Hydrographic Survey & Observation by British Admiralty 1866-1876
イギリス海軍シルヴィア号による日本沿岸の水域測量と気象観測
commenced in March 2, 2019, updated in December 7, 2021
I. HMS Sylvia. イギリス海軍艦船シルヴィア号
II. Relation Between with Colin A. McVean.コリン・マクヴェインの関係
III. Records.記録
IV. Directors of Hydrographic Office.水路測量局の歴代長官
V. Leading Admirals.主要艦長
VI. Royal Navy; China Station.イギリス海軍中国拠点
VII. Relationships with Japan.日本政府及び個人との交流
I. HMS Sylvia. イギリス海軍艦船シルヴィア号
1-1. Specification.諸元
--名称Name: Sylvia
--種別Type: Gunvessel,
--船体Hull: Wooden
--進水Launched: 20 March 1866
--推進装置Propulsion: Screw
--全長Builders measure: 695 tons
--総重量Displacement: 865 tons
--鑑砲Guns: 4
--Fate: 1889
--Class: Cormorant
--Ships: book
--備考Note: 1866.10 survey vessel. 1866年10月測量船に艤装
--Snippets: concerning this vessels career
1-2. Career業務歴
--12 October 1866 - 7 October 1869 Commanded (from commissioning at Woolwich) by Commander Edward Wolfe Brooker, surveying, China station (until Brooker was invalided)エドワード・ブローカー艦長指揮によるチャイナ・ステーションによる測量。
--substituted by William Frederik Maxweell during June - October 1869. 1869年6月から10月までウィルアム・マックスウェルが艦長代理を勤める。
--7 October 1869 - 9 April 1873 Commanded (until paying off at Sheerness) by Commander Henry Craven St John, surveying, China station.セント・ジョン艦長
--18 November 1873 - 1877 Commanded (until paying off at Hong Kong) by Captain Henry Craven St John, surveying, China station.セントジョン艦長。
--27 November 1876 - 15 July 1877 Commanded (from commissioning at Hong Kong) by Captain Bonham Ward Bax, surveying, China station (until Bax died of dysentery at Nagasaki, Japan).ボンハム・バックス艦長
--27 November 1877 - 17 November 1880 Commanded (until paying off at Sheerness) by Commander Pelham Aldrich, surveying, China.
--27 March 1882 - 8 April 1884 Commanded by Captain William James Lloyd Wharton, surveying, Strait of Magellan.
--8 April 1884 Commanded by Captain Pelham Aldrich, surveying, Cape of Good Hope, then Gibraltar.
--28 October 1885 - 22 February 1889 Commanded (until paying off at Sheerness) by Commander Llewellyn Styles Dawson, Mediterranean
Extracts from the Times newspaper
1-3. Log Extract航海記録抜粋
--Th 22 March 1866; Her Majesty's screw gun vessel Sylvia, 4, was on Tuesday launched from her building slip in Woolwich dockyard. The Sylvia has been on the stocks since 1659, when she was set up in frame, and, like many other ships then in progress, she was ordered to remain unfinished, and was set aside to give way to the improved system introduced by Mr. Reed. She is now intended to be prepared for surveying purposes, and is constructed on designs similar to those of the Nassau, launched last month at Pembroke yard. Her principal dimensions are as follows:- Length between perpendiculars, 185 ft.; length of keel for tonnage, l65 ft. 7¼ in.; breadth, extreme, 28 ft 4 in.; breadth for tonnage, 28 ft. 1 in.; breadth moulded, 27 ft. 6 in.; depth in hold, 14ft.; burden in tons, old measurement, 694 66-94ths. The ceremony of christening the Sylvia was performed by Miss Monteith, a niece of the superintendent of the yard, Commodore Hugh Dunlop. The launch was witnessed by the numerous naval and military officers residing in the garrison and neighbourhood and their families and a large assemblage of visitors, who were admitted without restriction. The launch took place at 4 o'clock precisely, after which the work of the yard totally ceased for the day, as usual at former launches.
--Tu 6 November 1866; Her Majesty's vessel Sylvia, commissioned by Commander Edward William Brooker (December, 1863) for surveying purposes, yesterday returned to Woolwich Arsenal from her official trial trip, and shipped her powder at the red buoy. On Thursday morning Commodore-Superintendent Edmonstone and Mr. Lorie, secretary, will go on board and make a final inspection of the crew and ship throughout. She will be in readiness for sea on the following Monday, when she will go down to Greenhithe to adjust compasses.
--Tu 13 November 1866; Her Majesty's surveying vessel Sylvia, 5 guns, commissioned on the 12th ult. by Commander Edward W. Brooker at Woolwich, sailed from Greenhithe after the adjustment of compasses yesterday, under orders to call at Portsmouth, Devonport, Madeira, or St. Vincent, Rio Janeiro, Cape of Good Hope, &c, through the Straits of Magellan to Hongkong, to carry out a survey in the Chinese waters.
--Th 22 November 1866; The screw steam surveying vessel Sylvia, 5, from Sheerness, which, arrived on Monday at Plymouth, was completing with fuel on Tuesday, preparatory to her departure for China.
--We 28 November 1866; The paddle-wheel steam surveying vessel Sylvia, 5, left Plymouth on Monday evening for China.
Sa 9 October 1869; The following appointments were made yesterday at the Admiralty:- Commander H.C. St. John to the Sylvia, vice Brooker, invalided
--We 2 April 1873; The Sylvia, 5, screw surveying-vessel, Commander Henry C. St. John, from the China seas, arrived at Sheerness on Monday to be paid off. She will be taken into the basin to be dismantled on Wednesday.
--Ma 17 November 1873; The following appointments nave been made at the Admiralty:- ... Capt. H.C. St. John, to the Sylvia, commissioned; Lieut. R.F. Hoskyn and Lieut. C.F. Oldham, to the Sylvia
--Fr 16 March 1877; Our Hongkong Correspondent writes under date February 1:- "Her Majesty's ships of war in harbour are the Audacious (flagship), Egeria, Fly, Lily, Midge, Sheldrake, Swinger, Sylvia, and Vigilant. The Swinger was docked at Kourloom on the 27th of January and returned to her moorings on the 31st of January, and has commenced dismantling preparatory to paying off and recommissioning. The Thistle arrived at Shanghai on the 22d of January, and left on the 26th of January for Nagasaki. Captain R.W. Bax arrived here by P. and O. mail steamer Zambesi on the 31st of January to supersede Capt. H C. St. John in the command of the Sylvia, whose term of service has expired…"
--Ma 23 July 1877; DEATHS.
On the 15th inst, at Nagasaki, Japan, of dysentery, Bonham Ward Bax, Captain R.N., H.M.S. Sylvia. (By telegram.)
Th 18 November 1880; The Sylvia, 4, screw surveying vessel, 877 (695) tons, 689 (150) horse power, Commander Pelham Aldrich, was paid out of commission yesterday morning in the steam basin at Sheerness Dockyard. She was re-commissioned at Hongkong on May 9, 1877, and arrived in Sheerness Harbour about a fortnight since. The Sylvia will be taken to Chatham and placed in the fourth division of the Medway Steam Reserve.
H.M.S. Sylvia, 1866-1903.ⓒMaritime Museum.
HMS Pearl and Sylvia arrive at Amakusa.天草に入港するシルヴィア号.ⓒMaritime Museum.
HMS Pearl or Sylvia in Port Tasuke, Hirado, 1868.田助湾に停泊するパール号とシルヴィア号.ⓒMaritime Museum.
Map of HIRADO-NO-SETO and Simonoseki Strait, survey by H.M.S. Sylvia, 1869. ⓒMaritime Museum.
William Francis Maxwell on center right.ウィリアム・マックスウェル、おそらく退職時に撮影.ⓒArmy an and Navy, 1890.
II. Relation Between William F. Maxwell and Colin A. McVean.ウィリアム・マックスウェルとコリン・マクヴェインの関係
-Colin Alexander McVean, a surveyor in chief of the Public Works, has worked before in the Hydrographic Office in 1861-64 under command of Admiral Charles Otter together with William Maxwell, Henry Scharbau and Cheesman. Maxwell became close friend of McVean and gave good advice to McVean for his life.
