1-3. Early Life生い立ち

(1) Parents両親：Father was Mr Walter F. Campbell of Islay, M.P, and mother was Lady Ellinor Charteris, eldest daughter of the seventh Earl of Wernyss.

・父親はアイラ島のウォルター・キャンベルで当時国会議員を務めていた。母親は七代ウィームズ公の長女エリノー・チャータリスであった。1821年12月9日（1822年12月29日という説もあり）にエジンバラで生まれ（アイラ島生まれとの説もあり）、その後、父親の領地のあったアイル島で育った。祖父の代からこの島を所有者であった。

・第八代アーガイル公と従兄弟関係であったとあるが、どちらの両親も兄弟姉妹関係にはないので、再従兄弟といった祖父祖母の代の血縁関係なのかもしれない。→実際は、このキャンベルの祖母がアーガイル公爵家出身でした(2023年10月6日修正)。

・ウォルターはアイラ島の農業開発を目指し、港湾や道路や圃場の整備に多額の投資をした。しかし、1846年のジャガイモ大飢饉により事業は失敗し、大きな借金を抱えるようになった。アーガイル公爵家の支援により借金を清算し（1851年アイラ島売却）、家族ともどもロンドンに引っ越した。ノルマンディのカーンに別荘を持ち、父親はそこで亡くなった。

・妹は政治家グランヴィルと結婚し、このグランヴィルは1860年代のグラッドストーン内閣時に外務大臣を務めた。キャンベルが世界旅行した時期、従弟ジョージはインド省大臣、義弟グランヴィルが外務大臣になっており、権威を笠に漫遊しようと思えばいくらでもできたが、彼の文章からそんなことは微塵も感じ取れない。駐日公使パークスはキャンベルに大いにゴマすりの行動があった。

(2) Education教育

・イートン校を卒業後、科学と博物学を学ぶためにエジンバラ大学に入学した。しかし、途中、法学部に転部して、1851年、29歳で卒業した。この転身は博物学者の道を諦め、父親の借金精算の世話になったアーガイル公ジョージに尽くすためであったろう。

II. Achievements業績

(1) Public Career 公的業務

・エジンバラ大学卒業後、ロンドンのInner temple法曹院に勤めるようになるが、法廷弁護士の実務にはついたことはなかった。

・1853年に第八代アーガイル公が王璽尚書大臣の職に就くと、この従弟の個人秘書となった。翌年、衛生局の事務局次長（すぐに事務局長に昇進）、1856年には鉱山委員会の事務局長、1859年に燈台委員会の事務局長を務めた。

・1860年から1874年まで王璽尚書次官Groom of Privy Chamber（3名定員）、1875年から1880年まで王璽尚書侍従Groom in Waiting（5名定員）を勤めた。

・スコットランドのベン・ネヴィス観測所の建設に関与。

(2) Works in Gaelic Folklore Studyゲール民俗文化に関する著作

・ゲール民俗文化の先駆的研究者。ゲール民俗民話を集め、『西ハイランド地方の民間伝承Popular Tales of the West Highlands, 1860-64)』として出版した。スコットランドの「グリム」とも言われる。

・この業績が認められ、エジンバラ大学に民俗学教授に招かれたが、そんな窮屈な象牙の塔での学究活動はいやだと断ったと言われる。

(3) Works in Natural Science地球科学分野

・幼少期に自然科学に関心を持っていたことから、エジンバラ大学に入学し、地質学、気象学、天文学などの広い自然科学分野の知識を習得したらしい。しかし、学業途中で法学に転部して卒業した。

・1857年、太陽光記録計Sunshine Recorderを発明し、後にジョン･ストークスによって改良され、キャンベル･ストークス日照記録計として実用化された。日本の気象関係者の間では「カンベル日照記録計」として知られ、光センサーが発明される1970年代まで世界中どこの気象観測所にも設置されていた。日照計を発展させ、1881年に『Thermograph（サーモグラフ）』の著作を通して、温度を可視化する装置を概念化した。私は2020年1月復刻版を海外から購入した。

・日照記録計の発明過程について、つい最近、サンチェス博士他がすぐれた論文を著された。簡単に紹介すれば、キャンベルが衛生局事務局長を務めていた1853年、ロンドンにコレラが大流行し、彼はロンドン各地の気象観測データを集めて、気象条件とコレラ発生の相関関係を導き出そうとした。気温や気圧の計測は可能であったが、太陽光の強さと日照時間を計測する手法はまだ確立していなかった。キャンベルは大きなガラス玉をお椀の中に置き、太陽光がガラス玉を通って焦点を結ぶ痕跡に着目した。お椀内部に感光紙を貼り付けておけば、熱を持った焦点は黒焼けの痕跡を残すという、写真の原理を応用した。<Campbell-Recorderキャンベル太陽光記録計>を参照

・地球科学の考察結果を『霜と火Frost and Fire: Natural Engines, Tool Marks and Chips, 1865』として出版した。インターネット上でPDF判を入手したが、まだ私は完読していない。

・1874年12月9日に金星日面通過が起きることを知り、自分で観測を企画し観測器機を携えて日本までやってきて実施した。かつて、日食の観測をしたことがあり、その経験が役に立った。

p.11

III. Thermography

The writer began to work with solar heat in 1853, and set himself to devise a new art by which to test a theory built on facts. He named the method “Thermography” in 1879. In a manual of photography, by Robert Hunt (Glasgow, 1853), is a chapter on “Thermography.” Following Moser, Hunt made experiments, and in 1840 he suggested the name. “When two bodies are sufficiently near, they impress their images upon each other,” even in the dark. Every thing radiates heat , more or less. The vapor of Mercury attacks a prepared metal plate, in those parts which correspond to the white ground of the engraving, pressed upon the plate. The name dates from 1840. The writer’s study sprung from amateur photography. It is based upon the action of “heat” upon seal materials which are not sensitive to “light.” A cold seal stamps an impression on hot wax; and a hot seal stamps cold wax.

(4) Misc. Worksその他

・日本の古美術に関心を持ち、1874年12月、東京で大量の古美術品を買い漁り、帰国してからロンドンで展覧会を開き、ディロン、ドレッサー、バージェス、ラムゼィなど、日本趣味の友人知人に披露した。

・Travel and Journals旅行記：Norway (1857), Iceland (1861), America (1864), in 1865 in Northern Scandinavia (1857). North America (1864) and the Far East and India (1874-5), India (1876-77), Egypt (1878, 1880). My Circular Notes (1876).

・1876, My circular Notes: Extracts from Journals, Letters Sent Home, Geological and Other Notes, Written While Travelling Westwards Round The World, from July 6, 1874, to July 6, 1875. 2 volumes.

