I. Newspapers and Periodicals in late 19th century Japan.日本発刊の新聞雑誌

(1) 1861 (文久元年) 6.22. Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser. 1st English newspaper published by A.W. Hansard (an Englishman) 28 issues

(2) 1861 (文久元年）-1914 (大正3年) Japan Herald. A.W. Hansard ended the Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser after 28 issues and moved to Yokohama and started published Japan Herald

(3) 1862 (文久2年) Japan Express, published by an American named ショイヤー Raphael Schoyer

(4) 1863 (文久3年) May Japan Commercial News, published by a Portugues person named F. da Roza エフ・ダ・ローザfor 2 years. The printing machine was sold to an Englishman, Charles Rickerby

(5) 1865 September-1870 Japan Times published by Charles Rickerby in Yokohama

(6) 1867 Japan Gazette published by John Black

(7) 1868 Hiogo News and Osaka Herald

(8) 1870 Japan Mail published after the Japan Times ceased.

(9) 1878 Japan Mail & Times

(10) 1879 Kobe Advertiser and Shipping Register

(11) 1890 Japan Advertiser

(12) 1891 Kobe Chronicle

II. Foreign Periodicals in late 19th century.19世紀後半の海外の定期刊行物

(1) The Illustrated London News (ILN).

September 20, 1866, ILN: JAPAN.

A war has broken out between the Tycoon and Prince Choishu, which has led to the closing of the Strait of Simonasaki. The Tycoon had hitherto been victorious.

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October 13, 1866, ILN: JAPAN.

By an overland telegram from Galle we learn that the last advices received from Shanghai from Japan report the defeat of the Tycoon by Prince Choishu. On Aug. 25 a treaty of commerce was signed between Italy and Japan, which will come into operation on Jan. 1.

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October 29, 1866, ILN: JAPAN.

The Overland China Mail publishes the following information concerning affairs in Japan —“Choshiu has been beaten by the troops of the Tycoon. It appears that he had accepted the terms offered him by the latter, but his retainers would not allow him to fulfil his art of the engagement, so war became inevitable, and at first oshiu was worsted. Just before the mail left, however, news came that his troops had in turn defeated those of the Tycoon.

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(2) THE BUILDER

March 30, 1843. Chinese Architecture.

Chinese Architecture and Building

English Buildings in China

Church in China

December 15, 1849, Chinese Buildings in California.

November 1, 1851, Chinese Workmen Built an English House

January 5, 1861, The Chinese and Their Capital City.

January 10, 1863, Opening up China.

November 5, 1864, The European General Hospital, Bombay

by captain Wilkins, R.E., Mr. T. Roger Smith.

［和訳］

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June 24, 1865, Architecture and Engineering in India

September 29, 1866, New Custom-House, Bombay.

by Mr. Cuthbert Brodrick, architect.

May 2, 1868, On Buildings for European Occupation in Tropical Climates, Especially INDIA, part 1.

by Mr. T. Roger Smith

May 16, 1868, On Buildings for European Occupation in Tropical Climates, Especially INDIA, part 2.

by Mr. T. Roger Smith

June 5, 1869, Architecture in Madras.

by Mr. Chisholm.

October 30, 1869, Public Works in India.

August 27, 1870, Modern Architecture in India.

December 31, 1870, The System for the Utilisation of Sewage.

February 4, 1871, Civil Engineering College for India.

December 8, 1873, The Architecture of China

December 26, 1874, Progress in China

February 7, 1874, Chinese Progress.

January 3, 1880, Chinese Labour.

February 16, 1861, Japanese Genius for Imitation.

January 24, 1874, How They Manage Things in Japan.

July 17, 1875, The Drainage of Madras.

March 6, 1875, The Drainage of Bambay.

August 15, 1874, Architectural Education in Japan, and Progress of the Country.

May 2, 1877. Japanese Prison.

September 14, 1878. Works in Japan.

December 21, 1878.  Institution of Civil Engineers.

April 13, 1878. The Architecture of Japan.

March 9, 1878. Notes on Japanese Architecture.

March 16, 1878. Notes on Japanese Architecture.

April, 10, 1880. BUILDINGS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE, PART I.

By Mr. E. C. Robins, F.8.A. Read at the Society of Arts on the 7th last.

   It has long been the meritorious privilege of this Society to inaugurate valuable reforms in social and political economy, and to materially aid in the development of educational, industrial, and commercial enterprise. It is here that the enthusiast, charged with some fixed idea as to the particular mode by which improvements may be effected in any time-honoured custom, or antiquated system of doing or thinking, may deliver himself of his crotchet, and bring to the test of discussion the result of his lucubrations.

   The earnestness and honesty with which opinions may be stated are sure of appreciation here, even though the convictions themselves do not find approval, and, therefore it is that one feels free to speak one's mind in this room without let or hindrance, knowing well that the wheat will be separated from the chaff by the interchange of ideas, and progress of a more or less substantial character will result from the consideration of the questions at issue.

  Upon the subject before us to-night an immense variety of opinion has existed, and still exists, and it is no purpose of mine to claim exceptional superiority to, or even exemption from, the weaknesses of others. Nor shall I stay to magnify their deficiencies, but rather try to add what I may towards the solution of a problem which is every day becoming more interesting as its importance is more keenly felt.

   The inconsistency subsisting at the present time with reference to the supervision and control of educational buildings will be obvious to all whose attention has once been drawn to it. While in elementary schools, workhouses, and lunatic asylums, restrictions are imposed, and rules and regulations are enforced, which prescribe the minimum superficial area and cubical space to be allotted to each inmate, in secondary and higher class school buildings no such supervision exists, and the middle and upper class boys and girls of the period are allowed to be packed away in close, ill-ventilated, badly arranged apartments, without any controlling authority, in premises not originally constructed for educational purposes, and with none of the appliances common to every Board school.

   A private house, originally intended for the accommodation of less than a dozen persons, is seized upon for a middle-class school for several hundred pupils. Properly-certificated teachers are demanded for primary tuition, but any speculative person, whether certificated or not, may establish a secondary school ; and no minister of education may interfere with the glorious independence of the bold Briton who, perchance, may add to his intellectual incapacity entire ignorance of sanitary laws, and the consequent effect of which, upon the physical and mental vigour of his pupils, however deleterious, passes unchallenged.

   Mr. Matthew Arnold has well said: —"The middle classes in England have every reason not to rest content with their private schools ; the State can do a great deal better for them. By giving to schools for these classes a public character, it can bring the instruction in these under a criticism which the knowledge of these classes is not in itself at present able to supply : thus, the middle classes might, by the aid of the State, better their instruction, while still keeping its cost moderate. This in itself would be a gain, but this gain would be nothing in comparison with that of acquiring the sense of be longing to great and honourable seats of learning, and of breathing in their youth the air of the best culture of their nation. This sense would be an educational influence for them of the highest value; it would really augment their self-respect and moral force ; it would truly fuse them with the class above, and tend to bring about for them the equality they desire."

   How this desirable end may be brought about it concerns us all to inquire. I can do no more on the present occasion than call attention to it, in the hope that it may yet receive the consideration it demands from a patriotic people.

   The recent growth of intelligence in the design and construction of national schools and their appliances is too obvious to need more than a passing remark when comparison is made between the latest efforts of the London School Board and the system which preceded it. The effect of this improvement is, however, beginning to be felt in secondary schools ; and its influence will be still more marked in the future, as time rolls on, and the necessity for the same constructional advantages is better understood and appreciated. Humble as yet may be the educational results of the London School Board curriculum beyond the three R's, the social and moral influences of their ample provision of space, suitable fittings, and sanitary arrangements, cannot be otherwise than considerable.

   The older educational endowments for higher education are associated with buildings erected at a period when sanitary laws were little understood. As Mr. Robson observes:—" Our old foundation grammar-schools furnish ns with few ideas as to the future planning of public middle schools ; their sole provision was usually a single, lofty, and noble hall of oblong form, in which the whole of the boys might be seen engaged in their various lessons, learning by "art," or carefully plodding with grammar and dictionary within sight of the master, who was placed on a raised platform.

   No class-room ever, until quite recent years, spoiled the simple dignity of these architecturally excellent schoolhouses, and their fittings were of the rudest and simplest kind." Through the action of the Endowment Commissioners many of these old institutions are being remodelled, and schemes for their wider nse and development are constantly being thought out, as new buildings are required to meet the increasing demands for space.

   Opportunity is thus occasionally given to exercise the ingenuity, which has been so well displayed in primary school-houses, on middleclass school-buildings. Private schools in particular, as we have already observed, usually suffer from the disadvantages of being located in honses not specially constructed for them.

   Public schools will inevitably become more and more popular as the teaching power improves, and as the opportunity for proper classification,—which is increased with the larger numbers to be taught in one and the same building,—is recognised. Public schools for boys have always been more or less in vogue, but public schools for girls are a modern innovation, calling for special contrivance in the buildings appointed for their use.

   Concerning public day-schools for girls, and with respect to their suitability for the purposes contemplated, Miss Wolstenholme emphatically says:—"The experiment of large day-schools has been successfully tried, and the results are conclusive as to the superiority of the system from whatever point of view we regard it ; their superior economy is obvious. Morally, we believe the gain to be also great. We want in every considerable town in England a high school for girls, which should offer the best possible education on moderate terms,—one which should serve as a model to all those private establishments for which in future, as at present, there will no doubt be abundant room.