(1) マクヴェイン（1868-69燈明台掛、1871-73工部省、1874-1876内務省）は1861年から4年間イギリス海軍水域測量局に勤務していた[Otter's Testimony1866]。当時、海軍水域測量局はチャールズ・オットー提督の指揮の下でスコットランドのヘブリディーズ地方を測量中で、ウィリアム・マックスウェル（RN）、ヘンリー・シャボー、チースマンらが測量チームに加わっていた。この事業が完了すると、マックスウェルはシルビア号（ブローカー船長）に乗船しチャイナステーションに向かっていた。
(2) 幕府は、1866年に条約国の要求に応じて航海安全の措置を講じることになり、灯台建設、港湾整備や航路測量の支援をイギリスとフランスに求めた。その一環として、ブロッカー艦長の指揮のもとで幕府と共同して日本海域の測量をするはずだったが、1867年暮れ、徳川幕府は大政を天皇に奉還したため、そんな状況ではなかった。マックスウェルは、公使ハリー・パークスから灯台建設技術者が募集されていることを聞き、マクヴェインにすぐにエジンバラのスティブンソン事務所に応募するように伝えた。こうして、マックスウェルの計らいによりマクヴェインは灯台建設技術者の一人として来日し、技師長ヘンリー・ブラントンの指揮で働くことになった。ブラントンとは不仲となり、同じく技師補であったブランデルとともに灯明台掛は辞職したが、明治政府の国土測地測量創始を待つことにした。これらの判断はすべてマックスウェルの助言によるものった。
(3) 1870に入り、マクヴェインは山尾庸三と出会い、彼に国土測地測量事業を提案し、工部省の一部局として測量司の発足となった。そして、
1861年〜1864年にスコットランドのヘブリディーズ地方測量に従事した同僚たちを日本に呼び寄せた。彼らは軍属ではなく、海軍の民需関連業務を支える民間技術者であった。
(4) さて、マックスウェルらの活動は海軍水路測量局の報告書にまとめられており、1870年前後の日本の沿岸がどのようであったのかを知ることができる。おそらく、地理学歴史学にとって貴重な史料であろう。
From "MEMOIRS OF HYDROGRAPHY". H.MS. Sylvia and William F. Maxwell.
III. RECORDS記録
(1) MEMOIRS OF HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE
BETWEEN THE YEARS 1750 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. IlsT T"WO PABTS. Part II.—1830 to 1885. EASTBOURNE, 1885.
p.110
In China and Japan, 120 miles of the Yang-tse-kiang, above Hankow, were explored, as far as Yo-chow-foo, at the entrance of the Tung-ting lake. In addition to this service Captain Ward in the Actaon, and Lieut. Bullock in the Dove, were employed, the former on the coast of Japan, the latter on the shores of the Shantung peninsula. The ActeBon arrived in England early in 1862, the Swallow relieving her in northern China. In Australia, an organised system of coast surveys, the suggestion of Captain Denham of H.M.S. Herald, were set going. Thus we find Commander Sidney in New South Wales, Cox in Victoria, Hutchison in South Australia, Brooker in Tasmania, and Jeffreys in Queens land.
［訳］中国と日本では、長江の上流120マイルほどの漢口まで調査された。この業務に付随して、アクティオン号のワード船長は日本海域を、またドーヴ号のブロック船長は山東半島を調査した。1862年初めにアクティオン号はイングランドに到着し、代わってスワロー号が北部中国に派遣された。
p.139
Progress of Marine Surveys, 1863 to 187k, under Vice-Admiral Sir George Richards. In the year 1863, in which Admiral Washington died, reductions in the surveying service took place owing to the completion of some surveys and the retirement of officers, amongst whom were Captains Spratt, Alldridge, and Thomas. On the English coast, Staff-Commander Calver, in the Porcupine, re-surveyed the estuary of the Thames, and was to continue to trace the changes along the coasts of Suifolk and Norfolk. Captain George Williams, in the Bann, re-surveyed and sounded the Scilly islands, and was to continue completing the deep-sea soundings between the Eddystone lighthouse and Portland.
［訳］1863年から71年の海洋測量の進捗は、ジョージ・リチャーズの指揮の下にあった。1863年、ワシントン大尉が亡くなり、測量業務はこれまでの測量が終わり、士官らちの退職が重なり減少した。イギリスの海岸では、カルバーがポーキュパイン号テームス川河口を測量し、その後サフォークとノーフォークへと続いていった。バン号のジョージ･ウィリアムは、シシリーを再測量し、そしてエディストーン燈台とポートランドの間の深海調査を完了した。
p.143
The Serpent, Commander Bullock, forwarded many valuable contributions to the hydrography of the China Seas, more especially connected with the coasts of Japan. The Nassau,Captain Mayne, sailed from England on this service in the fall of 1866, and had commenced her work in the straits of Magellan, with the co-operation of the Chilian Government. The West Indian survey, carried on by a hired vessel and boats, had been in abeyance
［訳］ブロック艦長の乗ったサーペント号は、日本まで達する中国海域に関する多くの知見をもたらした。1866年秋まで、ナッサウ号に乗ったメイン艦長はイギリスを発ち、この海域の業務に参加した。そして、チリ政府と協力しマゼラン海峡まで調査をした。
p.145
Commander E. W. Brooker, in H.M.S. Sylvia, had been employed on the coasts ofFormosa. He also had searched for, and pronounced not to exist, Harp island and Alceste rock, and settled the position of Botel Tobago island. On the voyage to China, Commander Brooker visited the Andaman islands and Cocos group, rectifying the geographical positions of certain points reported to be considerably in error. He then carried a line of soundings along the coast of Martaban, through the strait of Malacca and up the China sea, from Saigon to Hong Kong.
A report on the lighting of the coast of China between Hong Kong and Shanghai had been furnished by Commander Brooker. The Serpent, Commander C. Bullock, was employed examining anchorages on the coasts of Nipon, with a view to the selection of treaty ports. The ports of Hiogo and Oosaka, in the inland sea, and Nanao harbour on the west coast, were surveyed, and the entrance to Kagosima gulf and the coast about Cape Chichakoff examined.
［訳］ブローカー艦長の乗ったシルヴィア号は、台湾沿岸の測量に従事した。
香港から上海までの燈台設置の報告書は、ブローカー艦長が作成した。サーペント号のブロック艦長は、条約港を選ぶために日本海岸の停泊地の調査に従事した。兵庫と大阪の港、瀬戸内海、西海岸の七尾港、鹿児島湾の入り口、チチャコフ岬などを調査した。
p. 147
Commander Brooker, in the Sylvia, surveyed the coast of Kiu-siu between the port of Nagasaki, through Spex strait, as far as the Strait of Simonoseki. In November, 1868, the Sylvia was called away from Japan and crossed over to the Great Yang-tsze bank to search for a reported shoal at the entrance of the river.
A re-survey of the entrance of the river Min was executed, where great changes were found to have taken place since the former surveys of 1843-54; and a system of buoyage was proposed to the Chinese authorities.
Staff-Commander J. W. Reed, in the Rifleman, examined the eastern edge of the passage from Singapore to Hong Kong, as also some reefs in the Palawan passage, both routes being considered thereby sufficiently known for navigation with ordinary caution. The survey of Balabac strait, between Borneo and Palawan, together with the island of Balabac and Balambangan, were also well advanced. During a visit to the Gulf of Siam, the positions of some doubtful dangers were searched for and found not to exist.
The Rifleman made additions to the survey of Singapore strait, by which that chart was improved, and 30 miles of the Malay peninsula, northward of Singapore, were also resurveyed and sounded. Staff-Commander Reed and his officers observed the total eclipse of the sun, which occurred on the 18th August, 1868, and for this visited Baram point, on the west coast of Borneo, accompanied by Mr. Pope Hennessey, the Governor of Labuan, who went for the same purpose. The Rifleman's observations were communicated to the Royal Society.
Surveys of the Philippine isles and seas adjacent were in course of progress, under the conduct of Captain Claudio Montero, of the Spanish Navy, by whose co-operation with Staff-Commander Reed, and courtesy in sending copies of his surveys immediatel
［訳］シルヴィア号のブローカー艦長は、長崎港からスペックス海峡、そして下関海峡の海岸を測量した。1868年11月、シルヴィア号は日本海域を離れ、長江河口に達した。ミン河の河口部を再測量し、それにより1843年から54年に実施した測量とかなり異なっていることがわかった。
p.149
The Sylvia was employed in surveying portions of the inland sea of Japan. A part of the west shore of the Gulf of Yeddo had also been surveyed. A considerable portion of the Upper Yang-tsze river had been explored and mapped by Lieutenant Dawson, and Mr. Palmer, of the Sylvia. The highest point on this river previously explored was the southern entrance of the Tung-Ting lake, about 125 miles above Hankow, and 700 miles from the sea. These officers had mapped as far as Kwei-chow, or nearly 1,000 miles from the sea. During the year 1869, Commander Brooker was compelled to resign from ill-health and return to England, and Navigating-Lieutenant Maxwell remained in charge. The Sylvia had been re-commissioned in China, and Commander H. C. St. John appointed to conduct the survey.
