. Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).

13. Personal Care Products Council. INCI

14. Tai Hyun Chung. 1965. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea, vol. 5, Tracheophyta.

15. Wang, J. C. & T. C. Huang. 1990. Notes on the flora of Taiwan (9) the Viola L. (Violaceae). Taiwania 35:44.