   To such a school as this it would be very easy to attach all manner of appliances and apparatus in the way of lectures and special classes, which might be attended from private families or smaller schools." Since these words were penned, eighteen schools for girls have been established by the Girls' Public Day-Schools Company, originated by Mrs. Gray, who sagaciously hit upon this commercial means of extending this new system of education for girls, but which is equally applicable to boys ; and a Boys' Public Day-schools Company would not fail to achieve a similar success. The resources of the company have, as yet, been chiefly employed in the establishment of new schools, and they have been obliged to hire houses for school buildings. Except at Croydon and Blackheath,* which are very creditable examples, I am not aware that they have erected any new schools. At Gateshead and Oxford new schools are projected. I am, myself, engaged in the preparation of plans for a new school-house for the St. John's-wood branch, of which I was one of the original promoters, and in which I am desirous of giving an inexpensive illustration of the principles hereafter advocated, adapted to a school for 300 pupils. The system of teaching adopted in these schools is very similar to that elaborated at one which maybe regarded as the mother of girls' day-schools, viz., the North London Collegiate and Camden School for Girls, founded by Miss Buss nearly thirty years ago. The remarkable success of these day-schools is proverbial.

   They now contain nearly1,000 pupils, several hundreds more patiently awaiting their turn for admission as vacancies occur. On the application of the Brewers' Company, the Charity Commissioners projected a scheme whereby certain valuable educational endowments, belonging to that company and the Clothworkers' Company, have been devoted to the development of these schools, thus enabling the trustees, to whom Miss Buss had handed them over, to erect, for her foundation, representative buildings of their class. As the architect to the trustees for carrying on the said day-schools, I shall have occasion to point out the peculiarities of their construction. With these preliminary remarks, I now proceed to offer some practical suggestions, with the view of popularising a subject not generally too well understood. It may be

convenient if I arrange what I wish to say under two general heads : —

1. The general arrangement of the buildings as a whole.

2. The particular planning of the parts.

(middle part omitted)

   Mr. T. R. Smith's design for the Grocers' School is most compact. The class-rooms are arranged on three sides of the hall, with which they are in direct communication, similar to the admirable Board school erected by him at Stepney.

   Mr. Robins then proceeded to consider the second division of his subject, namely, the planning of the parts, including an account of the fittings in the physical department of the Imperial College of Engineering at Yedo, Japan. We give illustrations of some of these fittings, and iu our next will add others with the remainder of the paper.

 ［和訳］

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April 17, 1880. BUILDINGS FOR SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE, PART II.

   The Physical Department of the Impend College of Engineering at Yedo, Japan.—From the particulars given to me by Professor Ayrton, I have been enabled to prepare a ground-plan of the department of which he was professor, and it is no small satisfaction to me, as a member of the Executive Committee of the City and Guilds Technical Institute, that his able services have been secured to develop the physics classes at Cowper-street, for which costly buildings are in course of realisation, such as it is hoped may give full play to his talents, to the great advantage of the youth and working classes of the City of London.

   Boom No. 1 is the demonstration-room, 60 ft. square, and occupying the whole height of this portion of the building.* It was fitted up in the following manner:— On a level with the first floor, a gallery about 3 ft. wide ran round the whole room, from which wires and other apparatus were suspended for experiment; it also gave access to the shutters by which the upper windows could be closed to darken the room for optical and other experiments. The students' benches occupied the centre of the room, and around three sides of the room, next the walls on the ground-floor level, were instrument and working cases, the under-side of the gallery being utilised for cupboards, entered from behind.

   Room No. 2 is the general laboratory, fitted up with instrument cases, covered in working oases, the tables being on concrete foundation, and uncovered instrument cases on brick piers.

   Room No. 3 is the Professor's private room and private laboratory.

   Room No. 4 is the instrument-room.

   Rooms Nos. 5 and 6 are for electrical experiments, No. 5 being fitted up with six brick pillars, each about 2 ft. square, and descending 6 ft. into the ground. No. 6 has long tables on brick piers.

   Boom No. 7 is the lavatory attached to the laboratory, for washing bottles, & c.

   Boom No. 8 is a small, artificially- dried room, in which experiments with frictional electricity could be conveniently performed.

   On the first-floor, which extended over all but the demonstration-room, were rooms for experiments on light, a small class-room for the teaching of applied physics, rooms for special experiments, store-closets, and the battery-room. The detail drawings, which I have had prepared from those made by Professor Ayrton, are exceedingly interesting and valuable on account of their originality, and because they have stood the test of use in the college at Yedo.

   Fittings in Demonstration-room.—The sloping platform, or students' gallery, is shown on the drawings, and in the side sectional view I have indicated in dotted lines the brick piers which sustain the students' tables distinct from the general flooring, so as to be quite free from vibration. There is also a front, back, and top view of the students' benches, and a section showing sinks and gas-fittings. By this special arrangement of students' benches (which is believed to be unique of its kind), it was possible for the students, without leaving their places, to repeat the experiments made by the Professor during the lecture, with apparatus placed ready for them on these firm benches. Between the lectures, these benches or tables could be utilised as part of the laboratory proper.

   Illustrations are also given of the instrument cases, with folding-doors and glass panels, as arranged around a portion of the demonstrating room, which are also used in the laboratory.

   Details are shown of the Professor's lecture table in this room, resting on a platform, the whole of which was sustained on a concrete foundation distinct from the general flooring, and its fittings include a pneumatic trough sink.

   Fittings in the Laboratory—Besides the instrument cases, the drawings also exhibit the working cases, furnished with glazed sash windows, as used in the general laboratory and in the Professor's private laboratory. The tables in the cases rested on a concrete foundation, quite distinct from the flooring, to avoid the transmission of vibrations; so that, except where the sash was closed, after work, to exclude dust or meddling fingers, no part of the case rested on the table, there being no connexion between the table carrying the apparatus and the floor, on which rested the sash-frames and glazed inclosure, and on which the experimenter stood. With such working cases a delicate investigation could be carried on from day to day, the apparatus being always ready whenever the experimenter had leisure to work at it. Some of the working cases, so enclosed and fitted with window-sashes to exclude dust, & c, not being required for very delicate experiments likely to be spoiled by small vibrations, stood upon the common floor, without concrete foundations. There is the charm of novelty in these arrangements, so far as I know, and of the following fittings for the battery-room.

   Battery-room.—Illustrations are given of these designs as carried out in the aforesaid Technical College of Yedo, under Professor Ayrton's direction. Accommodation was provided for about 200 Grove's cells and 300 Darnell's, used for general electrical work and for the electrical testing of the students of telegraph engineering.

   The peculiarity of these special fittings was that all the cells were under glazed covers, and, therefore, dust was excluded ; yet all the cells were visible, and all obnoxious gases were led up the fines ; the cells were easily got at by opening any portion of the double-hinged cover. When taking a Grove's battery apart, after use, the zincs were put at once into the long, narrow leaden sink, immediately in front of the battery-stand ; and the porous cells to soak in the long leaden sinks immediately behind the operator. After soaking, the porous cells were put on the racks to dry, and were ready for use within reach of the operator putting up the battery on the next occasion.

   Of Professor Ayrton's drawings I have seen ten, and of these I have chosen the most interesting examples. It is to be observed that the fittings of the physical department at Yedo were contrived to enable the students to learn by advancing the bounds of knowledge, and not merely by assimilating existing information, as is evidenced by numerous published accounts of

original research conducted in that laboratory ; and it is this method of teaching which has

given to Professor Ayrton the prestige which he enjoys.

   Now, I trust that I have not wearied you already, but I was anxious to take this opportunity to give publicity to a series of very ingenious contrivances, which I hope one day to see more or less realised in the higher class secondary schools of the country. The need of technical knowledge, based on scientific principles, is daily becoming more apparent, and our secondary school teachers will find it to their own interest, no less than that of the middle classes generally, to give increasing attention to it.

   In conclusion, while thanking you for the patient hearing you have given me, let me express a hope that buildings for secondary educational purposes will no longer be considered unimportant accessories to the fuller development of the teaching power of the master, and the acquiring capabilities of the students, and whether the authority of Government is applied to the removal of the present inconsistencies or not, that the good sense of the English people will in this, as in most other things upon which it exercises independent thought, achieve its own emancipation from the thraldom of habitual apathy and contented submission to things as it commonly finds them.

［和訳］

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August 14, 1880. Imperial College of Engineering, Japan.

Sir, -- My attention has been called to a paper by Mr. E.C. Robins, entitled “Buildings for Secondary Education Purposes,” which appeared in the Builder of the 10th and 17th of April last. In this paper Mr. Robins dwells at length on the excellence of the arrangements in the Physical Department of the Imperial College of Engineering of Tokio (Yeddo), Japan, and on the satisfactory results obtained there. The writer at the same time gives a plan and detail drawings of the same,

 This, you will understand, is a sufficient reason in itself to explain why I should object to any drawings of public buildings I have designed being published. The writer of the paper is perhaps not aware, when giving Mr. Ayrton sole credit for using benches fitted up so that the pupils can repeat the experiments made by the professor, -- “which is believed to be unique of its kind,” – that others before him employed the same means for instructing their pupils (Professor Williamson, of King’s College, for example).

  Before the Physical Department Buildings were thought of, the chemical class-room of the Imperial College of Engineering was fitted up with similar benches. As much, if not more, credit is due to the principal, Me Henry Dyer, and to Dr. Divers, the Professor of Chemistry, than to Mr. W.E. Ayrton, for the happy results which that gentleman’s friends would claim for him alone.