・Science自然科学：contributions in the fields of geology, geomorphology and photography, as well as inventing a practical sunshine recorder (1853) 。1857年に太陽光記録計を発明した。ストークによってキャンベル･ストーク太陽計として実用化された。（added in October 14, 2019）。

II. Relation with Japan日本との関係

2-1. Reference.参考文献

(1) "My Circular Notes (1876)"

・キャンベルと日本の関係は、彼が1876年に著した『私の周遊記My Circuar Notes』に述べられている。1874年7月から1年間の世界旅行の途中、11月から翌年2月まで日本に滞在した。

・旅行の目的は、仕事に疲れ、1874年6月から1年間休暇を取って世界一周することにしたとある。当時、従弟の第八代アーガイル公はインド植民地省大臣を務めており、「アイラ島のキャンベル」にとって海外旅行は大変好都合であった（在外公館や英領植民地政府からの便宜を得られる）。

・イギリスにおいて日本文化ブームが起きており、キャンベルは日本行きを大変楽しみにしていた。実際、『私の地球周遊記』において最も多くの記述とスケッチを日本に捧げている。

・1874年12月9日に予定されていた金星日面通過観測の20日前に日本に到着したことを考えると、この日に合わせて世界旅行に旅立ったと考えられる。『私の周回記録』における「金星日面通過」のところでは、その観測の意味と期待を熱心に説いている。

・日本で金星日面通過を観測できると知ったとしても、実際、つてがないとできない。

・キャンベルは、イギリス灯台局（Trinity House）の事務局長として、スコットランド気象協会（Scottish Meteorological Society, A.Buchan）やイギリス気象庁（Meteorology Office, R. FitzrRoy）と通じており、1873年暮れにマクヴェインは明治政府工部省測量司を代表しスコットランド気象協会から支援協力合意（An Article in "The Nature" February 1874）を取り付けたことを知っていたと考えられる。

・キャンベルとマクヴェインの父はともにエジンバラ大学出身であり、またマクヴェインの妻の兄弟（James Cowan, George Cowan）や親戚（Menzie）とも知り合いだった。

(2) McVean Archivesマクヴェイン文書

・1874年11月から翌年2月までのマクヴェイン日記にキャンベルの名前が登場する。この時期は主として、婦人のメアリが日記を執筆していた。

(3) Campbell's Correspondence Recieved by McVeanマクヴェイン宛てのキャンベルの手紙

・キャンベルからマクヴェイン宛てにイザベラ･バードという女性が訪問するので、よろしく対応を頼むという手紙が存在する。簡単に紹介すると、バードははキャンベルの『私の周遊記』を読んで日本に関心を持ち、実際に話を聞くためにキャンベルに会いに行った。そこでキャンベルは、日本のことについて知りたいのならつい最近帰国したマクヴェイン夫妻から直接聞いたほうがよいと助言した。

・キャンベルのこの手紙の後、マクヴェイン夫妻のところにバードがやってくるようになり、アイオナとエジンバラで数回、長い時間話し合ったと日記に書いてある。

・キャンベルはバードに対して、女一人で日本旅行するのは無茶だと語ったのに対して、マクヴェインは日本のツテを紹介してあげるから行きなさいと助言した。

・キャンベルが無事にロンドンに帰り着くと、頻繁に手紙がマクヴェインのもとに送られてきている。その中には、アーガイル公から義兄を日本で大変よく面倒を見てくれたことに対する感謝状も含まれている。

(4) Ikon.—Friday, 18. — Shimanita to Matsuida, 12 miles.

—First we walked with Waters, engineer of the mine, to the works. We scrambled up a very steep hill-side to a boss of magnetic iron ore, which projected southwards from the hill, in a wood. A pickaxe whirled round and stuck fast in a cleft. My hammer stuck fast, and became a magnet, being steel. The compass wheeled round in all sorts of directions, as if bewitched. A string of keys stood on end and fixed themselves on the side of a narrow split. When men sit there, watches stop.

2-2. Why came to Japan?なぜ日本にやってきたか

(1) Arrival and Reception日本到着と対応

・マクヴェイン日記によれば、1874年11月に横浜港に到着し、ハリー･パークスとともに出迎えにいった。キャンベルは数日間横浜に滞在し、その間にイギリス領事館員とカタタ他が対応した。11月末に東京にやってきて、虎ノ門ヤマトヤシキのマクヴェイン宿舎（現大倉集古館位置）に投宿した。キャンベルはメアリの実家の人物たち（コーワン製紙工場主、エジンバラ市長、エジンバラ大学教授）とも親しい付き合いをしていた。金星日面通過観測が終わるまでマクヴェイン家に滞在し、その様子を本書に詳述している。

(2) Observation of the Transit of Venus金星日面通過観測のため

・1874年12月3日から9日までの金星日面通過観測の準備と実施の前後、東京在住のイギリス人学者らと会った。ダイアー、エアトン、アンダーソン、チェンバレンなどなど。

・12月9日に予想されていた金星日面通過観測を御殿山で準備をし、明治政府要人を迎えて成功させた。

(3) Visit to Nikko and Shinshu日光と信州の訪問

・その後、一週間ほど日光旅行し、駐日公使のハリー･パークスから観測を成功に導いたことに対してミカドから褒美を頂戴するようにとの指示を聞かず、12月半ばには真冬の中山道を通って「日本のハイランド」信州地方を目指して旅立った。途中見聞したことを文章とスケッチにしながら京都に達し、1875年2月に神戸から離日。帰国後『私の周遊記録My Circular Notes, 1876』として出版した。日本についての記述が中心であるにもかかわらず、書名からそのことが分からず、日英交流史の中でまったく知られていなかった。

・日本訪問の目的は、日本のハイランド地方の民俗文化の見聞と金星日面通過観測であったことは明白だが、イギリス出発前に日本にいる人物たちとどのようなやりとりをしたのかは不明。イギリス政府の要職を勤め、また、キャンベルの義弟がインド省大臣を務め、さらに妹が外相グランヴィルの妻となっており、パークスは粗相の無いように最高の対応をした。

・キャンベルは東京で木戸孝允を訪問しており、おそらく彼が岩倉使節団をロンドンで接待し、その時、木戸と懇意になったのだと思われる。

・1874年10月に、外国人の遊歩規定が見直しをされ、学術と病気療養の目的に限って国内旅行が認められるようになった。

・ハリー･パークスに頼んで、明治政府から国内遊歩証を発行してもらった。

・金星日面通過観測を終え、直ぐにマクヴェインとブラック（他に写真家のモーサーがいたらしい）を伴い日光にでかけた。

・中山道を通って信州を目指したが、おそらくそこを日本のハイランドと考えて、残されていた民俗文化を見たいと思っていたのであろう。

III. Outline of "My Circular Notes(1876)"私の周遊記の概略

(1) Aim and Scope of the Publication.本書の目的と範囲

・序文によれば、1874年6月、12年間のイギリス枢密院儀典官職に疲れ果て、退職したのを契機に1年間の世界旅行をすることに決心したとある。公務に多忙であったろうが、この時期、キャンベルはゲール民俗文化研究者として大きな業績をまとめあげた。1872年にジュール･ヴェルヌが『80日間世界一周』を出版し、人気を博していたことと何らかの関係があるのであろう。また、義弟のアーガイル公がインド省大臣を務めていた時期で、アジア各地のイギリス公館から知遇を受けることができた。

・ヴェルヌの世界一周旅行小説と違って、地球を右回りに、すなわちイギリスから大西洋を渡たり北アメリカに達し、太平洋を横断し、日本からアジア各地の主要港を経由してスエズ運河に向かった。

・当時、キャンベルは53歳に達しており、100キロを超す巨体ながら、精力的に歩き回った。

・本書は、母国にいる母親に宛ての手紙形式で構成されているが、自らの消息を知らせるだけで、中身は旅行記であり、帰国後受け取って著書に使うつもりであった。

一部新たに加筆して纏めあげている。

・本書の序文によれば、Athenaeum Club入会のために挿絵の入った旅行報告書を著すことになっていた。このクラブはロンドンの最高の芸術愛好家の集まりで、ウィリアム･バージェスを含む数人の建築家も会員であった。

(2) Observation of the Transit of Venus金星日面通過観測の様子

(3) Visit to Nikko, Shinshu, Kyoto, Osaka.日光、信州、京都、大阪の旅行

・下諏訪で温泉宿に投宿し、そこで男女混浴の温泉を体験した。

(4) 一年の中で、日本ほど人々と交流し、食べ、笑って、驚いて、見て、買って、これほど楽しくて興奮した2ヵ月はなかった。

VI. Relation with Jules Verneジュール･ヴェルヌとの関係

Jules Verne, 1828 February 8 - 1905 March 28.ジュール･ヴェルヌ

(1) 1859, Voyage en Angleterre et en Écosse (Voyage to England and Scotland)『イングランド・スコットランド旅行』