［訳］シルヴィア号は日本の内海の測量を行った。江戸湾の西海岸部を測量した。シルヴィア号のドーソン、パーマーは長江上流を再測量した。1869年に、ブローカー艦長は健康を害してイギリスに帰国し、マックスウェルが代理艦長となった。その後、シルヴィア号は中国任務が与えられ、セント･ジョンが測量に従事した。
p.152
Commander St. John, in the Sylvia, had completed the passages on either side of the "Conqueror" bank, from Cone island on the east to Mutsu Sima on the west, in the inland sea of Japan. The ports of Mataya and Owasi, on the south coast of Nipon, had been surveyed. Commander St. John furnished observations on the Japan Current and on Typhoons, which prevail in this region.
［訳］シルヴィア号のセントジョン指揮官は、東側のコーン島から、西側のムツシマを通り「征服」岩礁の片側を通過し終え、日本海側に出た。日本海の南岸にあるマツヤとオワシの港の測量を完了した。セントジョン指揮官は日本海海流と台風の観測を準備し、それはこの地域に卓越する。
p.153
Commander H. C. St. John, in the Sylvia, in Japan, had circumnavigated Yezo, the northern island of the group, determined the positions of its salient points, and surveyed the harbours on large scales. The Sylvia also surveyed Nambu harbour in Yamada bay, on the east coast of Nipon.
［訳］シルヴィア号のセントジョン指揮官は北側の島々である蝦夷をぐるりと廻り、航海のポイントを見つけ、大縮尺で港を測量した。シルヴィア号は、日本の東海岸の山田湾の南部港を測量した。
p.154
The Sylvia, Commander St. John, in Japan, surveyed Goza harbour, Muro bay, and the coast and off-lying dangers of Cape Sima, on the east side of Nipon ; subsequently Susaki and Nomi harbours, on the south coast of Sikok, were surveyed. The Boungo channel had been partially sounded, the anchorage off the island of Uimi Sima and adjacent coast examined, and the east part of the strait of Simonoseki re-sounded. In August the Sylvia was ordered to England, where she arrived in April, 1873. On her voyage she carried a line of deep soundings for telegraphic purposes from the entrance of the Gulf of Aden to the Seychelles, thence to Mauritius and Natal on the east coast of Africa.
p.155
The survey of the Japan coast was about to be resumed by Captain St. John in H.M.S. Sylvia, that vessel being again commissioned for the service in February, 1874.
p.162-163
COMMANDER E. W. BROOKER, R.N.1861-1870.
--Edward Wolfe Brooker, born Nov., 1827, entered the Navy April, 1842, as master assistant on board the ShtarwaUr, in which vessel, and the Blazer, both commanded Captain John Washington, he was employed for three years and a half in surveying North sea.
--Joining then, in October, 1846. the Raltlttnakt, Capt. Owen Stanley, he was, duriag in next four years, engaged on similar service in Australia, particularly in surveying the Great Barrier reef on the cast coast, and in examining the islands of the Loaisiade Archipelago and New Guinea.
--In April, 1851, Mr. Brooker, who attained the rank of second-master 16th May, 184.9, was appointed to the Spitfire, Capt. Spratt. In that vessel, in which he was made an Assistant Surveyor in April, 1852, and promoted to the rank of Master, March, 1855, he was employed until the commencement of the Russian war, in surveying the islands in the Great Archipelago, and afterwards in performing surveys of the Dardanelles, the sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus, Varna, the Drobutscha, Alma Bay, Sebastopol, Khersonese bay, Balaklava. Kertch, &c He was present at the embarkation of the troops at Varna and at the landing in the Crimea, at the bombardment of Sebastopol, Oct., 1854, in the expedition to Kertch, and at the capture of Kinburn.
［訳］エドワード・ウォルフ・ブローカーは1827年11月に生まれ、1842年に海軍に入隊し、シュタウェア号に乗船した。次いでブレーザー号にジョン・ワシントン艦長の指揮であった。そして、3年半にわたり北海地方の測量に従事した。1846年にオーウェン・スタンレィ艦長指揮の下でオーストラリア、特にグレート・バリア・リーフの測量に従事した。その後、ロシアとの戦争地に派遣され、ボスポラス海峡からクリミア半島までの水域を測量調査した。
--During the operations connected with the latter affair, Mr. Brooker, then additional master of the Spitfire, was detached on board the Cracker gunboat, Lieut.-Commander J. H. Marryat, for the purpose of determining the course of the channel leading into the river Dnieper, and for laying down buoys along the south side of it, a service which was accomplished so completely that he was in a position to inform the Rear-Admiral of his ability to pilot in the men-of-war, the object being to take the enemy's forts in reverse. Sir H. Stewart, in his despatch addressed to Sir Edmund Lyons, writes, " to do full justice to merit and exertion must be my excuse for presuming to request your most favourable notice of Lieut. Marryat and Mr. Brooker. They have had anxious, difficult, and dangerous work to perform, and they have each of them executed it admirably." For his meritorious conduct he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant 5th Nov., 1855. He continued in the Spiifin until February, 1856, and then in the Tartarus, Capt. Mansell, in surveying the coast of Syria, where he continued until 1861, in July of which year he was appointed to the charge of the coast survey of Tasmania. Having surveyed George's bay and Hobartown, and made the necessary arrangements for following up the triangulation of the whole of the coasts of that colony, in March, 1863, the survey was suspended, owing to the local government of Tasmania failing to vote the necessary funds for bearing half the working expenses.
--On his return to England he received the annual surveying promotion to the rank of Commander on the 1st January, 1864, and was subsequently appointed to the charge of the survey of Portsmouth harbour and bar, where he continued until appointed in 1866 to the command of H.M.S. Sylvia, for surveying service in North China and Japan. The Sylvia did good work on the coast of Formosa, on the west coast of Nipon between Nagasaki and Shimonoseki, in the inland sea of Japan, and at the entrance of the river Min in China.
--The President of the Royal Geographical Society, in his annual address for the year 1870, marked that "During the last year (1869) Commander Brooker, who had ably conducted North China and Japan survey up to that time, was compelled to resign from ill-healthed return to England." His illness ended fatally, and he died in the course of the year 1870.
［訳］
--Commander Brooker, who was an admirable water-colour marine artist, as well as a clever surveyor, wore the Crimean medal and Sebastapol clasp. He had been created a Knight F the Legion of Honour, and received the order of Medjidie of the fifth class.
The following charts were published from his surveys t—.
Tasmania.-- George's Bay. Hobartown. Strait.
S.C. England.-- Cowes Harbour
Japan.-- Atsusi-no-o-sima to Mats-sima.
Hirado-no-Seto (Spex Strait) to Simonoseki
Kurusima-no-Seto.
. . N. entrance to Spex Strait and Yebukuro-no-
Minato Harbour.
Kagosima Gulf. Yobuko Harbour.
Sagistu-no-ura. Min River (entrance).
(2) HYDROGRAPHIC NOTICE. [No. 11.], 1890.
IN THE LINSGHOTEN GROUP-SOUTH OF JAPAN.
D. N. M., 1866, Part I, p. 166.
The commander of the Netherland war steamer Medusa, on a cruise from Nagasaki to Yokohama, discovered a reef, indicated by discoloration of the water and high breakers, and about two miles in extent north and south. He states that it should be placed on the British Admiralty Chart No. 2412, in lat. 30° 13’ N., long. 130° 04:’ E, (which is eight miles due north of the Firasc or Lapelin Rocks.)
JAPAN.
The following information is obtained from British Admiralty Hydrographic Notice No. 43, 1870. and from British Admiralty Charts.
KIUSIU, WEST COAST—INLAND SEA—GULF OF YEDO NII’ON AND YESSO ISLANDS.
The following remarks on the navigation of the west coast of Kiusiu Island are by the late Commander E. W. Brooker, H. B. M. Surveying vessel Sylvia, 1869.
(All Bearings are jllagnetic. Variation 3° 30' Westerly in 1870.) KIUSIU, WEST COAST.
GENKAI-NADA is the sea'comprised between Iki-sima, ()ro-no-sima, and Kosime-no-o'osima, and the mainland of Kuisiu. With the exception of a rock having only eight feet at low water, lying three-fourths of a mile southward of the low flat rocks of Idzumi, off the eastern coast of Iki-sima, the western portion of this sea is free from all dangers, the soundings varying from twenty to thirty fathoms with generally a sandy bottom ; coral and shells are occasionally obtained, but very little gravel.
In the eastern waters of the Genkai-Nada, in which a depth of twenty fathoms, and under, is found, there are three tidal and sunken dangers, viz.: the Dove, Ellis, and Swain reefs, and as they are nearly awash at high water, and steep-to, great care in the navigation is required in thick weather. In ordinary weather the usual route taken by steamers is easy and safe.
TIDES.—The fiood streams meet otl' Hakosaki about the center of the Genkai-nada, and the ebb separate. The velocity at springs is one and a half knots.
INLAND SEA.
The following remarks on the navigation of the Inland Sea are by Navigating Lieutenant W. F. Maxwell, H. B. M. surveying vessel Sylvia, 1870:‘( Variation 4° 0' Westerly in 1870.)