C.A. Chastel de Boinville, Architect to the Board of Public Works of Japan.

11, Yamato Yashiki Tokio (Yedo), Japan, 18th June, 1880.

［和訳］

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August 28, 1880. The College Fittings at Yedo, Japan.

SIR,--I have seen the letter of M. De Boinville, taking exception to the good opinion I have formed of the Physical College fittings at Yedo, which were suggested by Professor Ayrton, and ably carried out by the architect. Dr. Williamson, of University College, who took the chair at my lecture (but who is not a professor of King's College), admitted the original character of the fittings to which I referred, so far as he knew, and I have said no more.

   I am not aware that I have given any privileged information, or described anything not justified by the subject under discussion. I certainly did not wander awaw into a description of the architectural excellences of the buildings forming the College at Japan, nor did I allude to any defects; but I simply drew the attention of the audience to a class of specially designed fittings in one department only, the particulars of which were given to me by their originator, though not their executor, and I still think them highly creditable to both, and to the enterprising founders of a technical college the like of which is scarcely equalled out of Japan.

Edw. C. Robins.

［和訳］

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June 4, 1881, The Architecture of Cambodia.

July 22, 1882, Asiatic Building Materials.

December 13, 1884, Japanese Carved Friezes.

June 5, 1886, Japanese Architecture.

   A paper, entitled "Further Notes on Japanese Architecture," by Mr. Josiah Conder, was then read by his brother, Mr. Roger T. Conder.

(3) ARCHITECT

August 24, 1872, The Japanese Minister of Public Works in England.

   We are pleased to find that the Japanese Embassy which reached the shores of England last Saturday includes the no doubt intelligent Officer of State who preside over the affairs of Building. We also see that one of the first expedition in which our very welcome guests engaged was that of a visit to the South Kensington establishment, where they were received by certain officials, amongst whom  our own intelligent Officer of State for the affairs of Building was sufficiently conspicuous. Mr. Ayrton doing the honours to the First Commissioner of the Tycoon – both wearing the same “evening dress”and both speaking equally good English – is obviously the right man in the right place. Not only does his personal connection with the mysterious East date from a long time back (of course we allude less to the Tower Hamlets than to the City of Bombay), but as we know the right honourable gentleman for a versatile of many sided man, we have every confidence in his being able with sufficient readiness to put off before the grandee of Yeddo, for the sake of expediency, the fortiter of Eastern London, and to put on the suaviter of the Eastern Hemisphere. As he is able to boat so emphatically as he did in Parliament the other day, of his belonging to the honourable profession of barristers-at-law, we doubt not that the cloak of courtesy which he wears before keen Oriental eyes does not exactly carry his official heart embroidered upon its sleeve. We venture especially to hope that he has kept to himself, after the conscientious manner of the profession, a good deal of what might otherwise unnecessarily enlighten the mind of his visitor. Nothing ought to be said, for instance, about the way in which it has been found necessary, in the interests of an indignant Empire, to drad the son of Sir Barruch. When Japanese First Commissioner visits the New Palace of Westminster, it would be only judicious to forget to inform him that manipulation of the most ambitious edifice in the world is now entrusted to handful of absurd and irresponsible surveying clerks on moderate salaries in “the Department.” If he and his no doubt inquisitive colleagues should go to St. Martin’s-le-Grand, it might be wise to speak of the General Post Office as being the older building on the cast side of that thoroughfare alone, and to pass off the one which is showing its face opposite as a model lodging-house or something of the kind, whereby at once to avoid the risk of odium becoming attached in ignorance of the facts to the Government of this great country, and to snatch a chance of securing credit for the spirit of natural philanthropy which is always a safe thing for applause. Turning from the sentimentalities of the arts to the substantialities of the science, we should recommend Mr. Ayrton when at Kew to be what is called very firm with Dr. Hooker in the presence of the Japanese Minister, so as to inculcate by his example, more effectually than any one could do so by precept, the national benefit which arises from making our philosophers in the public service the “subordinates”of a lawyer (for we cannot suppose it possible that the Japanese, with all their intelligence, have yet got so far as this), where acquaintance with the Laws of Nature is derived from a study of Laws of Nisi Prius, and whose notion of the Correlation of Forces is that a Prime Minister is bound to stand by his First Commissioner just as scrupulously – or unscrupulously – as a First Commissioner is bound to stand by his Prime Minster. This subject in particular is one upon which we might dilate indefinitely, but we hope enough has been said to show that under the judicious management of our Bombay Mecanas the Japanese Ambassador who represents Art and Science may be without difficulty indoctrinated with a good many of these new principles upon which Mr. Ayrton, and of course the country at large, alike rely for urgent reforms ; so that he may return to the great island in the East fully prepared to carry into effect a similar system satisfactory, and indeed soothing, in our own tight little island in the West.

※注1. Acton Smee Ayrton, 1816-86. First Commissioner of Works in 26 October 1869 – 11 August. 1873. He was a British barrister and Liberal Party politician. Considered a radical and champion of the working classes, he served as First Commissioner of Works under William Ewart Gladstone between 1869 and 1873. He is best remembered for the "Ayrton controversy" over scientific facilities at Kew Gardens. He was an uncle of William Edward Ayrton, physicist and electric engineer.

［和訳］先週土曜日、建築営繕を掌る大臣を含む日本の使節団が我国に到着したことは大変喜ばしいことである。御仁方の最初の訪問先はサウス・ケンジントンの諸施設であり、そこで我国の建築営繕を担当する長官を含む官僚たちが接待した。

    大君の大臣の対応に当たったエアトン氏は、客人と同じようなイブニングドレスを着て、そして同じようなすばらしい英語のスピーチをして、相応しい場所に相応しい人物であった。古代にたどる神秘の東洋との彼の個人的関係だけではなく、

［解題］岩倉使節団副使の伊藤博文を特に歓迎する文章で、伊藤が工部卿を務めていることをイギリス側は知っていた。イギリス政府において彼の職務に対応するのは王立工務局であり、その事務局長のアクトン・シミー・エアトンが同じ部局の代表として伊藤の対応に当たった。本文後半はキュー植物園に話題が移り、当事、工務局長官エアトンは同植物園長フッカーと同園の管轄を巡って対立していたことを述べている。興味深いのは、このエアトンは工部大学校物理学教授のエアトンの叔父であり、また、1874年からエアトンの後任としてもと駐日公使館書記のアルジャーノン・ミットフォードが同事務局長を務めることになる。

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February 15, 1873, Public Works in Japan.

December 12, 1875, Railways in China

May 13, 1876, Railways in China

December 20, 1884, Stone-Quarrying in China.

December 21, 1878. Railway Work in Japan.

October 16, 1877, Illustrations, Bank Building at Shanghai, China.

(4) The Architect & Contract Reporter

March 16, 1894, Buildings and Earthquakes in Japan.

(5) The Building News

March 1, 1872, MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

Mondy. — ROYAL INSTITUTE of BRITISH ARCHITECTS.–Special general meeting for award of Royal Gold Medal and Prizes.

8 p.m. Tuesday. —INSTITUTION of CIVIL ENGINEERS—

8 p.m. Wednesday.—SOCIETY OF ARTS.—

8 p.m. Friday. – ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION. “Notes on Japanese and Chinese Art.” By G. A. Audsley, Esq., 7.30 p.m.

*George Ashdown Audsley (September 6, 1838 – June 21, 1925)

March 15, 1872, Japanese Art by Mr. G. A. Audsley

III. Japan Weekly Mail

(1) May 28, 1870, JWM.

--The last advices from Japan reach to the middle of February, and describe arrangements which have been fully completed for the first introduction of railways into that country. The line is to connect Yedo and Osaka, the new and old capitals of the Empire, a distance of 300 miles, and there are also to be branches from Yedo to Yokohama, and from Osaka to Tsuruga, which will be along the Biwa Lake, and will connect the west coast with the two capitals. " The importance of the latter," it is said, cannot be overrated, as it will place the rich crops of the great rice-producing districts within easy reach of the metropolitan populations," The work will belong to the Japanese Government, but it is to be carried out under the advice of English engineers appointed by Mr. H. N. Lay, by whom all the negotiations have been conducted, and who has already selected Mr. Edward Morel as principal engineer, who has been summoned from Australia, where he was engaged in works for Mr. Edwin Elarke. An English loan of one million sterling is to be raised to meet the cost, trad this will be secured not only by the line itself, but a mortgage on tho Customs' duties collected at the ports. From three to five years is to be allowed for completion. According to the Japan Mail, the negotiations with regard to the loan and rail way have extended over many months, and have been the subject of "constant and most earnest deliberation among the Japanese Ministers, who have had ample time to give them oil the attention due to a question of such vital importance, and one fraught with such immense consequences. The Government, it is added, "has never wavered in its determination to carry out the scheme tho responsibilities of which it unhesitatingly accepts."

［解題］最後の助言が二月半ばに届き、それはこの国に最初の鉄道を完成させた計画案を述べている。この路線は江戸と大坂を結ぶもので、この二都市は帝国の新旧の首都であり300マイルも離れている。江戸と横浜の間、大坂と敦賀の間はその支線である。後者は琵琶湖を経由し、二つの都市の間を西海岸を結ぶことになる。後者は日本海側の穀物収穫物を大都市の人口に届けるのに大変重要である。日本政府の任務であるが、ホレイショ・ネルソン・レイに任命されたイギリス人技師たちのアドバイスによって進められる。

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(2)  July 3, 1870, JWM: Complain of Yedo Hotel.