(2) 1861, Paris au XXe siècle (Paris in the 20th century)『二十世紀のパリ』

(3) 1861, Joyeuses misères de trois voyageurs en Scandinavie () 『スカンディナヴィアにおける3人の旅行者の陽気な不幸』

※キャンベルは、アイスランド、ノルウェーなどを調査し『霜と火』を書いている。

(4) 1863, Cinq semaines en ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon).気球に乗って五週間

※サミュエル･ファーガソン博士、ディック･ケネディ、ジョーの三人のイギリス人が気球に乗ってアフリカ探検をする。熱気球旅行については写真家ナダールの発想。

(5) 1864, Voyage au centre de la terre (A journey to the Centre of the Earth).地底旅行

※ルーン語による暗号文を解読し、アイスランドのスネフェルス山頂にある火口から地中に入り、苦境を乗り換えながら地中海のストロンボリ島の火山噴火に乗じて地上に生還。

・ジョン･キャンベルの『霜と火Forest and Fire』はアイスランド、グリーンランド、ノルウェーの自然環境調査。

(6) 1865, De la Terre à la Lune (1865Journey to the Moon.地球から月へ

※南北戦争後のアメリカ合衆国を舞台に、「大砲クラブ」が人間を乗せた大砲を月に撃ち込む。

(7) 1867，Les Aventures du capitaine Hatteras (Adventure of Captain Hatteras.ハテラス船長の冒険

※はテラス船長率いる冒険隊が北極点を目指す。

(8) 1868, Les Enfants du capitaine Grant (Children of Captain Grant) 『グラント船長の子供たち』

(9) 1870, Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers.海底二万里

※巨大な海洋生物により船舶が襲撃され、アロナックス博士らがアメリカ合衆国の軍艦で調査を行う。それはネモ船長が率いる潜水艦ノーチラス号であった。

・1874年にエジンバラ大学のトムソン教授は海洋調査を学会と政府に提案し、海軍のチャレンジャー号を借りて2年間にわたり海洋調査を実施する。

(9) 1873, Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours. 八十日間世界一周

※大金持ち貴族のフィリアス･フォッグは植民地における鉄道建設が進み、80日間で世界一周できるかどうかを「リフォーム･クラブ」で賭けをする。1872年10月2日のロンドンを出発した。

・ジョン･キャンベルはこの物語が出版された翌年に世界一周旅行に旅立つ。この物語の主人公とは違って地球を西回りに旅行し、1年を要した。

(10) 1882, The Green Ray. 緑の光線

※グラスゴー在住の貴族兄弟が姪のミス･キャンベルが幸運をもたらすという「緑の光線」を見るために、マル島、アイオナ島、スタファ島を訪問する物語。

・主人公のミス･キャンベルがジョン･キャンベルとの関連を想起させ、さらに主人公らが向かう島々は伝統的にマクヴェインやマクレーン氏族の住むところであった。

REFERENCE関係資料

1. Various Biography自伝及び伝記

1-1. 2019 The Editors of The Gazetteer for Scotland. Supported by: School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society

--John Francis Campbell (Iain Og Ile)  1821 - 1885

Polymath. Born in Edinburgh, a cousin of George, 8th Duke of Argyll, Campbell was brought up on his family's estate on Islay. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied the sciences and natural history, but graduated in law in 1851. With his father deeply in debt and forced to sell his estates, the young Campbell moved to London to practice as a barrister, but much preferred science. He gained the position of Private Secretary to his cousin the Duke, and was appointed Secretary to a succession of Royal Commissions, on Heating and Ventilation, on Lighthouses and on Coal. He also served Queen Victoria as Groom of the Privy Chamber (1860-74) and Groom in Waiting (1874-80).

--Campbell is perhaps best known as a collector of Gaelic folklore, systematically recording the Gaelic oral tradition principally in the West Highlands and Islands. Between 1849 and 1873 he travelled in Scandinavia and Northern Russia, recording the trips in detail in his journals. He also visited North America (1864) and the Far East and India (1874-5). He made contributions in the fields of geology, geomorphology and photography, as well as inventing a practical sunshine recorder (1853), later improved by Sir George Stokes and known as the Campbell-Stokes Sunshine Recorder.

--His works include Frost and Fire (1865) explaining the action of volcanoes and glaciers, and Popular Tales of the West Highlands (in four volumes, 1860-62). His journals and manuscripts, including many beautiful watercolours and early photographs of the places and peoples he visited, are held by the National Library of Scotland. He died in Cannes (France), where he lies buried.

(2) The Celtic Magazine, conducted by Alexander Mackenzie, November 1884.

DEATH OF JOHN F. CAMPBELL OF ISLAY.

We regret to record the death of Mr J. F. Campbell of Islay, a gentleman well known throughout the Highlands as a distinguished Celtic scholar. He died at Cannes, where he was spending the winter, on Tuesday, the 17th February, at the age of sixty-three.

--The deceased was the only son of the Into Mr Walter F. Campbell of Islay, M.P., by his first wife, Lady Ellinor Charteris, eldest daughter of the seventh Earl of Wernyss. He was born in Edinburgh on the 09th of December 1821, and educated at Eton and Edinburgh, and in 1851 was called to the bar of the Inner Temple, but never practised.

--In 1854 he was appointed private secretary to the Duke of Argyll when Lord Privy Seal. In the following year he was appointed assistant secretary to the General Board of Health, and subsequently held, in 1856, the secretaryship of the Mines Commission, and, in 1859, that of the Commission on Lighthouses. Possessed of literary tastes, and deeply interested in the manners and customs of the Highlands, and the legendary lore of the people, Mr Campbell devoted much attention to the study of Celtic folk-lore.

--He took an active part in the ()mimic controversy, and between 1860 and 1868 published his Popular Tales of the High-lands, in four volumes In 1870 he publisher' the first volume of a work entitled " Leabhar Na Feinne : Heroic Gaelic Ballads." He was also the author of two volumes entitled "Frost and Fire: Footmarks and Chips," in which scientific observations' and sketches of travel were pleasantly recorded.

--Several other works also came from his pen, including a series of letters describing a trip round the world. In 1861 he was appointed a Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, and in 1874 her Majesty appointed him one of the Grooms-in-Waiting. which office be resigned in 1880. Be. sides many earlier European and much Alpine climbing, Mr Campbell travelled, for purposes of research and observation, in 1857 in Norway, in 1861 in Iceland, in 1864 in America, in 1865 in Northern Scandinavia. In 1873-74 he made a journey by Norway to Archangel, and thence through Russia to the Caucasus, returning by Constantinople and the math of Europe. He made a voyage round the world, visiting Japan, China, Java, and Ceylon, in 1874-5, and to 1876-77 he visited India. In 1878 he resided in Egypt, and during that year made a short journey to Syria and Palestine. He again visited Egypt in 1880. His works, a list of which is annexed, show the extent of his observations and thought on Ethnological, Geological, and Physical subjects. His Heliometer, mentioned with special distinction by Professor Balfour Stewart at the meeting of the British Association in 1883, is in constant use at Greenwich, and other scientific instruments invented or adapted by him, are in use at the Ben Nevis Observatory. For the last twenty years Mr Campbell hoe been well known to a large circle of Londoners. At Niddry Lodge were to be always found many of the most celebrated men of the day. Mr Campbell was a brother-in-law to Lord Granville, to Sir Kenneth S. Mackenzie of Gairloch, Bart., to Mr Henry Wyndham West, Q.C., Recorder of Manchester, and M.P. for Ipswich, and to the Into Mr Bromley.Davenport.