In these directions a description is given, first, of the islands and coasts in the immediate vicinity of the general track through the Inland Sea, embracing the channels through the archipelago which divides Misima-nada and Bingo-nada, known as Aogi-seto, Kuruma-no-seto, and Kurusima-no-seto; followed by directions from Bingo-nada to Hiogo, and through the Kii Channel.
NORTHEAST COAST OF JAPAN.
The following information relative to the coast of Nipon and Yesso Islands, by Captain Du Petit Thonars of H. I. M. S Dupleiw, has been translated and forwarded by Navigating Lieutenant William F. Maxwell, of II. M. Surveying vessel Sylvia.‘ (Variation 3° lVeslerlg/ in 1870.)
SENDAI BAY lies on the east coast of Nipon in lat. 38° 20' N.; the land north of it is deeply indented, high, and steep, and apparently thinly populated, fishing boats being seen only off Simidzu. Most of the bays are open to seaward.
At ten miles from the coast, inland, there is a high,' easily recognizable mountain, about four thousand six hundred feet high, in lat. 39° 28' N., long. 141° 41' E., approximately; unfortunately it is seldom uncovered, and points of recognition on this coast are much wanted.
At the entrance of a bay, in lat. 39° 18’ N. there is a mass of white rocks, that at a distance resembles a town, a little northeast of a wooded isle, halt- a mile in extent, quite close to the shore. A similar island is seen five or six miles south of the port of Namb'u.
PORT OF NAMBU.—The bay of this name, in lat. 39° 30' N., opens out between two mountains, of one thousand six hundred and forty feet in height; it is a large basin, well sheltered, but unknown generally to Europeans; there is said to be a danger on the north side of the passage.
The high land on the north may be easily recognized when coming from the northward or southward, in following the coast of which, it forms the most salient point. Outside the port the water changes its color, but there is no bottom in thirty-eight fathoms at two miles from the shore.
MIYAKQ—The Port of Miyako opens at eight miles north of Nambu. The Point of Tayomani that forms it is surmounted by a conical hill. On leaving Miyako, the coast runs to the N. N.E.T and changes its aspect gradually. Instead of steep hills falling abruptly to the sea there are long plateaus with gradual slopes, ending in low white cliffs.
CAPE DE VRIES is low and fiat, about three hundred and thirty feet high, and is remarkable from the. way it stands out between two bays. The Dupleiz sailed along this coast from Cape Kiori to Cape Vries, ata distance of from two to four miles, and saw no danger except close tothe shore.
AWOMORI BAY.—The Bay of Awomori, a vast interior basin at the north end of Nipon, opens on the south side of Tsugar Strait. According to the Japanese, no hidden dangers exist. Toward the center the water is too deep to anchor, but at two miles from the shore along the east and west coast there is generally nineteen to twenty-two fathoms mud, with gravel or sand round Natsu-sima, the point on the southern side of the bay. The coast can generally be approached within half a mile, but often the depth decreases suddenly, so that without a pilot orachart it is not advisable to go nearer than eleven fathoms. The entrance is five miles wide, with highland on both sides. Off the salient part of the west point, some half-tide rocks lie one cable from the shore.
On the east coast is the Singapore Rock, and the dangers ofi' Toriwisaki, that ought to he more carefully avoided as the land at its extreme is lower than the rest. The outer coast to Cape Kusodomari, the eastern point of entrance, is steep, sharp, and well populated; while after rounding it and entering the bay, creeks more or less deep, sandy beaches, and fishing vilages are found,
BEN-TEN-SlMA.—At two miles S.E. } E. from Kusodomari, and at five and a half cables from the shore are the two islets of Ben-ten-sima, the smallest being nothing more than a mere pinnacle rock about one hundred feet high. A rock breaks at one cable S. S.W. from the island. There is a passage for junks between the islets and the shore, but the Japanese said it would be imprudent to take it with a large ship. A depth of thirty-three fathoms was found one mile south of the islets. On leaving Ben-ten-sima, the coast runs E. N.E. eighteen miles, then turns toward the south for an equal distance, the Port of Ando being in the angle so formed. In this part of Awomori Bay are long sandy beaches and numerous villages, the largest being Kawa-atchi, at the entrance of a river and generally with five or six junks at anchor before it. Toward the angle of the bay, a considerable range approaches the the coast, the summit nearest to Ando being three thousand one hundred and twenty feet high and visible from nearly all the bay. To the east ward of these 'mountains the land is very low and has the aspect of a 'uniform plain covered with wood; beyond this the summit of Whale back is seen.
BAY OF ANDO.—The Bay of Ando is open to the south, and there is no water at its head. vessels can go in until the peak over Ando bearsW. by N. g N ., where there is anchorage in six and a half to eight fathoms mud. The bottom here rises abruptly.
Southwest of the anchorage there is a fine basin, sheltered by a bank of sand running parallel to the coast. It may be entered safely by steering up mid-channel until abreast of the sandy point, when the northeast coast must be kept on board until abreast the second village, where there is good anchorage in three and three-fourths to six fathoms, muddy bottom.
The sandy tongue and the southwest shore of the bay have off them banks of mud and muddy sand that reduce the space for vessels of ordinary dimensions to eight cables by two and a half cables. The entrance is nearly two cables wide. The extreme of the sandy point
covers a short distance at high water. The large village on the northeast side of the interior basin can be approached within a cable, where anchorage may be had in five and one-third fathoms. I
The Japanese villages are poor, their inhabitants subsisting by fishing. Six junks were moored before the principal village (Kanaya) and there was a large one being built.
'Supplies.—The slopes of the hills are partly cultivated and partly wooded with a species of pine. The Dupleix bought wood here for steam purposes, and also fresh provisions. Water fiows down the mountains by many streamlets, and is easily obtained; also at the head of the bay fish is plentiful. The place belongs to the Prince of Nambu, and is part of the district of Tanabu.
On leaving Ando the coast is low and uniform, an isolated hill one thousand three hundred feet in height rising from the middle of the space between the bay and the sea. At twenty miles south of Ando it defiects gradually to the northeast and forms the Bay of Nofitsi.
Tides.—The tides are felt more at Ando than at any other part of the bay, and have a strength of one and three-fourths knots. It is evidently their action that has formed the bay.
NOFITSI lies in the southeast hight of Awomori Bay; toward the south the land is tolerably low and uniform. The anchorage may be recognized some distance off by an isolated wood, that stands out against the sky. The anchorage is in a large semi-circular indentation in front of the town at six cables from the shore in six and a half fathoms gravel. The depth decreases rapidly from eleven fathoms; the holding ground is fair; a heavy sea comes in with northerly winds. On the northwest side of ' the bay, two and a half miles from the town, is a bank of large stones running out four cables. The end is nearly awash and breaks often. The cast part is composed of little red clifi's with sandy beaches between.
(3) The Nature, June 5, 1873, p.111.
The proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal contain remarks on winds-, typhoons, 4c, on the south coast of Japan, by Commander II. C. St. John, 11. M.S. Sylvia. The most prevalent winds in the southern parts of Japan are from the north-east. Throughout an entire year the proportion was as follows, taking 1,000 hours as an index : —Between N. and E., 500 ; between N. and W., 200 ; between S. and E., 100 ; between S. and W., 0 99. During April, May, June, July, August, and September, N.E. winds prevail, hauling more easterly in June, July, and August. In August and September S. E. winds are more frequent than during any other months. In October variable winds prevail, and the N.W. wind begins. During November, December, January, and February the N. VV. winds prevail and blow hard. In March the N.W. and N.E. winds are equally distributed. The S. W. winds most frequently occur during the early parts of September. It appears the winds on the southern coasts of Japan are easterly during April (spring), and hauling Jto the S. as the summer approaches, pass through S . and \V. to N.W. during winter, coming again through N. to N.E. and E. in spring and summer. Typhoons occur between June and October, inclusive. From the middle of August to the middle of October they may b; expected to occur most frequently. Thiusual tracks of these storms on the Japan coasts appear very regular ; approaching from the S. E. travelling about N. W.
--On reaching the hot stream in about the latitude of the lionin Islands, or between here and the Foochoo Islands, they be^iu to curve to the north, and following the course of the Kuro Siwo, strike the south coasts of Nipon. Owing chiefly to the high land along the coast, the northern disc of the storm beco lies much flattened in, causing more easterly wind than would occur if the storm were in mid ocean. Retaining the course of the stream, they pass along in a north-easterly course, and, if not broken up previously, pass out into the Pacific Ocean on reaching Inaboya saki.
--February 26, 1874, p.335.
