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日本の英国在外公館建築
本論は，アジア近代建築史研究の一環として，英国が東アジアの外交施設に関してどのような建築営繕を行ったのかを明らかにする目的で，1988年から3年にわたり英国公文書館で実施した調査結果である．ここに日本に関わる成果の概略を紹介する［泉田：1991a、1991b］．
1. 1859年から1867年まで：幕府提供の便宜的施設
1858年のいわゆる「安政の五カ国条約」によって，条約国相互は相互に公使（後に大使）を派遣し，また外国人居留地に領事を駐留させることになった。条約に基づいて．幕府が各国政府に公館施設を提供することになっており，幕府はほとんどの場合，庫裏を併設した寺院をあてがった．英国公使館のためには江戸の東禅寺［港区郷土資料館：2005］が，長崎，兵庫，神奈川，箱館，新潟でも同様な施設であった．公使館であれ領事館であれ，公館建築は駐在代表者と職員の事務所と宿舎からなり，その他に調理人や使用人のサービス施設が併設された．尊皇攘夷の嵐が吹き荒れる中で，これら既存施設は安全性に問題があることや，寒冷期における居住性の悪さから、公使･領事から大変不評であった。
文久元（1861）年になり、幕府は英国公使ラザフォード･オールコックらの提案を受けて、御殿山に五カ国の公使館の新築を始めた。ところが、翌年、完成間近になって、高杉晋作に率いられた長州藩士によって焼き討ちされてしまった。この御殿山英国公使館はオールコックのスケッチ画に基づいて幕府作事方が施工したもので、建設費の十分の一で年貸しされることになっていた。焼失していなければ、近代日本最初の本格的西洋建築になっていたはずである。同じ時期，長崎と箱館でも領事館建築を建設する予定であったが，長崎では結局は民間既存西洋建築を借りることにし，箱館のみ和風の領事館建物が建てられた［越野：1984］．
オールコックは江戸が安全ではないことを危惧し、横浜に公使館を移すことにした。横浜外国人居留地内の近くには英国海軍が駐留しており、また居留地では何人かの外国人技師たちが活動していた。公使館が横浜に移るのを機に、1866年、仮公使館と領事館の建設は、その技師の一人のブリジェンスに依頼されることになった。実際の施工は清水喜助が行い、横浜領事館文書に清水喜助のサイン入りの石牢（留置場）の図面が残されている。外国人居住地には治外法権が適用されている間は，それぞれの条約国は自国の法律に照らし合わせて在留邦人を裁くことになり，領事館には留置場が併設され，さらに警護官の宿舎が必要であった．
The architecture of British Diplomatic Establishments in East Asia.
As part of his research into the history of modern architecture in Asia, this researcher investigated the architecture of British diplomatic establishments through deciphering the archives of the former British archives over a period of three years from 1988, and here is a summary of the results relating to Japan [Izumida: 1991a, 1991b].
I. 1859-1867: Temporary facilities provided by the Shogunate
The so-called ‘Treaty of the Five Powers of Ansei’ of 1858 provided for the mutual dispatch of ministers (later ambassadors) by the treaty countries to each other and the stationing of consuls in foreign settlements. Under the treaties . . the Shogunate was to provide each government with diplomatic facilities, and in most cases the Shogunate allocated a temple with an attached treasury. For British legations, this was Tozenji Temple in Edo [Minato City Museum of History: 2005], and similar facilities in Nagasaki, Hyogo, Kanagawa, Hakodate and Niigata. Whether legations or consulates, the architecture of the legations consisted of offices and accommodation for the representative and staff, with additional service facilities for cooks and servants. In the midst of the storm of the Emperor's expulsion, these existing facilities were very unpopular with the legates and consuls due to their unsafe conditions and poor habitability in the cold weather.
In 1861, the Shogunate began construction of new legations for the five countries on Gotenyama, following a proposal by British Minister Rutherford Allcock and others. However, the following year, as the project was nearing completion, it was burnt down by Choshu clan soldiers led by Takasugi Shinsaku. The Gotenyama British legation was constructed by the Bakufu Sakushikata based on Allcock's sketches, and was to be leased annually at a tenth of the construction cost. Had it not been destroyed by fire, it would have been the first real Western building in modern Japan. At the same time, consulate buildings were to be constructed in Nagasaki and Hakodate, but in Nagasaki it was eventually decided to rent a private existing Western building, and only in Hakodate a Japanese-style consulate building was constructed [Koshino: 1984].
Allcock feared that Edo was unsafe and decided to move the legation to Yokohama. The Royal Navy was stationed nearby in the Yokohama Foreign Settlement and several foreign engineers were working in the settlement. When the legation moved to Yokohama, the construction of the temporary legation and consulate was commissioned to one of these engineers, Bridgens, in 1866. The actual construction was carried out by Shimizu Kisuke, and a drawing of the stone prison (detention centre) signed by Shimizu Kisuke is preserved in the Yokohama Consulate documents. While extraterritoriality applied to foreign settlements, each treaty country was to try Japanese residents against its own laws, and the consulate had to have a detention centre attached to it, as well as quarters for security officers.