--His chief published works are—. Popular Tales of the West Highlands," 4 vols., 1860.6a. "Life in Normandy," his father's notes, edited, a vols., e863. "A Short American Tramp, 1864," 1 vol., 1865. " Frost and Fire," Vat, 1865. "Gold Diggings in Sutherland," 1867. Leabhar na Feinne," Gaelic texts, 1 cot, folio, 187a. " Glaciation of Ireland, quarto, Jour. Geol. Soc., 1873. "My Circular Notes, 2 note, 1876. "Glacial Periods," a vol., 1883 and many pamphlets on various subjects.

A friend "who knew him well and loved him" writes-- . Wherever the Gaelic tongue is spoken, sal wherever sturdy independence of thought, associated with geniality of temperament and manliness of character is highly esteemed, the death of John Campbell of Islay will be sincerely deplored. Devotedly attached to the land of his birth, and a keen student of its poetic traditions, be bar enriched the literature of the country with a work which is likely to take a permanent place in the esteem of his fellow.countryman. The "Popular Tales of the Wert Highlands" must always have an enduring interest for every true lover of the region to which that excellent work relates, and can never fail to excite the patriotic fervour of every Highland.. Mr Campbell's life was devoted to the accumulation of the Folk Lore which reflects so accurately the sympathies, habits, and instincts of a people, and his labours were labours of love. This abiding memorial will be found in the hearts of those whom his writings have so much delighted, and a large circle of mourning hiends have the melancholy satisfaction of feeling that their grief is shared by numbers who had not attained to the privilege of his personal friendship.

1 Another work by Mr. Campbell, "A short American Tramp," contains many valuable observations on Climate (see GEOL. MAG. 1868, Vol. V. p. 299).

2 See List of Instruments set forth by the Meteorological Society.

3 Pope. The original second line is, "Who served no patron, etc."

(3) Mainstream Companion to Scottish Literature by Revor Role, Mainstream Publishing, 1993.

Campbell, John Francis (1822-85). Folklorist. He was born on 29 December 1822 on the island of Islay and was educated at Eton and the University of Edinburgh. His family's aristocratic connections brought with them the benefit of patronage and their eldest son became in turn a groom-in-waiting at court, secretary to the Lighthouse Commission and secretary to the Coal Commission. In his spare time Campbell collected a large number of traditional fairy-tales, which he published in four volumes in Popular Tales of the West Highlands, (1860-62). The tales were trans-lated into English but Campbell was careful to give Gaelic variants and to name the prove-nance of his collection. His knowledge of Gaelic gave him easy access to the folk tradition of the islands and West Highlands, and his most enduring monument is Leabhar na Feinne (1872), a collection of Ossianic ballads in which he also attacked the authenticity of the OSSIAN poems by JAMES MACPHERSON. Campbell enjoyed foreign travel and he was also something of an inventor and a dabbler in the natural sciences — he invented an apparatus for measuring the sun's rays. He died on 17 February 1885 in Cannes, France. WORKS: Popular Tales of the West Highlands, 4 vols. (1860-62); Frost and Fire (1865); A Short American Tramp in the Fall of 1864 (1865); Leabhar na Feinne (1872); My Circular Notes (1876); The Parallel Roads of Lochaber (1877); Time Scales (1880); Thermography (1883); The Celtic Dragon Myth (1911) EDITIONS: J. G. Mackay, ed., Ancient Legends of the Scottish Gad, from the Manuscript Collection of J. F. Campbell (London, 1914); W. J. Watson, ed., More West Highland Tales, from the Manuscript Collection of J. F. Campbell (Edinburgh, 1940)

(4) The London Gazette, March 30, 1860, p.1252.

St. James's Palace, March 28, 1860. The Queen has been pleased to appoint John Francis Campbell of Islay, Esq., to be one of the Grooms of Her Majesty's Privy Chamber in ordinary, in the room of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Thomas Noel Harris, deceased.

(5) Review of John F. Campbell's "My Circular Notes," on NATURE of April 20, 1876.

CAMPBELL’S “CIRCULAR NOTES”

   My Circular Notes. Extracts from Journals, Letters sent home, Geological and other Notes, written while Travelling Westwards round the World, from July 6, 1874,

to July 6, 1875. By J. F. Campbell, Author of “ Frost and Fire.” 2 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co.,,1876.)

  All who are acquainted with the undoubted merits of Mr. Campbell's earlier work—merits to which not even the most serious and glaring defects in style, matter,

and arrangement can render us insensible—will hail with pleasure the appearance of this latest production of his ever lively pen and amusing pencil. We cannot but think that in this, his second venture, the author has greatly profited by some of the severe but not unfriendly criticisms which were elicited by the publication of his first work.

  Mr. Campbell has, in “My Circular Notes,” avoided the grave mistake of mingling together in wild confusion humorously-written notes of travel and sober arguments on difficult scientific questions ; and he has exetcised, as we think, a very wise discretion in relegating to an appendix the discussion of thet important geological

problem, the hope of solving which seems to have been his main incitement to undertaking this journey round the world. In perusing this scientific portion of his book, with which of course the readers of NATURE are principally concerned, we are happy to find far fewer examples of that looseness and inaccuracy of language and to miss that dogmatic tone and redundancy of illustration which were the conspicuous blemishes of the author’s earlier work. And all these improvements have we think been effected, without any sacrifice of his really graphic and vigorous style of writing upon scientific questions. .

   Before proceeding to notice the purely scientific portion of “ My Circular Notes,” we must remark that, even those who care nothing about the geological problems discussed in it, will find very much to interest them in this most lively and amusing record of travels. Those who would realise the curious scenes which may be witnessed in the Western States of North America, where the most volatile elements of old nationalities are uniting to form a new community those who take interest in that wonderful social experiment which is now being tried in Japan, no less a one than the transplanting, bodily, of the full-grown civilisation of the West among the most conservative races of the East—and those who desire to learn something of the relics of the ancient nations, languages, folk-lore, and creeds of Ceylon—cannot do better than accept the guidance of Mr. Campbell. In him they will find a most yivacjous and ever-amusing companion. Yet, on the other hand, his digressions upon such subjects as emigration and the struggle of races, and his treatment of questions like the relationships of languages and the origin of myths, will sufficiently prove that he has thought earnestly upon many social and philological problems, and has aimed at something higher than merely writing a diverting

book of travel.

VoL. xu1.—No. 338

  In adopting the method of loosely stringing together extracts from his journal with private letters, and making no attempt to weld them into a consecutive narrative, our author certainly trespasses somewhat upon the indulgence of his readers. This disadvantage is perhaps in some degree compensated for, however, by the freshness and vigour of his descriptions and reflections, appearing as they do, just as at first dashed off in the presence of the strange scenes which inspired them.

   The problem on which the author of this work has sought to throw light in making this journey round the world is one of considerable interest to geologists at the present time. In 1840 Agassiz brought forward evidence which soon convinced even the most sceptical that, not only did the glaciers of the Alps at one time extend far beyond their present limits, but that many districts—such as parts of our own islands, for example—which are now entirely devoid of glaciers, must once have been subjected to the powerful erosive action of moving ice. The idea was at once taken up by Buckland, Lyell, and other observers in this country, who showed that the new “Glacial theory ” afforded a complete solution of what had hitherto constituted some of the most difficult and perplexing problems of geology.