Edinburgh
Scottish Meteorological Society, Jan. 29.—Mr. M. Home, of Wedderburn, in the chair.—From the report of the council it appears that two new stations, viz., Broadlands, PeebTeshire, and Ochtertyre, Crieff, have been added to the society's stations, and that Kettisis and Caimdow have ceased to be stations. Thus the number of stations in connection with the society is the same as at last meeting, viz., 92 in Scotland, 5 in England, 4 on the Continent, 2 in Iceland, 1 in Faro, and I in South America.
--Observations have also been begun to be made for the society at Melstad, in the north of Iceland, and at Fairlie Plains, Paroo River, near the northern watershed of the River Darling, Australia. The council had had offers of many more stations, some in most eligible districts ; but the establishment of these would have entailed additional expenditure which the society's funds would not justify. Teachers of several schools had also made known their wish to observe for the society, provided they were furnished with instruments, at the same time proposing to introduce into their schools some instruction in meteorology. The council, however, had been obliged to decline these applications for want of funds. The membership of the society is at present 560. In room of the three members of council who retired, Prof. Alexander Dickson, Dr. J. Robson- Scott, and Mr. George Hope, of Broadlands, were elected.
--An application has been made to the council by Mr. Colin McVean on behalf of the Government of Japan for advice regarding the establishment of a system of meteorological observations in Japan. In answer to this application, the council has forwarded a memorandum regarding suitable instruments, their position, hours of observation, the establishment of a central observatory, inspection of stations, publications, and special observations of storms.
--Mr. Buchan submitted a second report of the committee app jinted to carry out the Marquis of Tweeddale's proposal to investigate the relations of the herring- fisheries to meteorology.
--The committee had, with the assistance of the Hon. Bouverie F. Primrose, of the Fishery Board, obtained complete returns of the daily catch of herrings and state of the weather from all the fishing districts of Scotland during the past season. Thirty-five weather map; at 9 p.m., specially constructed with reference to this question, and showing the number of boats out fishing in each district each day and the average catch of each boat, were shown to the meeting. Some interesting relations between the catches of the different districts and the prevailing weather were pointed out; and as these were in general accordance with the results stated in the first report, presented in July last, it is highly probable that when the statistics of three or four years' fishings similar to the very satisfactory returns of the past year have been collected, valuable conclusions will be arrived at.
--Mr. Thomas Stevenson, in bringing before the meeting a proposed inquiry regarding storms, remarked that the barometric gradients hitherto ascertained having been deduced from readings at stations many miles apart, necessarily could not give more than a rough appioximative gradient. What is wanted in order to get a formula for computing the velocity of the wind due to a given gradient is, as he (Mr. Stevenson) suggested in to have a string of stations at short distances apart. It is now proposed to establish such storm stations, arranged in lines radiating from Edinburgh for a distance of about twenty miles, and it is believed that in addition to the existing stations of the Scottish Society many farmers and others possess good barometers, which could be compared with the society's standard.
--It is proposed that observations of the instruments and of the weather should be limited to the periods during which storms last, and a special schedule for the observations had been prepared.
--Mr. Buchan gave an account of the proceedings of the Meteorological Congress held at Vienna in September last, to which he and Mr. Scott, of the Meteorological Office, London, had been sent as delegates from the British Government.
(4) The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations Volume 1: The Political-Diplomatic Dimension, 1600-1930
Edited by Ian Nish Professor Emeritus of International History London School of Economics and Political Science and Yoichi Kibata Professor University of Tokyo Japan With assistance from Tadashi Kuramatsu
Foreword by Chihiro Hosoya and Ian Nish,
From Conflict to Co-operation: British Naval Surveying in Japanese Waters, 1845-82 W.G. Beasley (Professor Emeritus of Far Eastern History, University of London)
Commodore Lord John Hay, to tell him that 'serious difficulties' had arisen. The Tokugawa government had informed him that the eastern shore of Owari Bay, as far down as 30° N, was not under its own juris-diction, but that of the emperor, who had insisted that no surveying vessels should approach it (this was the area in which the Ise shrines were located). Not to comply with the court's wishes, Alcock considered, would disturb the political relations between the Tokugawa Shogun and the emperor, something which Britain would wish to avoid. Since surveying was not a treaty right in any case, there seemed no alternative but to instruct Ward not to visit this part of the coast. Edo had offered in return to carry out a survey of it themselves 'and place it at our disposal'." As a result of this intervention, Actaeon's survey was less complete than mere lack of time might otherwise have made it.
The first part, taking in Sagami Bay and the Izu peninsula, including Shimoda, was fairly thorough. From there the ships moved across to the southern tip of the Ise peninsula at the beginning of October, by-passing Owari Bay, to survey the eastern entrance to the Inland Sea. The subsequent passage through the Inland Sea itself, followed by the Shimonoseki Straits, took only the first two weeks of November, so the work cannot have been done in any detail, even allowing for the help which Ino Chukei's map provided. The Japanese officials landed at Nagasaki on 18 November, the day after the ships arrived there. Less than a week later Actaeon left, homeward bound. She reached Spithead in June 1862.
By the end of 1861, therefore, British ships had made satisfactory surveys of the three principal treaty ports (Nagasaki, Yokohama and Hakodate), together with their approaches (over varying distances); had conducted a patchy survey of the route from Yokohama to Nagasaki along the Pacific coast and through the Inland Sea; and had made soundings and observations at scattered points elsewhere in Japan, when opportunity offered. The information thus made available was by no means adequate, even for a trade still in its infancy. For example, many foreign vessels had to engage Japanese as pilots, despite doubts about their competence and problems with the language. Even warships did so. Both the French and American ones which sailed to the Shimonoseki Straits in 1863 to afford a measure of protection to their country's merchant ships, which had been fired on by the Japanese coast batteries there, did so, it appears, with the help of Japanese pilots provided by 'local authorities'.
Vice Admiral Augustus Kuper, who took a substantial British force to Kagoshima the same summer, in order to demand satisfaction for an attack on British citizens near Yokohama in 1862 — he ended by bombarding the city —later informed the Admiralty that having been 'unable to obtain any correct information respecting the Gulf or Bay of Kagosima', and having as pilot only la Japanese who had been once at that place', he had found it necessary 'to approach with great caution'. So cautious was he, indeed, that the squadron was overtaken by nightfall on its way in: `we had to feel our way for nearly two hours, seeking for an anchorage'.'5 Despite such ignorance, no further surveys of Japan were undertaken before the end of 1867. Two factors then made action seem desirable. One was the incidence of shipwrecks on the Japanese coast, among them the loss of the MO steamer Singapore, which struck an uncharted rock 12 miles out of Hakodate in August 1867.
Another was the knowledge that Hyogo (Kobe) and Osaka were to be opened to foreign trade on 1 January 1868. Since these places would give access to the commercial heart of Japan, it was confidently predicted that the opening of them would give rise to a considerable increase in merchant shipping. It was in these circumstances that the steam sloop, HMS Sylvia (Commander Edward Brooker), was ordered to Japan at the end of 1867. She arrived in Osaka Bay on 27 December, but this proved not to be well timed. First, the Commander in Chief, Vice Admiral Sir Henry Keppel, required her assistance, and that of her boats, to give general support to the squadron he had assembled for the opening of Hyogo and Osaka. No sooner had that event taken place than the political situation in Japan was thrown into confusion by a coup d'etat in Kyoto on 3 January 1868, by which the Tokugawa were overthrown.
Since the local fighting that this provoked quickly developed into civil war, Keppel's decision to release the Sylvia to her surveying duties was not immediately effective. Indeed, it was no longer clear when or where surveying would be possible. Sylvia was sent to Yokohama to coal, then to Shanghai. When she did return to Japan (21 March) it was to Nagasaki, where she was based for the rest of the season. By that time the civil war had spread to northern Japan — it was to continue intermittently until the surrender of the last Tokugawa adherents in Hokkaido in the early summer of 1869 — so surveys were confined during 1868 to Kyushu, where the ship worked her way round the coast from Nagasaki to Fukuoka, via Hirado, Karatsu and Imari. This done, she left on 28 October to visit Foochow, checking on a reported shoal at the entrance to the Yangtse while en route to winter in Hong Kong.
This was the beginning of a lasting commitment to surveys in Japan on the part of the hydrographic service. Sylvia returned there for the 1869 season, spending the spring and early summer in the Inland Sea, based in Kobe, and going back again for the months of September to December. This enabled her to carry out a much more thorough examination of the area than Actaeon had had time to do in 1861. In July and August, and again at the end of the year, she operated out of Yokohama. It was not until 21 February 1870 that she sailed for Hong Kong for a refit and repairs. In May 1870, because Commander Brooker had had to go back to England on account of illness, Sylvia was recommissioned in Hong Kong with a new commanding officer, Commander Henry St. John, and a replacement crew sent out from home.