To tub Editoe or the "Japan Weekly Mail."

Sir,—Will you allow me to ventilate a grievance in your columns ? Let me tell you that I consider my grievance very serious indeed, not only as regards myself, but as affecting others. I am in the habit of going frequently to Yedo on business, and though, as a matter of course, I occasionally" skin a Daimio," there is nothing particularly disgraceful in my avocations to justify my discomfort when there. The big Hotel in Yedo is notoriously a mere barrack, excecrab'y managed, not particularly clean. The Architect deserves all the little good that might be said in favor of this melancholy caravanserai, in as much as the rooms are high and well proportioned. But the cookery and table arrangements are positively revolting. The servants, I am told, are " Shareholders.

'n the establishment." Assuming small dividends, one can therefore conceive them indulging in a little impertinence to guests, chivying their European manager, or going to lied in the best bed-rooms ; all this is, of course, comprehensible in reckless speculators who want at least some fun for their money. But the cook is but one man, and even if lie too be a shareholder, it seems to me that his power to make his disgust evident is really too vast for toleration.

   Seriously, Sir, a meal at the Yedo Hotel is an atrocious /infliction. The table cloth stained with the drippings of many days dinners. The service scanty and grudgingly given, and the food of a kind to make one believe the whole affair a kind of Japanese practical joke. During my first visits to Japan I submitted to all this, and beyond a hope that I might induce the Minister of my country to procure the cook's dismissal, saw no way of alleviating my condition. It was almost by chance that I discovered the other day in a back street, a veritable "restaurant" kept by an intelligent, polite and most obliging Frenchman, and under his auspices I have since eaten when in Yedo with infinite satisfaction.

   Now for my grievance. I was didy informed when last in Yedo, that if I wished to feed away from the big Hotel, board would be charged in my account all the same, and that if I did not like the arrangement I might remove my belongings to other quarters. Unfortunately the Frenchman has no bed rooms attached to his house. Of these the monopoly is possessed by the deadly asylum for the insane, in the case of which I fear all hopes of reform are vain. By the by, what shall I do when my bill comes in ? I won't eat there, and I must sleep there ; but does it follow that I must pay for both ?

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant.

※ここで私が鬱憤を晴らすことをお許しください。私は頻繁に仕事で江戸にいくことがあり、そこで深刻な不満を抱いている。自分自身のことだけではなく、それに関連することである。江戸ホテルはなんと酷いところなんだろう。

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(3) August 27, 1870, JWM.

    As many rumours are current about our new drainage works which are calculated to create misgivings about their efficiency, and as rumours of this nature have in them the germs of exaggeration, we think we may do some service by stating the exact position of the matter, as far as it has been ascertained.When the works were commenced, nearly two months were spent in getting samples of pipes from the Japanese. About six specimens were tried before one was selected, and the grounds on which it was chosen were, that it was impermeable by water, that it was perfectly hard throughout its thickness, and was well shaped and finished. The general impression made by it was, that the Government was fortunate in getting such a seemingly superior pipe. On opening the trench at No. 1 and No. 8 in Water Street, both of which were laid with nine-inch pipes, for the purpose of making the connection with the Main Street drainage, these pipes were found to be cracked and splintered, as if crushed by the weight of earth, and this was the first intimation of any failure in them.

   It was immediately decided to have a street opened, so that the state of the pipes might be examined, and this was done between No. 8 and No. 9. Mr. Brunton then requested the advice and assistance of Mr. Morel on the subject.

There seem to be several ways of accounting for the breakage. First : Defects in the laying. Second : Defects in the material. Third : An insufficient amount of soft earth interposed between the pipes and the gravel.

    As regards the first, the pipes appear to have been very well laid, though there might be some little improvement made in the packing round them. With regard to the second; the Government Engineer expresses his conviction that the pipes are perfectly good and well burnt. He has now one under experiment which has been under water for ten days and presents no sign of softening, and those which have been examined in the trench are all as they were put in, with one or two exceptions which appear to have been badly burnt. The opinion seems to be, that the damage has arisen from an insufficient quantity of soft earth over the pipes, and this will be tested before any more are laid. There are no signs of breakage in the small-sized pipes, and the number of large pipes laid is very small. There is no stoppage in any of the drains, and the fractures are not so bad as to cause the pipes to fall in in any case that has been seen. It is hoped, therefore, that the affair is by no means so serious as has been reported.

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(4) September 17, 1870, JWM.

   Some time since we pointed out the excessive inconvenience to which the community were subjected for want of suitable wharf accommodation. The whole arrangements for landing goods or passengers in this port have been and are scandalous in the extreme. We are glad to inform our readers that the Government have instructed Mr. Brunton to prepare plans for an extensive jetty. The plans are now completed and are under consideration, in all probability the design will be carried out. The Jetty is proposed to be an extension of the English hatoba, and will extend about 250 yards into the Bay, its general dimensions will be such as to allow six vessels of the largest size to he alongside discharging and taking in cargo simultaneously. It is further proposed to have a land ing stage which will rise and fall with the tide which will be specially convenient for passengers. We sincerely trust that now the scheme is fairly under weigh that there will be as little delay as possible in carrying it to a conclusion.

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(5) September 24, 1870, JWM.

Mr. Hooper said that Dr. Hepburn would have to pay twice as much as the P. M. S. S. Co. He approved of the assessment on rental. Mr. Smith replied that on Dr. Hepburn's compound was a chapel extending over 100 feet, and also a house now occupied by Mr. McVean.

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(6) October 1, 1870, JWM.

The statement of the " Herald," that Mr. Morel is to be superseded in his office as Chief Engineer of the Imperial Government Railway Department is false. The denial was gave to the report of a conspiracy against the Government, and our history of the occurrences which gave rise to it, are perfectly true.

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(7) October 22, 1870, JWM: Stolen at Yedo Hotel, Beato.

Robbery is still rife in Yokohama to a fearful extent. Just after the departure of the last mail an unfortunate printer was assaulted and despoiled of all his valuables and rolled  into a ditch. On the 11th of October three men obtained entrance into the premises of Messrs. Oilman, but, owing to the alertness of tho watchman, only secured a few trifles.

Another robbery has taken place at Messrs. Gutschow's, several pigs of lead being abstracted. At Yedo on Sunday the 16th instant, while at the Yedo Hotel, Mr. Beato had his clothes, keys, watch and £80 stolen during tho night. The loss was mado good by the proprietor, but the position was one of great unpleasantness, and Mr. Beato had to be clothed from the wardrobos of his friends.

※江戸ホテルには窃盗犯が横行し、ベアトも被害に遭った。

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(8) November 26, 1870, THE JAPAN WEEK MAIL

Mr. Morel, Engineer-in-chief of the Railway Department, left on Monday for Kobe for the purpose of inspecting the progress made by the district Engineers there, and placing the works connected with the Kobe and Osaka section on the footing arranged for at the recent conference.

※鉄道主任技師のモレルは、先の月曜日に神戸に向けて出発した。神戸・大阪間の工事開始の打ち合わせのためである。

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(9) December 10, 1870, THE JAPAN WEEKLY MAIL

Orders have been given to prosecute the works for the Railway between Kobe and Osaka with the greatest activity. It has been decided by Mr. Morel to pass under three of the rivers whose beds are raised considerably above the level of the plain. Three other large rivers in the neighbourhood of Osaka will be spanned with iron bridges of considerable length, the largest being close upon 300 yards ; with these exceptions the works will be of a light character. A large reinforcement to the existing railway staff will be dis patched hence in the course of a few days. It has been decided to erect the station on one of the large islands of the main river, and in the very centre of the city. The government are awake to the immense importance of tapping the rich district lying to the Northward and Westward of the Biwa lake. To effect this it is proposed immediately to continue the railway from Osaka to a point near Kioto on the Southern shore of the lake. Reference to any map will show the extent of country which would thus be thrown in communication with a shipping port. The lake is navigable by small steamers throughout its whole great length from North to South.

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(10) December 24, 1870, JWM.

     The appointment of a Minister of Public Works, briefly noticed in our last issue, is of more practical importance than may at first sight be imagined. Little more than two years ago Yokosuka arsenal was the only undertaking which the Japanese Government had entered upon under European supervision. Since then the erection of Lighthouses, Telegraphs, a MiniV-the.construction of Drainage Works, and Bridges, and the great work of connecting the two most important cities in the empire by Railway, have been under taken and are being vigorously proceeded with. Until recently these works were in the charge of the Finance department of the Government—which was at that time amalgamated with the department having charge of the Interior government of the country—but this was so manifestly an unworkable arrangement, that the two departments were a few months ago separated, and the Public Works were transferred to the care of the latter. The Minister of the Interior, having found after a short trial that the expenditure of time and attention required in the efficient management of these was more than he had at his command, has now given over his charge to a new Minister whose whole attention will be directed to them. This is a step which we feel assured every one who has the welfare of these undertakings at heart will feel satisfaction in. And in Okuma. who has been appointed to the post we have about as intelligent and energetic an officer as can be found.