   By some later authors, however, the “Glacial theory,” which had soon met with all but universal acceptance, was pushed far beyond those limits which geological ob-

servation warranted. It was asserted that, not only did the existing rock-surfaces of the more northern regions of the earth owe some of their later touches to the erosive action of glaciers, but that many even of the grandest valleys and the deepest lakes were entirely scooped out by their agency. Some even went farther than this, and declared that the whole region around either of the poles must at one period have been enveloped by continuous sheets of solid ice (“ice-caps ”) which extended far into temperate and even tropical latitudes. They maintained, in opposition to the arguments of Lyell, that no changes in the distribution of land and water on the earth’s surface could possibly account for the former extension of glaciers, and they invoked the aid of some astronomical cause to account for the alleged phenomena. A few waxed even bolder than this, and insisted that they had found evidence, which warranted them in believing io the regular recurrence, during past geological time, of alternating mild and glacial periods; and several rival astronomical theories were even suggested to account for these supposed rhythmical changes in climate..

   Among the foremost of the champions of these extreme views appeared the author of the present volumes. In 1873, he read before the Geological Society a paper in which he attributed the production of the whole valley system of Ireland to the erosive action of a polar ice-sheet. The remarks elicited from several geologists during the discussion of this paper appear to have induced Mr. Campbell, who, during his travels in Scotland, Norway, Iceland, North America, &c., had acquired great skill in recognising the peculiar marks produced by glacial action, to extend the limits of his observations by a journey right round the continent of Europe. What he then saw led him so far to distrust his former conclusions concerning the existence of a universal glacial period and a polar ice-sheet, that he determined to put the quéstion to the severest test possible, by a complete tour of the globe.

   Mr. Campbell’s mode of arguing this question is as follows :—At the present time glaciers entcr the sea, within the northern hemisphere, down to the latitude of 60°; the sea is frozen and ice-marks are produced on the shore as far south as 40°; and icebergs drop their rocky burdens within 37° degrees of the equator. If there ever prevailed a universal glacial period with a gencral reduction in the temperature of the whole northern hemisphere, we ought to find traces of ylacial action everywhere round the whole vlobe and extending even to more southern latitudes than 37% Ifthe ice-cap “ever existed, the marks of it ought to be found on all meridians alike. If ever there was a glacial period in our world, glacial marks ought to be found everywhere, in the same latitudes and at the same levels, in the same state of preservation.”

   Keeping these premises constantly before his mind, our author found, during his journey of cleven months, quite sufficient evidence to cause him to make a full retraction of his former conclusions on the subject. As far as Chicago he observed everywhere the most striking traces of former glacial action ; but in the same latitudes to the westward he found these marks of old glaciers entirely disappearing ; and although some signs of ylacial action were detected in the Rocky Mountains theinselves, yct from this great range onwards to Ceylon they were found to be wholly wanting, Mr. Campbell’s previous expedition in castern Europe had led him to conclusions as to the /vca/ character of glacial action which were quite in harmony with those obtained in this journey round the globe, and he enunciates the results of his latest observations upon the subject as follows :— Whether I take marks which can be explained by glacial erosion, such as firths, valleys, lakes, &c., or marks which clearly are not glacial, such as peaks and canons, I find nothing to suggest a general glacial period in America or in Europe ;” and he further proceeds to state that he can find no evidence whatever of a recurrence of universal ylacial periods such as might result from the action of some astronomical cause.

    We have already extended this notice of Mr. Campbell’s valuable work to the farthest limits, and must refer to the book itself for the details of the evidence on which his conclusions are founded.

   In bringing our remarks to a close, we may add that the author’s present views on the influence produced on climate by the changes of level in different districts, resulting in alterations in the direction of ocean currents, &c., appear to be quite in harmony with those so long and firmly maintained by Lyell, in opposition to the cosmical thcories of the extreme giacialists, His observations on Western North America are fully confirmed by the more detailed examination of the districts by several of the United States’ pcolovists ; and his conclusion that there is no evidence of the former existence of a general “Glacial period” are quite in accordance with those enunciated by Dr. Hector and other observers who have studied the glaciers of the southern hemisphere. Vrof. Nordenskjold has, moreover, shown how completely palicontological evidence of the clearest character disposes of the notion of frequently recurring glacial epochs in past geological times.

    We cannot but admire the candour with which Mr. Campbell renounces his previously-expressed opinions ; and we may, perhaps, be allowed to express a hope that

the facts and arguments which have led him to so greatly modify his views on glacial phenomena, will not be without effect on the minds of others, who, like him, have certainly pushed their conclusions derived from a study of very limited portions of the earth’s surface, to generalisations far beyond what those observations can be legitimately made to support. J. W. J.

IV. "My Circular Notes, 1876". 記録『私の周遊記（1876年）』の解読

Chapter III. John Francis Campbell and 'My Circular Notes'

   There is no doubt that Byrd met ‘Campbell of Islay’, i.e. John Francis Campbell, in person and received specific advice, but for what purpose did this Campbell come to Japan and what did he see and what did he record? His travel journal is entitled My Circular Notes. Extracts from Journals, Letters sent Home, Geological and Other Notes, written while travelling westwards around the world from 5 July 1874 to 6 July 1875. Geological and Other Notes, written while Travelling Westwards Round the World, from July 5, 1874 to July 6, 1875, Two Volumes, Macmillan and Co. 1876’. The dedication states that the book is a collection of degree paintings for membership of the Royal Academy, and that a copy will be donated to the Athenaeum Club Library as a gift in return for being welcomed as a member of the Athenaeum Club. Both the Royal Academy and the Athenaeum Club are science and arts organisations, and Campbell's achievements were in keeping with their aims.

   Although we can learn about John Campbell's background and work history through such sources as The Dictionary of National Biography, it is difficult to get a complete picture of his intellectual activities (1). Although he is well known as a pioneer in the collection and study of Gaelic folklore, he is rarely appreciated as an earth scientist, travel writer, and painter (2). Perhaps because of the breadth of his interests and activities, he was born in 1821, the eldest son of Walter Frederick Campbell, Lord of Islay and Member of Parliament, and Louisa Antinetta, and grew up on Islay, attending Eton before going on to study earth sciences at He entered the University of Edinburgh. However, midway through his studies, he switched to law and, after graduation, qualified as a barrister through the Inner Temple, but instead of practicing law, he became the personal secretary to George, 8th Duke of Argyll. The time of his transfer coincided with the potato famine that hit Scotland, and his father's farming business went bankrupt when he got stuck, which may have caused him to give up his studies and pursue a career as a lawyer. John Campbell continued to support his public affairs for the rest of his life to repay the debt owed to George, Lord Argyll, who had helped him settle his father's debts.

   As mentioned above, George of Argyll was a trusted friend of Queen Elizabeth, and when he was appointed Commissioner of the Queen's Seal in 1853, Campbell became his brother-in-law's personal secretary and served as Groom of the Privy Chamber (3 positions) from 1860 to 1874. When he returned from his round-the-world trip the following year, he became Groom in Waiting (five-person post), a post he held until 1880. The Queen's Seal was tasked with assessing and paying royal grants for public utility projects carried out by the private sector. Campbell's involvement included the Sanitary Establishment, Mining Establishment and Lighthouse Establishment, for which he served as director general and deputy director. He may also have had official relations with scientific and artistic institutions such as the Royal Academy and the Athenaeum Club. As will be discussed below, Campbell probably welcomed the Iwakura Mission as a member of the British Government and explained to his deputy, Kido Takayoshi, the role of the Royal Family, among other things.

   In 1854, while serving as deputy secretary-general of the Sanitary Establishment, cholera broke out in London, and he invented a daylight recorder, inspired by the thermometer he had been familiar with as a child, and with the help of Robert Fitzroy, director of the Bureau of Meteorology, he tried to investigate the relationship between cholera outbreaks and temperature (3). Unfortunately, John Snow would discover that the cholera bacterium enters the human body through drinking water rather than through airborne infection, but Campbell's attempts were carried over into home improvements where living rooms needed daylight and ventilation. In the late 1850s, Campbell took a break from his official duties to study the folklore of the Scottish Highlands, and in 1861, he published "West Popular Tales of the West Highlands, 4 volumes, 1861-62" was published in 1861. This became the milestone in the study of Gaelic folk tales. The folktales he collected contained a variety of monsters and fairies, but he became particularly interested in the myth of the dragon.