2. 1867年：クロスマンによる公館施設建築の整備
オールコックの後任のパークスもまた，英国在外公館建築の改善を強く本国政府に訴え、1867年になって大きな前進を見ることになる。本来、英国在外公館施設の営繕業務は財務省工務局（Her Majesty’s Office of Works）が担うはずであったが、工務局内部に適任者はいなく、陸軍工兵隊の中からクロスマン少佐（Major William Crossman）が選ばれた。この間の書簡は外務省書簡にクロスマン報告（Crossman’s Report）として綴られている。
クロスマンは中国と日本の在外公館をすべて視察調査し、それらの本格的営繕の指示を行った。横浜では，ブリジェンスの設計で仮公使館の建設工事の始まっており，また領事館の方は，設計図面ができていた．前者では居住性を高めるために可能な限りの設計変更を行い，また後者では新たに設計図を作成した．最終的に，クロスマンは東アジアの全30カ所に及ぶ在外公館施設の営繕を継続的に行うために，上海に工務局事務所を設置するように提案した．
II. 1867: Major Crossman's Scheme of the architecture of diplomatic establishments
Allcock's successor, Parkes, also made a strong appeal to the Home Government for improvements to the building of British diplomatic establishments abroad, and significant progress was made in 1867. Originally, Her Majesty's Office of Works was supposed to be responsible for the maintenance of British diplomatic establishments abroad, but there were no suitable candidates within the Office of Works and Major William Crossman was selected from the Army Corps of Engineers. ... The correspondence between the two men is documented in Foreign Office correspondence as Crossman's Report.
Crossman inspected and surveyed all the diplomatic missions in China and Japan and gave instructions for their full-scale repair. In Yokohama, construction work had begun on a temporary legation, designed by Bridgens, and for the consulate, design drawings had been prepared. In the former, all possible design changes were made to improve habitability, and in the latter, new blueprints were drawn up. Finally, Crossman proposed the establishment of a Bureau of Engineering office in Shanghai to ensure the continued maintenance of all 30 East Asian diplomatic establishments.
British Consulate in Canton, photographed by Thomson in 1870.広東領事館、1870年トムソン撮影
British Consulate in Fuchoo, photographed by THomson in 1871.福州領事館、1871年トムソン撮影
III. 1868年〜1897年：工務局上海事務所技師長ボイスによる営繕
1868年，クロスマンの助手として同行したヘンリー・ボイス（Henry Boyce）が工務局の極東担当の技師長代理（Acting Surveyor）に任命され，上海の英国総領事館敷地内に事務所を置いた．1870年に技師長に昇進し，1877年にはF.J.マーシャルが技師補に加わり，この二人体制でクロスマンが残した計画に従って，公館施設の営繕に当たった．対象はもっぱら忠告各地の外国人居留地内の領事館であり，日本での新築事業は僅かに函館領事館（1882年設計，1885年竣工）だけであった．ボイスの前職は海軍技師であり，辺鄙なところで確実に堅牢な組積造建物を建てることに務め，もっぱらジョージアン様式を用いた．
III. 1868 to 1897: Maintenance by Boyce, Surveyor General, Works Shanghai Office.
In 1868, Henry Boyce, who had accompanied Crossman as his assistant, was appointed Acting Surveyor for the Far East in the Department of Works, with an office on the British Consulate-General's premises in Shanghai; he was promoted to Chief Engineer in 1870, and in 1877 F.J. Marshall was appointed Assistant Engineer. The two men worked together to repair the diplomatic facilities according to the plans left by Crossman. The consulates in the various foreign settlements were exclusively covered, and the only new construction project in Japan was the Consulate in Hakodate (designed in 1882 and completed in 1885). Boyce's previous occupation as a naval engineer was to ensure the construction of solid masonry buildings in remote locations, and he exclusively used the Georgian style.