The first and one of the most important duties which is incumbent on the new Minister is to bring the staffs of the different establishments into harmonious working. Four separate and distinct sets of European employees are engaged on these undertakings, each of which has its own chief as well as its own superintendent in the various branches of its work. It can readily be conceived that each undertaking has many details to accomplish in which the assistance of the employes or resources of another would be invaluable. And an arrangement by which such assistance can be rendered, to its fullest extent, is certainly worthy of the attention of the Minister of Public Works.

    Just as we in Yokohama seem to be without a Municipal head, and in consequence have no one to pay attention to our appeals, to listen to our proposals or to redress our wrongs, so up to this time a great want was felt of some chief in the Government before whom to lay suggestions for public improvements, or from whom to get enlightened decisions on any proposals made.

The question of a Water Supply to this settlement, or the construction of Wharves for the more efficient landing of merchandise—the questions of the formation of a harbour at Osaka, a harbour on the West Coast, the extension of telegraphs and various other proposed works which have been long in abeyance, will now, we trust, be finally disposed of, or at all events receive that attention they deserve, and on these grounds we think that this appointment should be looked upon as a most satisfactory one.

     It is the intention of the local Government here immediately to commence a work to which we would desire to draw attention. It may be remembered that a suggestion was contained in Mr. Brunton's report of the drainage of Yokohama, which was published in March 1869, that before the new ground on the Swamp was built on, it should be raised a few feet to enable it to be drained into the creek. The authorities have decided to carry out this suggestion and the work will be immediately commenced. The raising of the unbuilt-on land is no doubt in itself an advantageous work, but our concern is at present for the old Swamp Concession.

If the new Swamp is raised, built on and drained, there will lie between these two, in a valley only six inches above high water, the undrained, untended old Swamp Concession, which will no doubt become a very sink of disease and filth.

We understand that at the request of the Governor of Kanagawa Mr. Brunton some months ago reconsidered this matter of draining the Swamps, and prepared a report with accompanying plans and estimates which were laid before him. In this report Mr. Brunton compared the respective advantages of raising the new Swamp and draining it directly into the 'creek ; and of constructing a system of drainage by which the old Swamp might be drained as well as the new Swamp, without its being raised. This, of course required to be done by leading the sewage into a low level reservoir, and from thence having it pumped into the creek. If this latter method were adopted it would offer a means of draining all the low-lying ground in the native town, as well as enabling the old Swamp Concession to be thoroughly drained, and also the new Swamp without the necessity of incurring the expense of raising it.

     The estimate for raising the new Swamp and draining it, including the road making, amounts to 70,000 dollars ; while the estimate for draining both Swamps into a low level reservoir including road making, the cost of pumping apparatus &c, amounts to 92,000 dollars, and in addition an estimated expenditure of 1,000 dollars per month for the maintenance of the pumping machinery would have to be in curred.

     The Government have decided on the former, and while we cannot find much fault with them for adopting the cheaper method, still the enquiry suggests itself—what iB to become of the old Swamp concession P

(11) December 24, 1870, THE JAPAN WEEK MAIL[First Headquarter of Public Works]

The building in Yedo now known as the Foreign Office is to be devoted to the new Department of Public Works. - Tho Foreign Office will be removed to the present Home Office, and the Home Office to the immediate vicinity of the Mikado's palace—it is said, inside the Castle.

[江戸の外務省として知られている建物は、新しい工部省が用いる事になった。外務省は現在の民部省に移る事になっている。民部省は皇居の直ぐ近くに、噂では皇居内に移る]

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(12) April 9, 1872, JWM: THE FIRE AT YEDO.

   We are happy to think that in the history of this nation such fires as that which took place in Yedo on Wednesday last have been rare in tho extreme. Eighteen years since, Yedo fell a victim to tho flames ; but never since then has there been any fire which could be compared to that tragic event.

It is, indeed, impossible for any one who has not seen the devastation and desolation which has taken place to believe that the capital has been really visited with such a dire and wide sproad calamity. When we think of two square miles of a crowded city laid to waste ; 30,000 persons rendered homeless ; 10,000 houses burnt and from 250 to 350 persons killed, the mind fails to comprehend the state to which the city has been reduced.

   In travelling from Yokohama to Yedo by road, it was soon apparent that something unusual has happened. Jin-riki-shas by the hundred—wo had almost said thousand—were on Thurs day morning to bo seen coming to Yokohama from Yedo, each person carrying with him some small article of household use which had been fortunately saved from tho flames. Their faces, too, told a tale of suffering. Sad, dejected and disheartened they seemed to be only desirous of placing a few miles be tween their old homes and their temporary abodes.

On reaching the end of Sinagawa the air seemed laden with an odour of burning, and slowly threading a way through the crowd, the scene of the fire is seen in tho distance. Before reaching it, however, we turn off to avoid the debris, and working our way by the railway station, which fortunately was just out of the lino of the fire, wo eventually reach the one solitary house, Mr. Waters', which has escaped the flames. With smouldering ruins on all sides, with logs of timber still burning, and with a stifling smoke curling upward from every quarter, we cannot but wonder how, by anything short of a miracle, Mr. Waters' house escaped.

    We will, however, describe the course of the fire, and point out the various spots which are to be recognised, concluding with a few remarks furnished us by an eye witness of the fire itself. The fire, from all that can be learnt, broke out at 3.15 p.m. on Wednesday in an Aidzu Yashiki within the second moat of the castle. A gale was raging at the time, and the sparks and burning shingles spread far and wide. Suddenly the fire jumped, as it were, the two moats, th» intervening roads, and a whole block of houses, and then struck a Japanese house, and with almost the speed of lightning rushed onward towards the Tokaido. Meanwhile the fire also worked in the other direction against the wind and burned up the block of houses which had before escaped. The space between the castle and the Tokaido is now nothing but a heap of ruins, with here and there a mud godown standing uninjured like the ghost of the houses which before surrounded it. Not one stone remains standing on another, not one house has escaped the general destruction ; from the Nihon Bashi

downward in a line with Tskidji, and from the Castle to the sea is one bare field of desolation and ruin. Crossing the Tokaido the houses have been burnt in every direction and the people rendered houseless have camped out. Dejected aud sorrowful they sit in groups round a mat or blanket on which is spread a little food ; their misery is indeed terrible to witness, and yet with the thousands who are houseless it is impossible for any but Government to administer relief.

Passing along Kobecicho Street, on the left opposite Mr.

   Waters' house was once a mass of houses. Not one remains ; all are levelled to the ground and here the flames have been so intense that some of the mud godowns have even succumbed. On the right we have already seen that Mr. Waters' house was saved ; but next door the Kobusho has almost entirely disappeared. Entering by a breach in the wall ; for the thick tile and plaster wall has been burnt in many places, nothing can be seen of the principal house but a few burning logs and a mass of tile and calcined brick. The boys' rooms

have been only partially injured, and the side building devoted to the telegraph department has also escaped with but little injury. This fact is indeed remarkable, for the main building burnt in a moment, and, as we have said, left nothing to mark its place. The beautiful gardens facing the water havo also entirely disappeared. Again pursuing our way we have the large yashikis on the one hand and the creek on the other with the Kaigunsho on the other side of the creek.

    The Yashikis no longer exist ; the most experienced in the Yedo streets could scarcely tell where they once were. The Yashiki lately belonging to Ito and subsequently to Isiiemal has also been burnt. The bridges are gone entirely in many places, which those on the Kobecicho are much burnt but not impassable. And yet amid all these ruins the guard house at the entrance to Tskidji has not even been singed. The paper on the shutters is unscorohed, and that too when no one was there to protect it—for the guards left early in the evening.

    We must not forgot to say that the Kaigunsho escaped without injury, although the Kobusho gardens being on fire, the flames must almost hive touched tli3 college, and the sparks must have fallen in showers on the roof. Again moving on wa come to the temple of Monseki of which nothing remains but a bronzo vase which used to stand in tho centre of the temple. Walls, roof, everything has gone, and this vase only remains to point out tho spot whore the temple onco stood. The stone wall which runs along tho street at this point had evidently been licked by the flames ; for the fare of the stone was calcined and crumbled awav at the touch. And hero was to bo soon a touching sig'it. Some poor man who believed that he would bo sheltered by tho wall had brought all his household property and furniture and laid it in tho road, when tho flainos cami and all that was loft was a hoap of ashes. Further on we come to the stables, and hero half a dozen stones pilod one abovo tho other mark the out side wall. Beyond this there is. nothing to note the place.

    Opposite this is Mr. Loureiro's and here again all has dis appeared but tho flagstaff, black and gaunt, which seems to keep watch and ward ovor the ruins. Mr. Loureiro, we believe, saved nothing but tho clothes he stood in. Next comes tho Yedo Hotel, and here the desolation is complete, for nothing is loft of that pile of buildings but the arch which formed tho entrance gate. The stables, trees, house, offices, all are gone and standing undorthe arch, the eye has a clear swoop to the sea beyond. Such a loss as this,—for the hotel was, at all events, a valuable building,—can scarcoly bo appreciated, except that it now forms but a single drop in the ocean of misfortune which has overwhelmed tho city, Again further on we come to the French hotel, of which no thing is left but the cooking apparatus, and piled away in a heap is mass of twisted iron, once the bedsteads of the hotel. Close by has been another instance of good fortune ; for tho English consulate and Mr. Siebold's house have entirely escaped damage though the palings have been burnt in many places. Such good fortune as this is rare indeed, and the only houses within the burnt district which have been saved are Mr. Waters' and those on the English Consulate compound. Looking back from this we see the Custom House lot, for no Custom House exists now, the place being filled with the ruins of that long range of buildings.