Figure.　表紙挿絵『西ハイランドの民話』　　　　　　　　　Figure　表紙挿絵『霜と火』

Figure　挿絵『アメリカ徒歩旅行』

   In 1863 he went to Iceland and Greenland, where he observed various tectonic traces and published his observations in Frost and Fire, Natural Engines, Tool-Marks and Chips, 2 volumes. 1864, was published as Frost and Fire, Natural Engines, Tool-Marks and Chips, 2 volumes, 1864. Encouraged by his mentor and friend Charles Lyell, it attempted to show that volcanic mountain building and glacial erosion played a major role in the formation of landforms. From July to October 1864, he travelled to North America to observe and investigate the fjords of Newfoundland and glacial erosion in the Rocky Mountains, and published a record of his observations and travels in A Short American Tramp in the Fall of 1864, 1865. A Short American Tramp in the Fall of 1864, 1865. He called himself a geologist and maintained an interest in geological, astronomical, meteorological and other earth sciences, and shortly before his death he wrote Thermograph, 1881, and promoted the establishment of the Ben Nevis Observatory. For him, folklore was the product of people's attempts to understand the earth sciences, and the two seem to have been inextricably linked, rather than separate.

   The purpose of his round-the-world trip was not to become a member of the Royal Academy or the Athenaeum Club, although these memberships were required for membership of the two academic institutions, as mentioned above. What seems to be the purpose of the trip is stated in the preface, but it is too metaphorical to be understood.

   One object this time was to visit places to which the writer once thought of migrating, bag and baggage, horse, foot, and dragoons. He wanted to see how it felt : to judge what the past might, could, should, or would, have been like, after 1848, if it had been done; to visit old friends who went and did it then honestly and manfully, like men and Britons. In these regions this idle vagrant was asked what trade he worked at, and whether he was a "bug collector," which is contemptuous Californian for a naturalist. On the main route he was classed "globe trotter," which name is antipodean—Yokohamese—Yankee pigeon-Scotch, for the "One pieceydam fool steam boat passenger" of the Chinese. It, means an idle, aimless, rushing, rich, gullible, squeezable being, wasting money; useful only to traders who fleece globe-trotters all round the world (Letter of Introduction, My Circular Notes, pp.1-2).

   He may have been disappointed that he was forced to give up his studies at Edinburgh University in 1848 to become a natural scientist, but in the mid- to late-19th century, a number of remarkable researchers published their work, including Charles Lyell in geology, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace in biology, Charles Wyvill Thomson in oceanography, Alexander Bacchan in meteorology, James Ferguson in architecture, and many of them were old-time Scots. in oceanography, Charles Wyvill Thomson in meteorology, Alexander Bacchan in meteorology and James Ferguson in architecture, many of whom were old Scottish acquaintances, had published remarkable work. To make up for lost time, Campbell took a year's holiday and set out to investigate the topography, geology, climate and folklore of every corner of the globe, pretending to be ‘Globe Trotter’, a wanderer of the earth. At the time, Lord George of Argyll, who was President of the Royal Geological Society in addition to his day job as Minister for India, supported Campbell's plan. His central interest was in investigating the volcanic and glacial movements that created the earth's landforms (the Nat'l Engine), but he also had an interest in folklore and a talent as a painter: through his study of Gaelic folklore around 1860, he wanted to know if the dragon myths found in the Highlands were universal to humanity He was interested in finding out more. Just around 1870, James Ferguson, Tree and Serpent Worship, or Illustrations of Mythology and Art in India (1868) and former diplomat Algernon Mitford, Tales of Old Japan. Tales of Old Japan (1872) were published, through which he became aware of the existence of dragon myths throughout Asia.

   My Circular Notes consists of letters to his mother and friends, logs, notes, watercolours and sketches, but the letters are not addressed to the recipients, but simply inform them of Campbell's own whereabouts, as stated in the first letter to his mother, and the subsequent descriptions are It was a one-sided travelogue and discussion letter, which was to be collected on his return.

                  Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, July 7th, 1874.

My dear Mother,.

   Keep my letters, and they will make a series for a journal, and save me trouble My first adventure was within half an hour of starting.

   The letters, diaries and memoranda in My Circular Notes are arranged roughly in chronological order, but the topics often deviate from time and geography, and numerous quotations are made from literary and scientific texts from all ages and cultures. The 1874 and 1875 years are in separate volumes, with Volume I (356 pages) and Volume II (323 pages) totalling 679 pages. The total of the two volumes (p. 356) is 679 pages. There are 42 illustrations in it, 17 of which relate to Japan. The description of Japan begins on page 175 of Volume I and ends on page 64 of Volume II, so that the Japan section occupies more than 245 pages in total, or more than a third of the total. Incidentally, the original handwritten book is held in the National Library of Scotland and, although it omits the letters, it is accompanied by all the watercolours and sketches he made during his travels and the photographs he bought (some of which he took himself). There are 34 watercolours and about 40 pencil sketches of Japan. The illustration ‘Miyanoshita fujiya o omotome’ at the beginning of My Circular Notes is in black and white, but the watercolour is included in the original.

　The official visit of the Iwakura Mission to the British Government in August 1872 must have been an opportunity for Campbell to feel closer to Japan. As will be explained later, at this time Campbell apparently explained the British Royal Family system to his deputy Kido Takayoshi and others, and must also have met with Parkes and Mitford, who were involved with the legation to Japan. Having heard directly from them about Japan, he was able to obtain a copy of the Notes of a Journey in the Island of Yezo in 1873; and on the Progress of the Geography of Japan published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society by R.G. Watson, Chargé d'Affaires. Geography in Japan' (RGS Journal, 1874, pp. 132-145), which he seems to have read quite carefully.

   The journey began on 6 July 1874, when they boarded the Batavia from Liverpool and crossed the Atlantic to their first destination, North America. After spending about two months touring the unique topography of the North American continent, they arrived in San Francisco on 6 October. From there, they crossed the Pacific Ocean on board the Great Republic, arriving in Yokohama on 29 October (see figure). He lodged at the Grand Hotel, went the next day to greet the British Consulate in Yokohama and spent a few days getting his body accustomed to the ground, organising his luggage and writing letters as he toured the Yokohama settlement On 3 November, Campbell went to Tokyo to meet Parkes, but he was away from the legation that day, attending the Emperor's birthday celebrations at court He was away at the legation. Parkes was to come to Yokohama the following day in his place, and Campbell vividly sketched the people he saw on his return from the legation to Shinbashi Station. He was very excited to see a bare-bones Japan that did not exist in the westernised Yokohama settlement.

Figure

Figure

   On 4 November, Campbell explained the purpose and itinerary of his trip to Parks in Yokohama and asked Parks for advice and facilities. On 5 November, he set off by coach for Hakone, stopping overnight in Odawara on the way. The next day, they changed to a palanquin and reached Naraya in Miyanoshita, where they stayed three nights and enjoyed a hot spring bath. 9 November, they left Miyanoshita, saw Enoshima and the Great Buddha of Kamakura, and returned to Yokohama. During this time, he discussed bitter power, the Great Buddha, tapestries, rickshaws, postmen, cologne, hot springs, baths, shampoo, art, pilgrimages, Buddha, etc.

   On 11 November, he went with his luggage to meet Parkes at the British legation in Tokyo. When Campbell told him of his plans for Tokyo, a trip to Nikko and a folklore gathering on the way home, Parkes immediately made the necessary arrangements. This was more than Campbell had expected, as will be discussed below, and may have been due less to Campbell's position as Under-Secretary of the King's Seal and more to the fact that Campbell's sister was the wife of the then Minister for Foreign Affairs, Granville. There was another person present, who was also offered an undesirable facility.

