PALEOLITHIC & MESOLITHIC SPOUSES
A number of Paleolithic and Mesolithic Haplotypes were often associated with my Y-DNA I & I1ancestors, and thus most likely ancestral to their spouses:
mtDNA Haplogroup R - descends from macro-Haplogroup N and the first woman to have this DNA is believed to have lived in the Near East 55,000 years ago - Familypedia.
mtDNA Haplogroup U: descends from a woman in the Haplogroup R (mtDNA) branch of the phylogenetic tree. She lived between 43,000 and 50,000 years ago, in the early Upper Paleolithic (around 46,530 ± 3,290 years before present, with a 95% confidence interval per Behar et al., 2012). Ancient DNA classified as belonging to the U* mitochondrial haplogroup has been recovered from human skeletal remains found in Western Siberia, which have been dated to c. 45,000 years ago. - wikipedia
mtDNA "Haplogroup U2 [named 'Uta' by Bryan Sykes] is an extremely old lineage, going back at least 40,000 years, when Homo sapiens first expanded from the Middle East into South Asia and Central Asia, and before they even set foot in Europe. Two of the oldest Homo sapiens DNA samples from Europe tested to date, a 37,000 and a 33,000-year old Cro-Magnons from the Kostenki site on the Don River in the Russia, both belonged to haplogroup U2 (see Krause et al. 2010 and Fu et al. 2016). Their paternal lineages were indentified as Y-haplogroups C1b and CT, two Paleolithic lineages that are now believed to be extinct in Europe. Y-haplogroup C was the first to leave Africa and colonise Eurasia 70,000 years ago. C1b still exists today in the Arabian peninsula, in India and in Polynesia (Hawaii, Micronesia, New Zealand). The extremely wide dispersal of Y-DNA haplogroup C and mtDNA haplogroup U2 attest to their antiquity. More U2 samples were identified among other Paleolithic and Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers, including four Gravettian U2* individuals from Goyet Cave in Belgium dating from 22,000 to 24,000 years ago (Posht et al. 2016) - Maciamo Hay, Haplotype U2 (mtDNA)
mtDNA U2e - "a 11,000 year-old U2e from Blätterhöhle in Germany (Bollongino et al. 2013), two 9,500 year-old U2e individuals from Karelia in Russia (Der Sarkissian 2011), and two 8,000 year-old U2e1 individuals from Motala in Sweden (Lazaridis et al. 2014)." - Maciamo Hay, Haplotype U2 (mtDNA)
U2e - - together with I1 in Mesolithic Scandinavian,
mtDNA U4 - (named 'Ulrike' by Bryan Sykes) has its origin in the Upper Palaeolithic, dating to approximately 25,000 years ago. It is widely distributed in Europe, and has been implicated in the expansion of modern humans into Europe occurring before the Last Glacial Maximum. - Familypedia.
"Haplogroup U4 make a strong come back during the Bronze Age, where it is found at high frequency among remains from the Proto-Indo-European Corded Ware culture and Catacomb culture (a staggering 25% of the 28 samples, see Wilde et al. 2014)), both associated with the diffusion of R1a to Central Europe and Scandinavia. U4 also shows up in the Unetice culture, a mixed R1a and R1b culture that existed around what is now Germany. The subclades identified for the Corded Ware and Unetice cultures were respectively U4a1 and U4c1. Both of these subclades are also found in Central Asia today, confirming the Indo-European connection. U4 was also found in the Yamna culture, the presumed homeland (or Urheimat) of Proto-Indo-European speakers in the Pontic Steppe." - Maciamo Hay, Haplotype U4 (mtDNA)
U4 - together with I1 in Mesolithic Central European
mtDNA U5 - Among the oldest mtDNA haplogroups found in European remains of Homo sapiens is U5. The age of U5 is estimated at 50,000 but could be as old as 60,500 years. Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans are in haplogroup U5. The presence of haplogroup U5 in Europe pre-dates the expansion of agriculture in Europe. Bryan Sykes' popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve calculated that it arose 45,000-50,000 years ago in the area of Delphi, Greece and named the originator of haplogroup U5 Ursula. However the details related to location and age are speculative. Barbujani and Bertorelle estimate the age of haplogroup U5 as about 52,000 years ago, being the oldest subclade of haplogroup U.[15] Thus, the name 'Ursula' could be applied to the entirety of haplogroup U, as well as U5. U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia [16], Sweden [17], and France [18]" - Familypedia.
U5a & U5b - together with I1 in Mesolithic Central European (7,000 - 9,00)
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mtDNA HAPLOGROUP H (Sykes "Helena") - "daughter " of HV, who descends from R
"Phylogeographic studies suggest that mitochondrial (mt) haplogroup H (hg H) arrived in Europe from the Near East prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (22,000 BP), and survived in glacial refugia in Southwest Europe before undergoing a postglacial re-expansion." They were subsequently evidenced in Central European sites right down to the Iron Age. - Paul Brotherton et al, Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans, Nat Commun. 2013; 4: 1764.
This means mtDNA H females were living alongside my Y-DNA I and I1 ancestors close to 20,000 years.
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RELATED ANCESTRAL Y-DNA HAPLOTYPES
Y-DNA Haplotype C - descends from CF approximately 60,000 years ago. It attains its highest frequencies among the indigenous populations of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Russian Far East, Polynesia, Australia, and at moderate frequency in Korea and Manchu people.