    Here the fire seems to have stopped on Thursday morning. Tho foreign concession was saved, and the foreigners living further away also suffered no loss ; but had the wind shifted, as it threatened to do about eleven o'clock at night, not only the foreign concession, but every house for miles would have been utterly destroyed. Such was tho course taken by the fire, and such its extent. It was stopped only by the soa, and it is most fortunate indeed that such buildings as the Kaigunsho and those on the foreign settlement escaped.

   This is all that was to be seen on Thursday morning, but the scene witnessed by thoso who were in Yedo during the fire was horrible indeed. An eye witness tells us that at .'5.15 when the fire broke out no one thought anything of it ; but as it leaped from block to block, firing at several places at once, the danger was felt to bo imminent. The troops in the Yedo hotel were sent into a place of safety, and several foreigners living in the French hotel removed their baggage to the foreign settlement.

   Another gentleman who was near the Castle at the outbreak of the fire saw at least fifty persons carried by on stretchers, nearly all dead ; while a third witness who was in Tskidji saw great numbers dead by suffocation or fire. Mothers threw their children away from them —into the water to be drowned or on to the ground to be burnt—and rushed on to save themselves. Two-sworded men drunk with excitement cut and hewed in all directions, and the men who were seen disabled' by sword cuts were too numerous to count. In contradistinction to this, daughters were to be seen carrying their fathers and  mothers away, children just old enough to understand what was going on helped to save their parents from destruction, and what was more touching than all was to see in the distance

people fall under thair burdens to bo overtaken by the flames, before they could rise. Such scenes as these lend an additional horror to a sight alroady sufficiently terrible, and though at this stage when all is excitement and uncertainty the loss of life and property cannot be accurately judged, wo feel assured that we have rather under than overstated the extent of thomi sfortune.

   Another spectator of the early part of the conflagration says it broke in 'what was once an Aidzu Yashiki, just in side the Wadakura g ite in that lower part of the castle called Marunouchi, and flow across the wide moat at a very sharp angle and next attacked a Yashiki a little to the left of the bridge which leads out of the Wadakura gate. It burnt a quantity of yashiki including part of tho War Office and that of tho ex-Prince of Tosa. It then jumped over the other moat. About ten thousand houses were burnt, placing 50,000 people in tho open at the lowest calculation.

   Tho loss of property must exceed a couple of millions of dollars. The yashiki whoro the fire originated was in tho possession of tho War Oifbe and used by them as a hay store. It was in ohargo of one man, who has, of course, been arrested. Thirty officials of the Foreign Office were burnt out from the Vice Minister downwards. Sawa and DaW, both of whom have been Foreign Ministers at different periods, were also burnt out, and Date's Son the Ex-Prince of Uwajima.

   In Yokohama a notice was sent round the settlement on Thursday morning at tho instanco of somo gentlemen whom the accounts of this great disater prompted to take immediate steps for the relief of tho sufferers, calling a meeting at the Chamber of Commerce for this purpose. Captain Lane was requested to take the Chair, and after a short discussion in regard to the bost manner in which assistance could be rendered, a Committee, consisting of Messrs. Bauduin, Walsh and Whittall, was appointed to express to the Governor of Kanagawa the readiness of the community to render such assistance, and to request from him information as to tho number of houses destroyed and people thus rendered houseless. Power was also given to the Committee- to call another meeting should they deem it necessary.

    In conclusion we may mention that the Governor of Yedo, (his house was burnt too and he lost several hundred dollars in the flames) and his staff made a personal inspection of the scene of the fire, congratulating those who had escaped and condoling with those who were homeless. Assistance and provisions were also promptly forthcoming. The foreigners suffered early in the day for want of provisions, but on the arrival of the early coach the want was supplied. We may also state that Mr. Malcomson deserves credit for the way in which he assisted those who were burnt out. Having escaped himself, he tendered his compound for the use of the ponies which were in the Yedo stables, and kept open house for any who desired it. Mr. Waters also

kept open house, and Mr. Brinkley and Mr. Dohmen, the English Vice-Consul, gave assistance to the foreign community

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(13) April 13, 1872, JWM THE FIRE AT YEDO.

We give below a synopsis of a letter handed to the Committee selected at a meeting held at the Chamber of Commerce Eooms on Thursday week by the residents of Yokohama, to express their sympathy and ascsrtain the facts as to the extent of the fire at Yedo which occurred there on Wednesday night, the 3rd instant.

The number of houses destroyed was as follows :—

17 Government Offices.

287 Government Houses for retired Officers and Pensioners.

60 Temples and Churches.

4,753 Dwelling Houses, Stores, &c.

5,117 Total buildings destroyed.

20,272 people were burnt out and a space of 3,000 ken square was burnt over, which consisted of 41 streets in the

different districts.

The loss is estimated at one million, five hundred and four teen thousand, nine hundred (1,514,900.) rios (or dollars.)

There were eight (8) men killed, one (1) of the number was a fireman, and there were 67 persons wounded, 05 of the number being firemen.

The Governor of Yedo gives the poor people that were burnt out 50 koku of rice per day, which amount will feed about 12,000 people daily.

In view of the above facts the Committee do not think it necessary to take further steps, but again wish to express their deepest sympathy with the authorities and with the sufferers in Yedo from this calamity, which happily cn more careful enquiries has proved to be of a less serious nature than at first represented.

(Signed)

Yokohama, April 8th, 18'. 2.

A. J. BAUDUIN.

EDWARD WHITTALL.

GEO. E. LANE.

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June 8, 1872, The Japan Weekly Mail [Large Hotel at Tsukiji]

The large Hotel at Tsukiji which, by Clause V. of the Convention of 26th November 1867, the .Japanese Government engaged to push on with all possible expedition in order to be completed before the opening of the city to foreign trade, was closed on the 31st December last, and has turned out to be a losing speculation to those who built it. It is said to have cost £100,000, and it has been sold to the Naval Department, I am told, for £20,(XX).

Public, (forks.—The Railway between Yokohama and Yedo, which is being constructed by English engineers and with English capital, but for the Japanese Government, is now almost completed, and its opening to the public is expected to take place at no distant date.

The first line of Telegraph which when constructed two years since met with so much opposition, on the part

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(14) March 7, 1874, THE JAPAN WEEK MAIL

To the Editor of the “JAPAN WEEKLY MAIL."

Sr,-In the article on the Kogakorio, which appears in your issue of the 28th February I notice a remarkable omission.

   You say that on certain parts of the building are to be inscribed the names of the officers who were employed at its commencement, the name of the Mikado, and the names of the officers who were employed at its completion, but I do not find that the names of the gentlemen who made the design and carried them out are to be commemorated in the same manner or in any other. The Japanese officers who purchased the materials, paid the workmen their wages and kept the accounts, are no doubt highly worthy of having their memory preserved to posterity, but their services can hardly have been so important as those of Mr. McVean, Mr. Joyner and Mr. De Boinville, who nevertheless are to be left without mention.

    I recollect a similar incident three years ago, when the Mint at Osaka was opened. In the Government Gazette was published a long list of Japanese functionaries who had been more or less indirectly connected with the establishment of the Mint, together with the rewards said to have been bestowed on them by the Mikado ; while Major Kinder, to whom the credit of the whole organization was due, and Mr. Waters, the architect, were not named at all.

     The explanation of such facts appears to me to be that while the Japanese Government feels the necessity of engaging the assistance of foreigners for the works which it from time to time undertakes, it is not willing to acknowledge to its own people the necessity of obtaining the services of foreigners ; the consequence being that no Japanese, except those who come in direct contact with them, feel any respect for foreign employees as a. class. In comparison with the salaries of Japanese officers the price paid for the services of competent foreigners seems extremely high to the ordinary native, who does not understand the value of those services, and whose Government apparently treats the foreign employees as ii they were no bodies. Indeed, what must be the opinion of Japanese, who hear those employés usually styled yatoi gaikokujin! In Dr. Hepburn’s Dictionary the word yatoi is rendered by, “to hire temporarily or by the day ; to call, as a coolie ;" and its meaning is not a whit changed by being prefixed to the word gaikakujin, a. foreigner. No wonder then that the samurai‘ should, as you suggest in another article, feel embittered against the Government for the (apparently) lavish manner in which it has put foreigners in places of large emolument—foreigners to whom it applies without exception a derogatory term, and the value of whose services is persistently left without acknowledgement.

I am, Sir, Your‘s faithfully,

AN OUTER BARBARIAN.

----------------

(15) September 11, 1874. The Japan Gazette.

MASONIC: FIRST GENERAL CoMMUNICATION, DISTRICT GRAND LODGE OF JAPAN, E. C.—INSTALLATION of

D. D. G. M. AND G. OFFICERs.

What may be held as probably the most important event in the Masonic history of Japan since the establishment of the first lodge on its soil some years ago, occurred on Saturday evening last—the inaugural “communication ” of the District Grand Lodge of Japan, holding of the English Constitution. It will be within the recollection of masonic readers that, some months ago, an application from the brethren composing the lodges under the English Constitution in Japan was laid before the Grand Master of England, for the foundation of a District Grand Lodge; that this prayer was favourably received and finally granted, and that Bro. Chas. H. Dallas, whilst on a visit to the mother country, was installed then and there as the first District Grand Master.