By the end of May, however, she was back in Japan, resuming the surveys of the Inland Sea, which were pushed as far west as Hiroshima. She paid some attention also to the southern part of the Ise peninsula. This time the work continued all through the winter, that is, until she moved to Yokohama in the middle of March 1871. Keppel had reported to the Admiralty in June 1869 that Sylvia was being afforded `every facility' by the new Japanese government, despite some restrictions — presumably on the areas she could enter — imposed by the existence of 'rebellion' in the north.16 In 1870 there were signs that cooperation might be expanded. In July of that year the British minister, Sir Harry Parkes, informed the Foreign Office that he had received an official request in October 1869 for help in securing the assistance of British surveyors to join a Japanese survey of the coasts of Ezo (Hokkaido). Officers due to be paid off from the Sylvia, when she recommissioned, were apparently what the Japanese government had in mind.
Parkes was in favour of the scheme. Those were dangerous coasts, he said, still little known, as was demonstrated by the wreck of HMS Rattler in the La Perouse Strait in September 1868. Moreover, Ezo was close to the Russian settlements in Sakhalin, which made it strategically important to both Britain and Japan. When consulted, however, the new Commander in Chief, Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Kellett, had expressed some doubts. He was reluctant to release British officers for a service of this kind, partly because they might not find the kind of facilities they would need, partly because of the personal risks to which they might be exposed. He would prefer to see the survey carried out by Sylvia, once she had completed her 1870 programme in the Inland Sea: the Japanese, after all, could be asked to give active support to her, and perhaps contribute part of the cost.
Since this had proved acceptable to Japan, Parkes reported, a survey on these terms could begin in the spring of 1871.'7 The Foreign Office and the Admiralty approved the arrangement.18 The Admiralty readily accepted that the survey was needed. Ezo, it stated, `like a great portion of other parts of Japan', was still `entirely unsurveyed', being 'merely shown on the Admiralty Charts from a map made by the Japanese themselves ... wanting in all nautical require-ments' (a judgement that seems unduly dismissive of the efforts of the Saracen in 1855). Nevertheless, the Navy wished to lay down a number of conditions.
The Japanese must provide an escort vessel for the Sylvia; furnish local pilots; and give suitable protection to landing parties. For his part, the commanding officer of the Sylvia would be instructed in the usual terms to avoid becoming entangled in any dispute between 'the Japanese authorities and the subjects of any foreign Power who might be involved in similar pursuits'. Despite this somewhat supercilious beginning, all went well in the event. Sylvia left Yokohama on 5 April 1871, arriving at Hakodate on the 12th. During the spring and summer, working in consort with a Japanese ship known to the British as the Keang-su, she carried out surveys up the southeast coast of Ezo as far as Nemuro, then round the corner into the straits between Nemuro and Kunashiri.
This much had been completed by late August, when the weather was expected to deteriorate. Early in September she sailed south to Nambu, where she spent three weeks surveying, then on to Yokohama. There were no complaints about Japanese co-operation during these operations, either ashore or afloat, but the Ezo survey had always been understood to be a temporary diversion from Sylvia's main task. To this she now reverted. Between mid-October 1871 and the following August she spent two short periods in Owari Bay and round the coast of the Ise peninsula, filling the gap left by the Actaeon in 1861; another working her way from Kobe southward round Shikoku, returning through the Bungo Straits and the Inland Sea; and finally made a transit through the Inland Sea to Nagasaki, surveying as she went.
The sequence was broken in December 1871 by a visit to Yokohama for repairs, for which she had to be docked at Yokosuka. They seem not to have been completely successful, for when she arrived in Hong Kong from Nagasaki at the beginning of September 1872, she went into dock again, then was ordered home. The voyage ended at Spithead on 29 March 1873. Just before Sylvia left Japan there had been a moment of diplomatic embarrassment on the subject of surveys. In February 1872 the British
legation in Tokyo sent the Japanese Foreign Ministry a letter of thanks for the support given to the Sylvia in Ezo during 1871, offering further assistance, should that be required. A reply on 21 March declined this offer, on the grounds that Japan planned to begin 'exact surveys' of her own. In these circumstances, it was said, it would not be necessary 'to give any trouble to the British surveying ships'.
The choice of words seems to have caused umbrage at the Admiralty. In commenting on it, an Admiralty letter to the Foreign Office in May observed that it would not be 'to the interests of British commerce and navigation' to with-draw from surveys in Japan 'until the Government of Japan have given some decided proofs of their ability to conduct operations which have hitherto never been conducted by any but the maritime nations of Europe and the U.S. of America'. The work begun by Sylvia would need to be continued.° The Japanese decision in favour of surveys of its own in 1872 did not in fact reflect hostility to foreigners, such as had been encountered by Samarang in 1845 and Mariner in 1849. Rather, it reflected aspirations to national sovereignty in an age of reform and hoped-for treaty revision.
The process of creating a modern navy, officered by men trained in Europe or America, had already started. Steps had also been taken to establish a lighthouse service (under the direction of a British engineer, R.H. Brunton). Japanese surveys of the Japanese coast were a logical concomitant. Nor did British naval irritation last very long, or result in public disagreement. Sylvia, having been refitted, was re-commissioned in February 1874 and sent back to Japan again under the command of Henry St. John (who was promoted to Captain later in the year). She continued to carry out surveys, mostly in the western part of Honshu and round the coasts of Kyushu, until 1880. She was then replaced by the Flying Fish (Lieut. R.E. Hoskyn) in time for the 1881 season.
During that year and the next the new ship operated in Ezo and the north, before transferring her attention to Korea. Meanwhile the Japanese surveys had also been proceeding. In the summer of 1877 the British admiral on the station, who apparently did not share London's doubts about their quality, asked if he might have a set of the resulting charts. These were promptly handed over. At the same time the Japanese navy (through the legation in Tokyo) asked if it could have in exchange a set of Admiralty charts, covering both Japan and Ryukyu (Loochoo). This time the Admiralty made no demur. Indeed, it not only added charts of the Kurils, Sakhalin and Korea to those that had been requested, but also suggested that this kind of exchange, which had been intermittent
IV. Directors of Hydrographic Office水路測量局の歴代長官
(1) 1829-54Francis Beaufort from Wikipedia.初代長官フランシス･ビューフォート
--Rear Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, KCB, FRS, FRGS, FRAS, MRIA (/ˈboʊfət/; 27 May 1774 – 17 December 1857) was an Irish hydrographer and officer in the Royal Navy. Beaufort was the creator of the Beaufort Scale for indicating wind force.
Early life
--Francis Beaufort was descended from French Protestant Huguenots, who fled the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century. His parents moved to Ireland from London. His father, Daniel Augustus Beaufort, was a Protestant clergyman from Navan, County Meath, Ireland, and a member of the learned Royal Irish Academy. His mother Mary was the daughter and co-heiress of William Waller, of Allenstown House. Francis was born in Navan on 27 May 1774. He had an older brother, William Louis Beaufort and three sisters, Frances, Harriet, and Louisa. His father created and published a new map of Ireland in 1792. Francis grew up in Wales and Ireland until age fourteen. He left school and went to sea, but never stopped his education. By later in life, he had become sufficiently self-educated to associate with some of the greatest scientists and applied mathematicians of his time, including John Herschel, George Biddell Airy, and Charles Babbage.
--Francis Beaufort had a lifelong keen awareness of the value of accurate charts for those risking the seas, as he was shipwrecked at the age of fifteen due to a faulty chart. His most significant accomplishments were in nautical charting.[citation needed]
Hydrographer of the Navy
--In 1829, Beaufort was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and at age 55 (retirement age for most administrative contemporaries), Beaufort was appointed as the British Admiralty Hydrographer of the Navy. He served in that post for 25 years. Beaufort converted what had been a minor chart repository into the finest surveying and charting institution in the world. Some of the excellent charts the Office produced are still in use today.
--During his tenure, he took over the administration of the great astronomical observatories at Greenwich, England, and the Cape of Good Hope, Africa. Beaufort directed some of the major maritime explorations and experiments of that period. For eight years, he directed the Arctic Council during its search for the explorer, Sir John Franklin, who was lost during his last polar voyage to search for the legendary Northwest Passage. As a council member of the Royal Society, the Royal Observatory, and the Royal Geographical Society (which he helped found), Beaufort used his position and prestige as a top administrator to act as a "middleman" for many scientists of his time. Beaufort represented the geographers, astronomers, oceanographers, geodesists, and meteorologists to that government agency, the Hydrographic Office, which could support their research.
--Beaufort trained Robert FitzRoy, who was put in temporary command of the survey ship HMS Beagle after her previous captain committed suicide. When FitzRoy was reappointed as commander for what became the famous second voyage of the Beagle, he requested of Beaufort "that a well-educated and scientific gentleman be sought" as a companion on the voyage. Beaufort's enquiries led to an invitation to Charles Darwin, who later drew on his discoveries in formulating the theory of evolution he presented in his book The Origin of Species.