Y-DNA haplotype C1a - was associated with my Y-DNA I ancestors when they colonized Europe during during the Aurignacian period (Click on I & I1 for more)
Y-DNA haplotype C1a2 - together with I1 in Mesolithic Central European
Y-DNA C1b - was associated with my Y-DNA I ancestors when they colonized Europe during during the Aurignacian period (Click on I & I1 for more)
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Y-DNA Haplogroup G descends from macro-haplogroup F, which is thought to represent the second major migration of Homo sapiens out of Africa, at least 60,000 years ago.
Members of haplogroup G2 appear to have been closely linked to the development of early agriculture in the Fertile Crescent part, starting 11,500 years before present. The G2a branch expanded to Anatolia, the Caucasus and Europe, while G2b diffused from Iran across the Fertile Crescent and east to Pakistan.
G2a was the dominant lineages of Neolithic farmers and herders who migrated from Anatolia to Europe between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago.
By the Iron Age, the G2a population in most of Europe had been decimated by the Indo-European invasions, followed by Celtic warfare. G2a sought refuge from the invaders in the mountains.
The ancient Latins and Romans descend from the Italic tribes who invaded the Italian peninsula from 1200 BCE. They seem to have belonged primarily to haplogroup R1b-U152 (=> see Genetics of the Italian people), but to have carried a substantial minority of G2a-L140 lineages, especially the L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades.
the frequency of haplogroup G decreases with the distance from the boundaries of the empire. Haplogroup G is much rarer in Nordic and Baltic countries nowadays than in Great Britain, despite the fact that agriculture reached those regions around the same time. It is therefore not inconceivable that a part of the G2a in Great Britain, and especially in Wales (where G2a is the highest) should be of Roman origin. - Maciamo Hay, Haplotype G2a (Y-chromosome DNA)
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Y-DNA Haplogroup R* - "has been identified in the remains of a 24,000 year-old boy from the Altai region, in south-central Siberia (Raghavan et al. 2013) ...
Y-DNA R1b - "The first major expansion of R1a took place with the westward propagation of the Corded Ware (or Battle Axe) culture (2800-1800 BCE) from the northern forest-steppe in the Yamna homeland. This was the first wave of R1a into Europe, the one that brought the Z283 subclade to Germany and the Netherlands, and Z284 to Scandinavia. The Corded Ware R1a people would have mixed with the pre-Germanic I1 and I2 aborigines, which resulted in the first Indo-European culture in Germany and Scandinavia, although that culture could not be considered Proto-Germanic - it was simply Proto-Indo-European at that stage, or perhaps or Proto-Balto-Slavic.
"Germanic languages probably did not appear before the Nordic Bronze Age (1800-500 BCE). Proto-Germanic language probably developed as a blend of two branches of Indo-European languages, namely the Proto-Balto-Slavic language of the Corded-Ware culture (R1a-Z283) and the later arrival of Proto-Italo-Celto-Germanic people from the Unetice culture (R1b-L11)." - Maciamo Hay, Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA).
Y-DNA R1b - "The earliest evidence of cattle domestication dates from circa 8,500 BCE in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Taurus Mountains. The two oldest archaeological sites showing signs of cattle domestication are the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in northern Iraq, two sites only 250 km away from each others. This is presumably the area from which R1b lineages started expanding - or in other words the "original homeland" of R1b ...
R1b-M269 (the most common form in Europe) is closely associated with the diffusion of Indo-European languages, as attested by its presence in all regions of the world where Indo-European languages were spoken in ancient times ... R1b-M269's main subclade, L23, is thought to have appeared, around 4,500 BCE. 99% of Indo-European R1b descends from this L23 clade ...
The principal Proto-Germanic branch of the Indo-European family tree is R1b-S21 (a.k.a. U106 or M405). This haplogroup is found at high concentrations in the Netherlands and north-west Germany. It is likely that R1b-S21 lineages expanded in this region through a founder effect during the Unetice period, then penetrated into Scandinavia around 1700 BCE (probably alongside R1a-L664), thus creating a new culture, that of the Nordic Bronze Age (1700-500 BCE). R1b-S21 would then have blended for more than a millennium with pre-existing Scandinavian populations, represented by haplogroups I1, I2-L801, R1a-Z284 ...
The presence of R1b-S21 in other parts of Europe can be attributed almost exclusively to the Germanic migrations that took place between the 3rd and the 10th century. The Frisians and Anglo-Saxons disseminated this haplogroup to England and the Scottish Lowlands, the Franks to Belgium and France, the Burgundians to eastern France, the Suebi to Galicia and northern Portugal, and the Lombards to Austria and Italy. The Goths help propagate S21 around Eastern Europe, but apparently their Germanic lineages were progressively diluted by blending with Slavic and Balkanic populations, and their impact in Italy, France and Spain was very minor. Later the Danish and Norwegian Vikings have also contributed to the diffusion of R1b-S21 (alongside I1, I2b1 and R1a) around much of Western Europe, but mainly in Iceland, in the British Isles, in Normandy, and in the southern Italy ....
R1b is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching over 80% of the population in Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, western Wales, the Atlantic fringe of France, the Basque country and Catalonia." - Maciamo Hay, Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA).
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SUBCLADES OF Y-DNA Haplotype I (Click on I & I1 for more)
Y-DNA I2* - together with I1 in Mesolithic Central European, later in Scandinavia
Y-DNA I2a* - together with I1 in Mesolithic Central European, later in Scandinavia
Y-DNA I2a1 - together with I1 in Mesolithic Central European, later in Scandinavia
Y-DNA I2c - together with I1 in Mesolithic Central European, later in Scandinavia