IV. 1897年〜1915年：ドメスティック･リバイバル
1897年にボイスが退任すると，後任はウィリアム･コーワン（William Cowan）となり，その後，1907年からC.W.J. シンプソン（C.W.J. Simpson），1913年からH.アシュミード（H. Ashmead），1915年からJ.ブランドレィ（J. Brandley）と続き，1920年頃で東アジアに予定されていた英国公館建築の新築工事はほぼ完了した．彼らは工務局本庁採用の建築技師であり，日本が日清及び日露戦争に勝利し，また第一次世界大戦の足音を聞く中で，大英帝国の表現を意識しせざるを得なかった．
1901年，日英同盟締結の動きに合わせて，英国は下関に領事館を新設することを決め，また長い間の懸案だった長崎領事館も併せて新築することになった．この両領事官の設計案は，コーワンがクィーンアン様式用いて完成させ，本庁技師長に承認を求めたところ，もっと単純な様式にせよとの支持を受けてしまった．それに対してコーワンは，若干の変更は受け入れたが自案を強く押し通し，着工の承認を得た．日露戦争のために，2年間の空白期間をおいて，次代技師長シンプソンの現場管理によって1906年に建設が始まった．横浜や神戸と違って，西洋建築の施工に長けた業者を雇うことは難しく，シンプソンはこの非常に困難な工事の顛末を本庁に報告している．
IV. 1897 to 1915: Domestic Revival by Cowan and Simpson
When Boyce retired in 1897, he was succeeded by William Cowan, who was followed by C.W.J. Simpson from 1907, H. Ashmead from 1913 and J. Brandley from 1915. Brandley from 1915, and by around 1920 the construction of the new British diplomatic buildings planned for East Asia was almost complete. They were architectural engineers employed by the Directorate of Works and, with Japan having won the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars and hearing the footsteps of the First World War, they had to be aware of the representation of the British Empire.
In 1901, in line with the Anglo-Japanese alliance, the British decided to build a new consulate in Shimonoseki, as well as a new consulate in Nagasaki, which had been pending for a long time. Cowan completed his designs for both consulates in the Queen Anne style, and when he asked the Chief Engineer for approval, he received support for a simpler style. Cowan, on the other hand, accepted some changes, but strongly pushed through his own plan and obtained approval to start construction. After a two-year gap due to the Russo-Japanese War, construction began in 1906 under the site management of the next chief engineer, Simpson. Unlike Yokohama and Kobe, it was difficult to hire a contractor skilled in Western architecture, and Simpson reported to the Agency on the extremely difficult construction work.
V. 1915~1920： エドワード･バロック
1913年、シンプソンの後任にH.アッシュミード(H. Ashmead)が技師長職に就いたが、1915年にはすぐにJ.ブランドレィ(J. Brandley)に交代した。ブランドレィ在任初期は第一次世界大戦があったが、極東の英国公館建築の営繕は順調に進められたようだ。1917年に済南領事館と広東総領事館の新築計画があり、済南領事館案(FO 676/360)では軒先の伸びた寄棟屋根や出窓に若干「アーツ・アンド・クラフツ」の影響が見られるが、正面のジャイアント・オーダーはエドワーディアン・バロックのものである。広東総領事館案(WORK 40/454)は本局で作成されており、こちらの方は陸屋根にジャイアント・オーダーによる典型的なエドワーディアン・バロックであった。
第一次世界大戦を境に「アーツ・アンド・クラフツ」の流れは途絶え、バロックが再興し、本国の建築潮流をそのまま反映しているといえる。日本では、1919年に神戸総領事館の新築計画が持ち上がり、こちらでは本局と上海事務所の両案ともエドワーディアン・バロックが採用された。
V. 1915-1920: Edowardian Baroque
In 1913, H. Ashmead succeeded Simpson as Chief Engineer, but was soon replaced by J. Brandley in 1915. In the early years of Brandley's tenure there was the First World War, but the building of British missions in the Far East seems to have progressed smoothly: in 1917 there were plans for a new Consulate General in Jinan and a Consulate General in Guangdong, and the Jinan Consulate proposal (FO 676/360) shows some ‘Arts and Crafts’ influence in the hipped roof and bay windows, while the front elevation of the Gypsy Consulate (FO 676/3600) shows a more ‘Arts and Crafts’ influence in the gable ends. The Giant Order on the façade is of Edwardian Baroque origin. The Consulate General Guangdong proposal (WORK 40/454) was prepared by this office, which was typical Edwardian Baroque with a flat roof and giant order.
After the First World War, the ‘Arts and Crafts’ trend ceased and Baroque revived, directly reflecting the architectural trend in the home country. In Japan, plans for a new Consulate-General in Kobe were proposed in 1919, and Edwardian Baroque was adopted for both the main office and the Shanghai office.
Fig.5-14 Consulate General Jinan (FO 676/360, 1917) Fig.5-15 Consulate General Guangdong (WORK 40/454, 1917)
Fig.5-14済南領事館(FO 676/360, 1917)
Fig.5-15広東総領事館(WORK 40/454, 1917)
V. 1920年以降：軽微な修繕，増改築，閉鎖
日本各地の領事から軽微の修繕と増改築の要求が外務省文書の中に散見され，工務局上海事務所が年度予算の中で工事を実施していたと思われる．
V. 1920 onwards: minor repairs, extensions and alterations, closure
Requests for minor repairs and extensions/renovations from consuls in various parts of Japan are scattered in Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents, suggesting that the Shanghai Office of the Bureau of Engineering carried out the work in the annual budget.
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