--Beaufort retired from the Royal Navy with the rank of rear admiral on 1 October 1846, at the age of 72. He became "Sir Francis Beaufort" on being appointed KCB (Knight Commander of the Bath) on 29 April 1848, a relatively belated honorific considering the eminence of his position from 1829 onward.
Personal life
--He married Alicia Magdalena Wilson. Their son, Francis Lestock Beaufort (1815–1879) later went out to India and served in the Bengal civil service, from 1837 to 1876. He was for many years judge of the twenty-four Purgunnahs,[clarification needed] Calcutta. He was the author of the well-known Digest of the Criminal Law Procedure in Bengal (1850), and died in 1879. Beaufort's youngest daughter Emily Anne Smythe was a hero of Bulgaria, a writer, illustrator and advocate of change in the training of nurses.
--Alice Beaufort died on August 27, 1834. Francis Beaufort married again in 1838, to Honora Edgeworth, the daughter of his brother-in-law Richard Lovell Edgeworth and his second wife. (Francis' sister Frances Beaufort had married Edgeworth as his fourth wife years earlier in the 1810s.)
--His grandson, Leicester Paul Beaufort (13 December 1853 – 12 August 1926), was a British barrister and colonial governor of North Borneo.
*ボルネオのビューフォートという都市の名前はこのレスター･ビューフォートから来ている。
(2) 1854-63 John Washington from Memories二代目長官ジョン･ワシントン
--John Washington, born in 1800, entered the Navy as a First Class Volunteer in 1812, on board the frigate Juno, of 46 guns, employed on the North American station, and took part in numerous operations in the River Chesapeake, assisting in making prizes of several of the enemies vessels ; that vessel amongst other services completely discomforting fifteen gunboats which had been despatched for the express purpose of her capture. As a Mid shipman, Washington then sailed in the Sybille, which, with the Princess Caroline, made a
fruitless search for the American Commodore, Rodgers. In this voyage he acquired much scientific knowledge under the Master of the vessel (afterwards Sir W. Bain), in making astronomical and magnetical observations. Returning to England, and having passed through the Royal Naval College, where he obtained the prize gold medal in 1816, he again left for the North American station in the Forth ; continuing in which vessel to the Pacific, he nearly lost his life by a man falling from aloft, and knocking him into the sea, from
which he was only rescued by extraordinary efforts.
--In 1819 and 1820, as a passed Midshipman, we find him in the Vengeur and Superb, in the South American station, where he was made a Lieutenant January 1st, 1821. On promotion, obtaining permission to return to England by his own route, he disembarked at Valparaiso, crossed the Andes to Mendoza, riding across the Pampas to Buenos Ayres.
--He was then employed in 1823, as First Lieutenant of the Parthan, in the West Indies,and on particular service. After about two years spent upon half-pay, during which he travelled in France, Spain, and Italy, improving his powers as a linguist, he sailed, in 1827, as First Lieutenant of the brig Weazle, for the Mediterranean, where he was transferred to the frigate Dartmouth; and while on this service, in company with Consul - General Drummond Hay, explored the interior of Marocco, making astronomical observations on his route, and fixing the true position of places hitherto undetermined. A paper containing these observations was published in the first volume of the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Appointed as Flag Lieutenant to the Royal George, bearing the Commander-in-Chief's flag at the Nore, 6th August, 1830, he continued under Sir John Beresford in a like capacity in the Ocean, until promoted to Commander's rank in 1833.
--In 1836, Commander Washington succeeded Commander Maconochie as Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, editing the various publications of the society, assisted only by a single clerk, for a period of five years. In March, 1841, he received his first surveying appointment to the Shearwater, succeeding Captain Hewitt, of the Fairy, which had been lost in the North Sea survey. He became a Post Captain in 1842, out of compliment, it was said, to the King of Prussia, whom he conveyed to England in the Black Eagle.
--In 1843, he obtained command of the steam vessel Blazer, and in her was continuously employed in surveying the east coast of England, and parts of the North Sea, until 1847. Having rendered himself eminent in the interesting branch of the service he had now adopted, by Sir Francis Beaufort's nomination, he, in 1845, was appointed a Commissioner for inquiring into the state of the rivers, shores, and harbours, of the United Kingdom.
--He was afterwards for a short time employed in what was entitled the Railway and Harbour Department of the Admiralty, and prior to the outbreak of war with Russia, in 1853, was specially instructed by Sir James Graham, through Sir Francis Beaufort, to take advantage of a visit he was about to make to Denmark, Sweden, and Russia, relative to the establish ment of an improved form of lifeboat, to obtain all possible information respecting the Baltic fleet, and the then state and condition of the defences at Kronstadt, Revel, and
Bomarsund.
(3) 1863-74George Henry Richard from Memories.三代目ジョージ･ヘンリー･リチャード
--George Henry Richards, a son of the late Captain George Spencer Richards, R.N., bora in 1820, at Antony, in Cornwall, entered the Xavy in 1833. After a servitude of two years in the Rhadamanihtu, he was appointed, September, 1S35, to the surveying expedition, in the SuIphur, under Captain Beechey, then about to sail for the Pacific He continued as a midshipman under that officer, and under his successor, Captain (afterwards Sir) Edward Belcher, throughout the whole of the arduous proceedings attendant on the Pacific survey, and when the vessels of the expedition {Stu'/imr and Stariimg^ joined the fleet in China, took an active share in the important services devolving on the naval surveying officers, in the operations against the Chinese.
--He passed his examination for a Lieutenant in December, 1 S+o, having been obliged to delay this important step from July, 1 S3S, owing to his vessel not having previously fallen in with the Commander-in-Chief. Having suffered very much from illness, he was obliged to invalid when at Macao, in July, 1841, and about that time returned to England for the benefit of bis health.
--When in command of the Sulphur there were few Captains more exacting or more difficult to please than Sir Edward Belcher. Yet we find him writing thus of Mr. George Henry Richards, at that time a Mate of H.M. surveying vessel Sterling. Sir Edward remarks :—
"He has at all times borne the character of an exemplary and steady officer, and is one of the few officers of the Sulphur of whom I can speak with unqualified praise, not only for his assiduity in surveying, but for his gallantry during the operations at Canton, and for his exemplary conduct when the other officers of the Sulphur were in a state of insubordinate alienation from their Captain."
--In 1842, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant from the flagship of Sir David Milne at Plymouth. Shortly afterwards he sailed as Second Lieutenant and Assistant-Surveyor of the Philomel surveying brig, Captain (now Admiral Sir) James Sulivan, for the Falkland Isles and south-east coast of South America, and for the action of Oblegado in the river Parana, where he commanded the Philomel's small arm men at the storming of the forts, was promoted to the rank of Commander in November, 1845. In 1847, when the paddle steam surveying vessel Acheron was commissioned by Captain(now Admiral) John Lort Stokes, for the survey of the coasts of New Zealand, Commander Richards was appointed as second captain, and remained in that capacity and that of Assistant-Surveyor throughout the whole of that arduous survey, taking a large share in the active operations connected with its prosecution, during which he was often much exposed when detached, carrying out the more detailed or laborious portion of the work, in open boats.
(4) 1874-84 Frederik J.O. Evans四代目フレデリック･エバンス
--Evans, Progress of Marine Surveys 1874 to 1884. Appendix,—Marine Surveys of India,—United States Coast Survey, —Chronological Table of Discovery,—Early History of Chronometers. Frederick John Owen Evans, born at Southsea, Hants, in March, 1815, entered the Royal Navy in July, 1828, as volunteer of the second class on board the Rose, a corvette of 18 guns, employed on the North American and West Indian station, and remained in that vessel until March, 1832, when he was transferred to the Winchester, flag-ship of Sir E. G.
Colpoys ; and in June, 1833, appointed as Master's Assistant to the Thunder (his first surveying vessel) in the West Indies, Commander Richard Owen.
--He continued in the Thunder until February, 1836, the latter part of this period as acting second master, and was engaged on the surveys of the River Demerara, coasts of Nicaragua, Honduras and Belize ; as also on the Bahama banks. His duties throughout, in the Thunder, were equally divided between compiling in the chart room, and in boats on detached service.
--In 1836, he joined the Caledonia flag-ship in the Mediterranean, and subsequently served in the Asia and in the Rapid, 1 o gun brig, as second master in pilotage charge. From February to May, 1838, he became acting master of the Dido in the Mediterranean, during which period he contributed to the Nautical Magazine, Volume VIII., some hydrographical remarks spoken of by Captain Becher (the editor) as " most valuable," descriptive of the north-west coast of Africa between Cape Spartel and Arzilla ; and from Cape Biases
to Mogador, with directions for the latter place.