   I am now going to Sir Harry Parkes's, and after that I shall decide what to do next. MacVean, son of the Free Church minister in the Ross of Mull, and head of the Ordnance Survey here, has asked me to stay at his house in Yedo (Tokio), and I certainly mean to accept. I shall stay with him, and possibly I may travel with him if he goes on an expedition. I am vastly amused in this strange wild country. It is so utterly unlike any thing I ever saw or dreamed of. The people are the most polite. The landlord goes down on all fours and knocks his

noddle on the ground, and grins and gives a parting gift to each guest ("My Circular Notes," p.182).'

   This person was Colin Alexander McVean (5), who worked as Chief Surveyor of the Ministry of Home Affairs, and who came to Japan in May 1868 with Henry Brunton and others to build the lighthouse, and was appointed its Chief Surveyor in October 1871, when the Ministry of Works was established. The surveyor-general used the former Matsudaira Yamato Mamoru's Edo residence (now Hotel Okura Tokyo) as his site, and the foreign engineer's residence was located in one corner. It was called Yamato Yashiki, and because of its location near the government offices in the city centre and the sociable nature of Mr and Mrs McVean, it was a frequent meeting place for foreigners living in Tokyo. Campbell must have informed the McVeans of his visit to Japan, as he seems to have been acquainted with McVean's father Donald, who was a minister on the island of Iona, and with George Cowan, the brother of McVean's wife Mary, who was Provost of Edinburgh (1872-1874).

   On receiving word from Campbell of his visit, the McVeans were happy to offer him a room in their home, and Marie wrote a detailed account of Campbell's activities in her diary, which coincides with the contents of My Circular Notes: on 13 November, when he moved into the Yamato residence, Campbell went with pencil, brush and paper to Edo s famous Shiba, Gotenyama, the Edo Castle area, Asakusa, Nihonbashi and Tsukiji, and enjoyed the ‘strange and wild country’. With Mr and Mrs McVean he went to Oji to see Kido Takayoshi, admiring his garden and the chrysanthemum doll exhibition, and after returning home he wrote a piece on Japanese floriculture. He also went with the couple to see a play and Japanese music, of which he left sketches and impressions. In addition, McVean was on friendly terms with Kuroda Nagahiro, and on 23 November he invited him to meet Campbell and held a party at his home.

   McVean decided to go with them to Nikko, found a reliable interpreter, a squire and a rickshaw and began preparing for the journey. They were accompanied by a young gentleman called Katata (6) [son of a former feudal lord] and Tsune, who served as Campbell's valet, and left Yamato Yashiki on 19 November with luggage and food in two rickshaws. On the way, they were joined by Yoshii (7) [Yoshii Tomomi, the Emperor's chamberlain], an official of the Imperial Household Agency, and Oima (8) [Oyama Iwao], who appeared to be the Minister of the Navy. Katata and Yoshii, who acted as interpreters, were acquaintances of McVean, and McVean probably provided them, including a Japanese retinue.

   Campbell was interested in everything he could see from the roadside, and when he arrived in Nikko he left detailed notes on the temples, sculptures and Buddha statues. When he left the temple and came to the square, he found a large number of arts and crafts spread out all over the place. These were all for sale, but Campbell did not have much on hand, so he only bought a folding screen and some vestments. The monks then took him to the treasury, where he was surprised to learn that everything inside was also for sale. Gradually, more and more foreigners began to come to Nikko, and Campbell laments that ‘soon all the treasures will be sold and disappear from Nikko’.

   Returning to Yamato Yashiki in Tokyo on 28 November, Campbell and McVean had no time to rest and went to Yokohama the following afternoon to attend the St Andrews Anniversary Party at the Grand Hotel. They drank, sang, danced and enjoyed themselves until the early hours of the morning. Returning to Tokyo, he again scavenged for arts and crafts and saw street performers in Asakusa, and on 5 December, at the invitation of Nagahiro Kuroda, Campbell, McVean and his colleagues Henry Batson Joyner (9), Yoshii [Tomomi Yoshii] and Katata [Katata's father who had earlier accompanied him to Nikko], accompanied by Kawamura (10) [Sumiyoshi Kawamura], the Undersecretary of the Navy Ministry They headed for the Kuroda residence. They all hid in a bamboo screen and swooped down on wild long-tailed ducks that had come to the pond with a bamboo net. On the evening of 7 December, those who had taken part in the hunt gathered again at the Kuroda residence and were treated to a sumptuous duck feast. All spoke English, except Kuroda, who was later joined by a Japanese, former commissioner of the Vienna World's Fair (11) for another gathering to discuss the Japanese way of life and political issues. Through his interactions, Campbell became deeply acquainted with Japanese culture and left sharp notes on torture Gralloch, music, the Meiji Restoration, the abolition of Buddhism, bathing customs, etc.

   On the day they were to go to the Kuroda residence for dinner, McVean and Campbell began in the morning to set up a full-scale Venus daylight transit observation at Gotenyama. Black, who took part in the photo shoot, told The Far East: ‘Unfortunately, nothing had been prepared for the last two weeks. However, the magnificent instrumentation of the kind needed for the survey had arrived from home country (My Circular Notes, pp.243-246)", but in fact the project had been organised under the Ministry of Works more than a year earlier, with McVean receiving instruction in observation methods at the Greenwich Royal Observatory and purchasing the latest instrumental equipment himself. However, the Surveyor-General's Department was reorganised when it was transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs, and all business was stalled when Home Secretary Toshimichi Okubo was away from the Ministry on the Taiwan issue. McVean learnt that one of the objectives of Campbell's visit to Japan was to observe the transit of Venus, and before going to Nikko, he urgently proposed to the acting Home Secretary, Hirobumi Ito, that the observation be carried out. Campbell had brought a barometer, chronometer and several telescopes for the observations (My Circular Notes, p.159), and together with the instruments prepared by McVean, a total of six instruments were used to record the crossing time of the outline of the Sun and Venus. For the purpose of photography and exhibition, Campbell set up a camera obscura, into which Marie entered and noted that she saw Venus move about one inch into the circular shadow of the Sun, which was three feet in long diameter.

   Campbell was so pleased with the observations that he spent more than ten pages of the book describing them in detail (My Circular Notes, pp.253-257). On 11 December, when he dined with Parkes, he gave Campbell a transit permit and also told him to have an audience with the Emperor on 14 December. This was because Parkes believed that the successful observation of the Venusian transit was due to Campbell's contribution, and on 9 December he made an offer to the Meiji Government for a reward from the Emperor. However, Campbell refused an audience as he was due to leave Tokyo that day. It would have made no sense for the Emperor to reward someone who was not originally on the Home Ministry's observation committee, and Parkes must have had an agenda to give special consideration to Campbell.

"PASSPORT Number 561. England, H.M. Horseford, J.F. Campbell.

This person everywhere look about. from Yokohama starts. either Nakasendo or Tokaido travels, and Kioto to get, and lake Biva to, and Nara if wish to go, and Therefore give passport. Must pass when shew this passport. Foreign Office seal." (My Circular Notes, p.259).

   Campbell's itinerary called for sailing from Kobe, so he would have had to do fieldwork on the dragon myth somewhere on his way from Tokyo to Kobe, but neither Mitford's ‘Tales of Old Japan’ nor the essay by Lawrence, Secretary of the British Legation, ‘Journey from Kyoto to Edo via the Nakayama Road ‘ did not indicate a suitable location. Campbell met many Japanese intellectuals between his return from Nikko and the date of the Venus transit observation, so he must have gathered information from them on the belief in the Dragon Gods along the Tokaido and Nakasendo routes. In particular, there were people in the Geographical Dormitory of the Ministry of Home Affairs, such as Yuzuru Sugiura, who knew about the geographical features of various parts of Japan. As a result, the Nakasendo route must have attracted Campbell's attention as it passed through the Japanese Highlands of Shinano.