Bros. Sands, of the Rising Sun Lodge, Kobe, and A. Weiller of the Nippon Lodge, Tokio, Were elected Vice-Presidents of the District £oard of General Purposes. The Grand *wards have yet to be appointed, from the "mes to be sent in by the various lodges of the district.

The passing of the Bye-laws, with certain *eptions, was then proceeded with, and a vote

---------------

(16) December 19, 1874. THE JAPAN WEEKLY MAIL

IN THE SHIHO SAIBANSHO OF TOKEI  Monday, 15th December, 1874.

Hardy v. McVean (Agent for Japanese Government)

   This was a case trial in the Japanese Court to recover the sum of $8.202 for alleged illegal dismissal. and a further sum of $8,000 for lose of time and reputation entailed by such dismissal. hlr Montague Kirkwood appeared for the plaintiff’, and Mr G. P. Ness for the nominal defendant, the real defendant being the Sur

vey Department of the Government of Tokei. Mr Hill watched the use as legal adviser to the Government. In order to prevent erroneous interpretation, ahieh has been complained of on other occasions, Hr Mots was specially retained to assist Mr Hasetla, the Court interpreter, and Ur W. P. Kent engaged as shorlhnttd writer

to the Court.

   The whole of the day was occupied in the examination of the plaintifi, from which it appeared that Mr. Hardy, after twelve years service in India, was engaged at Bombay, in Hay, 1872, by Mr. Cosmo lnnes, on behalf of Mr. C. A. M'eVi-an. as a thoroughly qualified assistant in the Elurvey Department, and at the most highly paid rate of three gentlemen selected. Hearrived here in July, 187$ and entered on his duties after some two or three months.

   Mr. McVean told him that the Minister of Works thought his salary higher than the Department could afford, and wished him to be transferred to the Railway, but it was optional with Mr. Hardy wlsetharlse should be sets-ansferred or not. He preferred to remain in the Survey Department. Quarters were assigned to him at No. 10, Yaurito Yashiki which he considered were not in accordance with either the spirit or wording of his agreement the house being small, and though similar to such as all the bachelore in the compouttd had, not so large as those appropriated to married men engaged at a lower rate of pay. Since his arrival in Japan he had been ill frequently and attributed this in some measure to the defective condition of his house, and though he repeatedly complained, his condition was not battered, nor were certain sanitary requisitions complied with.

   On the 16th July, 1874, be was attnckcd with neuralgia in the foot. Dr. Anderson visited him, and sent him a bottle of blistering fluid, which he directed him to

apply, and certified to the Department that plaintifl' was sufering from illness, which required “ one day's rest." He remained in bed until the 20th when being in great pnin from the blister he cnt it open and sent agnin for Dr. Anderson, who then come. Plaintiff had been nimble to move from bed, and had his leg bound up. He had rcceived a letter frotn Mr. McVean atating that Dr. Anderson had sent in a certificate for two days; but it would be necessary to inive on-- for each of the other dates 17th, l8th,l9th and 20th. lie risked Dr. Anderson for this; but the latter refused to give him one, saying hc must first consult Mr. MacVean. Plaintirf asked “ Is McVean a Doctor?" lo which the other replied " no, he is'ut, but he's your master as well as mine and I tnuatget his consent first." Dr. Anderson seemed to look flurried and

put out, and went away to Mr. M--c\'ean's house, subsequently writing to plaintiff to any " It is the duty of a physician only to cortify to those disease the e.z-isteisce qfsebicls be s'.s able to detect by" bodily or constitutional signs," thus leading to the inference that he considered plaintifl' lnsd nothing the matter with him. Plaintifl‘

with the help of his servant limped next day to the office, at 7 o'clock but at about ten or ch.-nu, being affected with diarrhoea, wrote Mr. McVean for permission to return home, his wounded foot disabling him from making use of the Japanese cloacal accommodation (_?) which was alone provided.- Mr hle\'eau was out, and taking permission for granted, plaintiff went. home, first writing to say he had done accused was excited and carried a bottle of brandy in his pocket.

   Two hlai-ines who were presented testified to having heard the report of a revolver. It was a small weapon. loaded with ball. Somaihi, the Japanese woman, deposed to having attended her master on hearing the bell ring. She found the accused with his hand upon his pistol and at her master's request took hitn into the

bar. The accused asked for Ford. She tohl him that he had gone out, upon which he drew a pistol and aimed it at her. She heard a report and on looking round saw a number of soldiers struggling with the accused on the floor. She then ran olfto inform Ford of whnt had happened.

   Dodwell, a Marine, confirmed the testimony of previous witnesses and stated that he had taken the pistol with him to the Camp. The accused stated in his defence that having received a considerable sum of money in Yedo he had brought it to Yokohama. He did not remember having usi-d his plstol. The case was remanded for a week. so, and begging that certain moderate rcqnirentents might be supplied, Next day he went to work, when Mr. MscVean gave him a letter st-itingthat “ his recent improper absence from duty had again given

“ Mr .\lac\'eun cuuse to complain ofhis misconduct and evil example,  so that ln- had reluctantly to discharge him front further service to" the Japanese Government."

   Mr Marks then wrote tln-mitcning proceedings. In cross-examination by .\lr Ness, plaintiff snid he had remained in the house till August 29th. It hnd been ituprovcd privately. He also had tc prepnre for is sale, and besides that Mr Marks advised him not quit it till he was ordered out. He knew that any breach of contract rendered him linble to discllttrge, there was nothing in iL'about- the Government. supplyinga doctor to attend him or to give certificates in case ofillness. H6 was bound to forward a certificate if absent | but it had heen the custom for the‘ Governmcrit medical oflicer to do so. Had not on all ouoasions furnished medical certifi

cates when absent. from ollioe, bi-enuse he had leavel

   The ofllcial diary was produced elsowlng that plaintiff had been absent on several occasions, Wltirlt he had entered in the diary, and just cause of which defendants’ counsel stated no certificates had been furnished. .

Plaintifl‘ alleged that for these absences he had a speeial permis

sion, being authorised by Mr, Joyner to go to Yokohama whenever

important business called him thither, without authority for eaolt

particular absence, in the event of the head of the Department not

being on the spot. to verbally sanctionhis absence...Qn.one.oasaaioa

he had been absent, and because he did not know who was Dr,

Wheeler-'s successor, wrote the Department to that elect.

The Court here adjourned.

Thursday, 17!/t Deeesabsr, 187‘

The hearing of this case wns continued, plnintifl's eross-examlnu

tion being resumed by Mr Ncss.

Plaintiff‘ was serious when he declared that his foot had laid him

up for three days. He kept the blister on his foot unbroken till

the doctor came, being unwilling to cut it lest he should do himself

an injury, but at length did so. Wlien he went to the otlice on the

2lst July he did nothing, but eat on a clmir with his foot. on rs stool

and perhnps fanned himself. Mr Mc\'ean hud oorttphsitted to. him

that the Japanese were annoyed at his continual ubsences, nnd “dilv

gusted " with the length of time he lnsd been ovcr his worlt. Could

not say what the word “ again " in the letter of dismissal referred to.

Defendant did not complain of his insolence, but said witness‘ letters

to Mr Joyner were not such as should be addressed to his superior

ofllccr. Could not say if he was told that a repetition of such con

duct would insure his dismissal. He never applied to Mr Yamao

stating thnt, as he was not next to Mr McVean, he would wish to

join the ruilwuy. llc wrote on the 12th April, I873, a letter

claiming his expenses from Secunderabad to Bombay, as promised

by Mr. Cosmo limes, and demanding payment of oue day's salary

deducted in December 1872 because the Japanese thought they had

paid him too much in the previous June. On the 17th June he

wrote asking if Govemment intended or not to build him a house 3

if not he should seek proper accommodation and charge the Depart

ment with the cost; on the 23rd, that he had arranged to take a

house on lease to the end of his engagement at $lO0 a month and

should remove thither in a week unless Government built him a

house according to his own plans and in a suitable situation; on

the 2nd July that he required the deducted pay to be " settled up

sharp" ; on the 7th asking the reasons of the Minister of Works for

refusing to lot him live elsewhere than in his allotted quarters, whe

therhe liked;t.hem or not, "as if he were a serf, or'something very like

it ;" further, that he desired all communications to be in writing, so

as that they might, if necessary, be produced in evidence, and that

having perused copies of his previous letters, he failed to find aught

disrespectful in them, except perhaps where he nnd addressed

ofliciul letters to Mr. Joyner more as a private individual than

an oflicial ; but in this he lmtl tnken his cue from Mr. Joy ner.

Mr Joyner told him the Minister of VVorks had complained of him.

Onthel0th July he wrote saying he did not wish to lay down rules

for the guidance of the Department, would willingly answer in writ

ing any questions and begged thnt his correspondence should be laid

before the Minister. A letter to the like etfcct followed on the Zlst;

on the 23rd another saying he did not wish to dictate to his “ supe

rior officers," but refused to answer any question except in writing,

as it was quite within the:range of possibility and probability it might

be conveyed to the Minister's mind, and he wished for only 0ne_.

the truth. He quoted the words “ superior ofllcers" because they

were in Hr Joyner's letter to him, not because he meant to imply

that he did not acknowledge them as suoh. On the 22115, Qctgbgg

he applied for leave of absence Ofivlfilié to. make, up the time that

ncxt wcek, “ though with liberal employers this is neither rcquired

" nor oxpcctcd." On the 5th February he announced that he had

cold and rheumatism, with t.l11'enteni11gs of uguc, through having to

keep open the doors and windows of his house (owing to detective

chimneys). Perhaps this would show tho Govorntncttt tho itccossity

of providing him with proper quarters. On the 20th April he com-

plained the wliitewaslicrs had only instruction to wltitswnslt the

cornices of his rooms but not the centre-picccs, and “ would not 

allow " them “ to plaster the fireplace with coal-tar, which made the

“ house stink lilte a shipbuildcr’s yard." 