   On 12 December, Campbell and McVean were having dinner at Ginza Seiyoken when they met a Frenchman named Paul Carry. Carry told him that he and Dr Vidal (12) (Jean Paul Isidiore Vidal) were leaving Tokyo on 14 December to travel along the Nakayama Road, so they decided to go with him, taking the journey with them. Having received a visa from the Japanese Government through Parkes, Campbell (208 l., at the end of the journey) went with Dr Vidal (208 l., French gentleman), Currie (183 l., strong, well-bred Frenchman), Koite (140 l., very large Japanese cook), Kagayama (13) (121 l., a small interpreter) and Masanao (14) (110 l., my squire), a total of six people left Tokyo. Next to their names, oddly enough, are their weights.

   Campbell was blessed with a good interpreter and retinue, but it is not known how he was employed. Although he was well prepared for the journey and had a reassuring retinue and companion, it was a great hardship to walk along the Nakasendo in the harsh winter of December and January. Nevertheless, my wish was fulfilled and I was able to see the Dragon God faith in Shimosuwa, leaving sketches and reflections (see figure). However, unlike what was expected, the Nakasendo Highlands were not like the Scottish Highlands, as the Nakasendo was a major highway connecting Kyoto and Edo. Furthermore, simple folk beliefs seemed to be disappearing as the new government rapidly progressed with the abolition of Buddhism and the conversion to state Shintoism. Campbell completed his journey along the Nakasendo in two weeks, touring the sights of Kyoto and Osaka, where he again bought large quantities of various armour and ornaments discarded by the warriors. He then left the port of Kobe on 24 January 1875 for his next destination, Hong Kong, via Nagasaki and Shanghai. Campbell concluded his impressions of Japan with the following words.

   I weighed 258 pounds before I started, 208 pounds at the other side of Japan, 191 pounds at Kobe; and I feel as strong as a pony. Such are some of the results of globe-trotting - 47 pounds off I hardly know myself, I am so genteel in figure, and active on my pins. No bread, little sugar, few potatoes, and long walks, did the job for me, and I recommend the prescription to all who aim at "banting." The great interest in Japan is to see a whole people changed within ten years. They have changed their habits and their clothes. They have railroads, gas, telegraphs, and steamers, an army and navy, and national debts, paper-money, and wide-awake hats. Ten years ago they cut down strangers, and put them in cages. (My Circular Notes, Vol. II, p.63)

   Banting refers to William Banting (1796-1878), who advocated a diet based on reduced carbohydrate intake and moderate exercise, and whose name banting was used as 'to diet' or 'to be healthy'. (15). For Campbell, walking in the harsh but safe Japan had a consequential effect on his health. These health-related words, along with the statement that Japan was in the throes of westernisation and would be completely replaced in another decade, must have greatly moved Bird.

   Campbell spent a week in Canton, a month in Java and a month and a half in Ceylon before returning to Liverpool on 6 July as planned. On that day, Campbell took up his next official post, organised and published his travelogue, and showed and distributed some of the Japanese antiquities he had purchased in Japan to his friends and acquaintances. The structure of My Circulat Notes shows that from the beginning of Volume I to page 167, the topic of geology in North America, followed by Japan, China, Hong Kong, Java and Ceylon from page 168 to page 214 of Volume II, and from page 215 of Volume II to the last page, an article titled 'The Age of Glacial Action'. In other words, the first and last parts of the book are descriptions of geology, while the central part, which occupies more than half of the entire book, is descriptions of folklore and iconography.

   Accordingly, when My Circular Notes was published, a number of journals published reviews of the book, all from the natural sciences, including Nature (16) and the Edinburgh Review. Just as Lyell's Journey in North America (1845) was followed by Journey to the United States of North America (1849), so Campbell's book was probably regarded in scientific circles as a sequel to A Short Tramp of America in the Autumn of 1864 (1865). Through brief reading of these reviews, it was not well received. On the other hand, the literary world did not seem to take note of the book as a travelogue on Japanese culture. In other words, there was a growing interest in Japan in late 19th century Britain through the publication of Rutherford Allcock's The Capital of the Tycoon, 1864, and Algernon Mitford's Tales of Old Japan, 1871. However, this book was not widely circulated as a successor. Campbell just published his travel accounts in book form for membership of the Royal Academy and the Athenaeum Club, and so the structure and writing style were not intended to reach a wide readership. Nevertheless, unlike the above two books on Japan, this book is very valuable because it describes and depicts the author's view of Japanese society in the early Meiji period from the road. The original handwritten notes, excluding the letters, are preserved in the National Library of Scotland, and about 40 sketches of Japan, including watercolours, are inserted in the book.

   Although My Circular Notes never found a wide readership as a travelogue of Japan, there was several person who were fascinated by the book, including Isabella Bird and a young architect Josiah Conder. Conder was working for architect William Burgess, a leading figure in the Athenaeum Club at the time, and it is likely that he could read 'My Circular Notes' on Burgess' bookshelf. When Conder took up his post as Professor of Architecture at the College of Engineering, he immediately surveyed the shrine and temple architecture of Shiba and Nikko, and contributed an article to the Journal of the British Institute of Architects (17).

(1) Death of John F. Campbell, the Celtic Magazine, conducted by Alexander Mackenzie, November 1884.

(2) The Saviour of Gaelic folklore, an Exhibition at the National Library of Scotland, 2023.

(3) Sanchez-Lorenzo, et., New insights into the history of the Campbell‐Stokes sunshine recorder, Weather, Vol. 68, No. 12, December 2013, pp.327-331.

(4) Adv.MS.50.4.10 - Journal of John Francis Campbell in which he continues his account of his visit to America in 1874 and goes on to describe his travels through Japan, China, Java and Ceylon in 1875, the National Library of Scotland.

(5) Hideo Izumida, Colin Alexander McVean, Surveyor in Chief of Japanese Government, 1871-76: Contribution to Survey, Public Buildings and Meteorology, Bungei-sya, 2022.

(6) Katata. McVane's friend, probably Masatsugu Takeda, who was then at the Kangyo Dormitory of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Campbell wrote that he had "stayed in the USA", and when McVane temporarily returned to Japan, he offered Takeda the opportunity to investigate products in Kensington. It was Takeda's son who accompanied him to Nikko. (7) Tomomi Yoshii, a friend of Yoshi. Yoshii resigned from the Ministry of the Imperial Household in June 1874, but when he introduced himself, he probably referred to his title as a chamberlain.

(8) Joyner. Henry Batson Joyner served as Assistant Engineer under McVane when the Surveyor-General's Department was established in the Ministry of Works in October 1871, and continued to correspond with him after his return.

(9) Oyma. probably Oyama Iwao, who married the daughter of Yoshii Tomomi.

(10) Kawamura.

(11) A Commissioner of the Vienna Exposition.Sano Tsunetami. He was one of McVane's very close friends from their days at the Ministry of Works, and they visited each other's homes.

(12) Jean Paul Isidiore Vidal, 1830- , French medical doctor. Travelled in Japan to find medical effects of hot springs while working at the Yokosuka Arsenal and Tomioka Silk-mill. pp. 85-92.

(13) Kagayama.

(14) Masaanao.

(15) "William Banting". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

(16) Review of John F. Campbell's "My Circular Notes," on NATURE of April 20, 1876.

(17) Josiah Conder, Notes on Japanese Architecture, The Builder, March 9, 1878.