All these letter he considered perfectly respectful in tone. He had

not written nor communicated to any person for the puvpg-9 of 

publication in any newspaper, complautts of the state of his lodging;

but had naturally complaiucd to a gr:-at n1:in_v pcoplc. lle asked

for $8,000 dautagcs bcsidcs the $3,202 spccifically claimed. The

amount was not name l in the plaint bccnusc ho had been advised by

Mr. Marks that._it \YXl._S|’l'Et5QVU|'1lblL‘ untlcr the “ fut-tl|cr_1-t-lief" cluusc.

It was not left out bl‘c1ii1s'0"ifi'w':1‘s' too 1'i'dic11l'o11s.":'it \\'as1:-rcnl and

not a sentimental}-laim~. 1Cou.ld-not explaitt how he measured the

ujury t'.o_l_1i_s_ feelings ; but assessed his lo.-s of character and time at,

that amount. Would not be surprised to find that from July 8th

1872 to Juuti 30th; 1873, he only worked mily; WD\'i$€(l l74.days,,n11d w_aaoti'wo1-la

168, nor that from the lattcr date to Juno 30111, 1874-, 115 had only

worked W4;.n11<l been ‘absent’ 181» Rcccived a l\i;_-hcr salary than

others those names were shown, but from the table produced had

worked fewer hours. ' _ ' ' V ' V ' ‘ " '

Re-exmninerl by Mr I-I(i11l|'iv0od.--Botl1»Mr_ MuoYea1t.;a1_id_ Mr

Joyner had given him permission in cast) of urgency to absent him

self witltout foriitar pcrttiissibti. "llad'bc'e11 lYt8ll"tli"YBtli b_\" lcttcr 011

July 5th to employ the medical otlicer t|.tt'.ut.-ltcd to the Department,

and that his certificates would alone be accepted as evidence of ill

nsss. Dr YVl1s<-.lcr‘had previously attended him.- Plsi-ntifl‘ sent-the

bill into-t,l1e_qIliAp forp\\yu1en_t,‘._antl.tl1e Depagtttient settled it. ,

This being callrd for, to show the dates on which Mr Hard_v’l1ad

been attended, Mr*Joyner said it had been forwarded to the Uku

ra-ho, and was not now i11 his possession; but that it. spccitied no

datcl of attendance.

William 1A~ndcrson, M..D. statod tl1a_t_ he_was 1-ngaged by the

Survey Department to attcnd its employé.-1. lie t‘0llSltl81'('-(l it of no

importance whether he gave a. certificate to a patient or scnt

it into Dcpartnient. ‘ In the case of Mr liardy ho gave 11 certificate

for e. definite period. though it was usual to give one of illness when

first: called in, and another of ability to return to .work when

ta. patient recovered. In sonic illness he could dclinc the duration

of disease, or rather the’ period for whic'h a 'sutl'crcr would be‘

incapacilatcd from at-tending to his daily business. ;\\’hcu he

attended plaintitf the latter c.on-iplained of tender

ness on pressure of his foot; but there were :10 outward constitu

tioual signs niaiiifcst. llc scnd him some blistcrittg lluid n|1d told

him to puncture the blistcr next. day. This was on the 15th. \Vheu

he saw Mr. Hardy 011 the 20th, he was appart-nlly in good hcalt-h,, _

with his foot resting 011 :1. chair, but no boot. or stocking on. He

looked at the foot. The blister had hcale-l. The foot was tcnder,

but not very luuch so. Hardy coniplained of great pain. Consi

dercd this, to some extent, probable. _1l_1I1_'. Hardy asked witness for

a certificate. \Vitness replied ‘Y"I éanhbtt‘-._ct1t.if_\~§d ‘ll(!"_i‘_iili4l\‘l‘l:C(:. ot"

“ a disease otiwhicli there is neither local nor constitutional sip_‘n."

Evidence of pain was found in the expression of the countcinincc,

and the vaifitlticiiibftltc pulse. A nictlical man could not. measure

pain, but only judge of it frou the paticnt's tlcscrlptiolt. V\'ould atl

vise a patient so circutustanced to try to put; a. boot on. IIc convc_v

ed to Mr. Hardy that. he declined to ,-_-ivn_,hj_u).ace1't,ili;:u,le_§ ~LLi.s 

mind was made up, but. he wished to c ~11ru_v his refusal as 115113.113

ly ss~_=possible. in mere courtesy. , \V;itncss thc_1i saw Mr. McVcau,

and told him hoidid not feeljuatilled in giving Mr. Hard) a certifi

cat.e_lot' illnc_ss. The‘ latter appeared to atmoh great importance t

obtaining one. He'was thld on the 15th that due day's rest would

be suliicient for him.

To Mr. i\'css:—He could usually tell how long the effect of o

blistttr would last. There was nothing unusual in this MM. 15'

plaintiff‘ obcyed his instructions he might. have gone to work on the

17th. Witness was not tlnrrietl at the interview, but might have

shown some licsitation because of the delicacy of his position. Hardy

became slightly excited.

Re~cxamincd by Mr Kirkwood.-On the 20th the blister was empty. The original skin covered it. A stocking could have been put

0a t-he day altar the blistt-r was cat, and s boot ti day or two After

that. Plaintiff‘ could have gone to work in a slipper. The blister

should have becu cut on the 16th and plaintifl' could have gone to

work on tho 17th; but even if the blister had not been cut, astuck~

ing could be put on by the third or fourth day.

Plaintifl"s re-cxmninst ion continued.—Dr. Anderson never told

him wlisn he would be able to return to work, nor that he could dis

"cover no symptoms of illness. -Mr. l\lc'_V68n:l1_"»d ‘never 0O¥1PPlaincd

that pluintiiI'_ln\t] broken t-ho terms of his agrcctneut or n1i1=.1'o'n(luct‘

'ed himself. \Vhen Dr. \Vl1celt-r was medical otflosr he was very regular i11 his attendance, sometimes visiting his patient twice a day.

The Court here adjourned.

VI. The Far East

(1) Rice shop and Fireproof Godown, The Far East 1870-71

The Japanese mode of building is different to that of European countries. Their constant dread of earthquakes induces them always to make use of wooden framing for their houses, which they either face with wooden planks or with tiles, or with plaster, according to the money they can afford to spend. For the better kind of houses, the wood they use is of very fine quality, and their carpentering quake is beautiful - equalling, if not surpassing, the best workmanship of ordinary house carpenters at home. The consequence is that a good well built house, even of wood, is a very substantial affair; but generally they enclose the walls either with flat tiles, or plaster them thickly with several layers of mud and with a very fine outter coating of cement, which having a fine polished surface has a very clean solid appearance. The shop in the picture it will be seen has in the lower part the strong timbers left uncovered; but the upper story is covered in with cement. The adjoining building is intended to be fire prove. All whose means admit of it, have godowns or warehouses attached to their shops, into which they put their more valuable efforts. They are so expensive to build, that one really sees a large one; they are generally 10 feet by 20; and 20 by 30 would be quite a big one. They are very strong and quite effective in such fires as are most common in Japan, when the dry woodwork of the ordinary houses is consumed with amazing rapidity, and the exposure to actual flames is consequently never very prolonged. In any large town, when the scene of a fire is visited, the debris may cover many acres of ground, on which nothing remains standing but these edifices, which stand up proudly and defiantly among the ruins.

Nihon Bashi, The Far East 1872                     Barber shop, Yedo, The Far East 1872

1891 THE GRAPHIC 153

The "Niphon Del Matsu," as the Japanese call it, stands on the Western shore of Lake Biwa, at the foot of Mount Hiyesan, some three miles distant from Otsu (where the Czarewitch was lately attacked). The Japanese claim that it is the oldest tree in existence, of which the date can be authenticated. It is referred to in the archives of the famous Monastery of Mtidera, more than 800 years ago, and the priests assert that it was planted A.6.675. It is included in the Omi Hak-kei, or eight beauties of Japan, and is yearly visited by thousands of pilgrims, who hope by walking round the tree a hundred times to make sure of living another year Their contributions are devoted to paying the wages of the two gardeners who keep the tree in order. But for a yearly lessening of the foliage and one or two rents in

the trunk caused by lightning, the giant shows little signs of decay, though exposed to all the winds that blow. Formerly, four houses were built in its branches, but two of these were blown out by the Typhoon of 1870, and have not been replaced. The others are much patronised for summer evening dinner parties, and in wet weather on account of the peculiar splashing sound caused by the countless drips from the tree falling into the lake, which sound has an espe-cial charm for the Japanese, owing to its soothing effect. The dimensions of the "Dai Matsu' are as follows: —Diameter of the trunk two feet from the ground, 15 feet 9 inches; height, 84 feet; width over all, 242 feet; No. of props, 326. — Our engraving is from a sketch by Mr. Ernest Wetton.