--From September, 1838, to the same month of 1840, he served as second master in charge of the Rolla, 10 gun brig, Lieut. -Commander Charles Hall, on the west coast of Africa, asi assisted in the capture of several slave vessels, as also in the destruction of the notorious slave factories at the river Gallinas. Made acting master of the Wolverene, Captain Vl. Tucker, the senior officer's ship on the west coast of Africa, he returned to England in that vessel in the autumn of 1841, and in November was promoted to the rank of master. He was then appointed to H.M.S. Fly, Captain F. P. Blackwood, fitting for special exploring and surveying service in Australia and New Guinea, and continuously employed. from March, 1841, to July, 1846, in the capacity of master and senior Assistant-Surveyor of the survey of the Barrier reefs of Australia, Torres strait, and the neighbouring coast of New Guinea, regions then comparatively unknown. An account of the voyage of tie Fly was published in 1847, by J. Beete Jukes, Esq., the naturalist to the expedition, in Uo volumes. The present Admiral Sir Charles Shadwell was the first Lieutenant of the Fly.
--From August, 1846, to October, 1847, finds him employed on the survey of the Isle of Man with Commander George Williams. He was then appointed master and Assistant-Surveyor to the Acheron steamship, Captain J. L. Stokes, employed in New Zealand, chiefly on the little known coasts of the Middle and South islands. These surveys covered a great extent of seaboard, and have proved of especial service to that prosperous colony. The Acheron was paid off in Sydney, N.S. Wales, towards the close of 1851, the officers and crew returning to England.
--From January, 1852, to August, 1853, he was engaged at the Admiralty Hydrographic Office, chiefly completing for publication the numerous charts and plans resulting from the New Zealand survey. Between the months of August, 1853, and March, 1854, finds him employed on the survey of the coast of Devon, near Dartmouth, conjointly with Lieut.-Commander H. L. Cox.
--In the early part of March, 1854, prior to the declaration of war with Russia, and the sailing of the Baltic fleet, he was ordered as surveying officer on secret service to the Gulf of Finland in the Miranda, Captain E. M. Lyons, the object being to reconnoitre the port of Revel ; on the successful completion of which service he joined the Lightning, surveying vessel, Captain B. J. Sulivan, attached to the Baltic fleet, assisting in the preliminary examination of the Aland islands, and the reconnaisance of the forts at Bomarsund ; his
services were constantly required in piloting the French as well as our own men of war, occasionally under fire.
--For these services he was personally thanked by the Commander-in-Chief, Sir C. Napier, on board the Lightning, and was also noticed in the gazetted despatches. Remaining in the Lightning until April, 1855, he was then appointed Superintendent of the Compass Department of the Admiralty in succession to Captain E. J. Johnson, who had held the post from its formation in 1842 until his death in 1853.
V. Leading Admirals主要艦長
(1) Captain Robert FitzRoy, 1805-1865., Royal Navy, Captain of HMS Beagle
(2) Captain Henry Charles Otter, 18707-1876. Royal Navy, Captain of HMS Porcupine.
(3) Captain J. WARD, R.N.1858-1865.
--John Ward entered the Royal Navy in 1840, and first sailed in the Spey brig, employed in carrying Her Majesty's mails to the West Indies and Mexican Gulf, in which vessel he was wrecked in November of the same year on the tail of the Bahama bank, and was then transferred to the Thunder, Commander Barnett, employed surveying the Bahama banks in the West Indies.
--He passed his examination] in 1848, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in October, 1850. Early in the year 1855 he was appointed to the Firefly as an Assistant-Surveyor, under Captain H. C. Otter, employed on the coast of Scotland survey, under whose command he also served in the Baltic. September, 1858, finds him promoted to the rank of Commander, and he was at the same time placed in command of the Actaon, and charge of the survey of the coast of China, in succession to Lieutenant C. Bullock, who had held the charge from the date at which Captain Thornton Bate was killed before Canton.
--In the three succeeding years, excellent work was carried out in the Actaon and Dove, on the coasts of China and Japan. In 1859, the bay of St. Vladimir, Seau-wuhu bay of Manchuria, Tsan-liang-hai harbour, and a sound that divides the island of Tsu-sima into two parts. In 1860, Ta-lien-whan bay, in the strait of Pecheli ; the north coast of the Shan-tung peninsula, with Chefoo ; the Miau-tau islands, and the shores of the Gulfs of Pecheli and Lian-tung from Staunton island to Ta-lien-whan bay. In 1861, 120 miles of the river Yang-tse-kiang above Hankow as far as Yo-chau-fu at the entrance of the Tung-ting lake, were explored by the officers of the Actaon and Dove, and the strait of Simonoseki and part of the north-west coast of Japan surveyed in the former vessel, which later on in the same year was ordered to England, the Dove remaining in China, where she was afterwards utilised as tender to the Swallow, and employed on the west coast of the island of Formosa.
--In 1864, when the command of the Rifleman fell vacant, owing to Mr. J. W. Reed, the master in command, having been obliged to invalid, Commander Ward was appointed to the post, and in charge of the China sea survey. In the early part of 1866 he was invalided to England, and has not since served actively afloat.
--In September, 1873, Commander Ward retired from the Active List with the rank of Captain.
The following charts were published from his surveys :—
(4) Commander Charles Bullock, Royal Navy, 1857-1869.
--National Archieves
Reference: MR 1/451/1
Description: Japan: Osaka. Map of the foreign concession, showing the coastline, docks, boatsheds, wells, a guard house, arable land and waste land. Scale: 1 inch to 50 feet. Surveyed by Commander Charles Bullock, Royal Navy, and Lieutenant Charles Johnson, HMS Serpent, May 1867.
--Charles James Bullock, son of that well-known surveyor, the late Admiral Frederick Bullock, in June, 1844, joined H.M.S. Lucifer, Commander G. A. Frazer, with whom he was employed surveying on the east coast of Ireland until February, 1848. In August, 1846, as a midshipman, he was made an Assistant-Surveyor, such was his aptitude, even at that early period, for this branch of his profession.
--From October, 1850, to June, 1854, he served as a midshipman and mate, and during the latter part of the commission as senior Assistant-Surveyor in the Royalist, Commander W. T. Bate, employed surveying Palawan island and passage, in the China sea. He passed his
examination in February, 1853.
--In writing to Commander Bate regarding the Royalist's work about this time, Sir Francis Beaufort, the hydrographer, expressed himself as follows :—
"The large amount of labour bestowed by your assistants Mr. C. J. Bullock and W. B. Calver, on that trying and difficult survey, fully justifies your strongly expressed approbation of their zealous co-operation ; and together with my cordial thanks for their exemplary conduct,I beg you will acquaint them that I shall lose no opportunity of placing their services in the most favourable point of view before their Lordships."
--Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in January, 1 855, he was in the same month appointed to the Merlin, during the second year of the Russian war, under Captain (now Sir) B. James Sulivan. In this vessel he was actively employed in the Baltic, and present at the bom
bardment of Sveaborg, obtaining Captain Sulivan's approbation of his services.
--From April to October, 1856, Lieutenant Bullock commanded the Shamrock gunboat, employed on the survey of Wexford river and bar, under the direction of Captain G. A. Frazer.
--In October, 1856, he was selected as the colleague of Captain W. T. Bate, then serving in China, and who was afterwards killed in the assault of Canton, to command the Dove guhboat, tender to the Actcson.
--At the death of Captain Bate, Lieutenant Bullock succeeded to the charge of the China survey, and besides taking a useful and prominent part in the operations at Canton, surveyed the river.
--In 1858, he resigned charge to Lieutenant (afterwards Commander) J. Ward, and the hydrographer, Captain Washington, thus expressed himself in a letter to Commander Ward, communicated by Vice-Admiral Sir M. Seymour :—
" As Lieutenant Bullock has resigned the charge of the survey to you, I have to request that you will express to him publicly my entire approbation of his conduct of the survey, while in his hands. His clear and distinct
letters and reports do him much credit."
--Subsequently, Lieutenant Bullock resumed the command of the Dove, co-operating with Commander Ward in the various surveys engaged in during the years 1859-60-61, in northern China and Japan. He returned to England in the Actaon in 1862, and from June to October
of that year was borne on the Fisgard's books for duties at the Hydrographic Office connected with the completion of charts, &c.
--In January, 1863, he was made a Commander, and again placed on the same ship's books for a continuation of the unfinished portion of the northern China chart work, and for the purpose of writing Sailing Directions. He was, while yet a Lieutenant, offered the command
of the Swallow in May, 1862, by Rear- Admiral Washington ; but preferred to wait, this offer following so closely on his long service in China.
--In April, 1865, he was appointed to the command of H.M.S. Serpent, auxiliary surveying vessel, in which he carried out, under difficult circumstances, surveys of the Java sea and various parts of China and Japan, during the years 1865-69 inclusive. His last service in
this respect consisted in observing the total eclipse of the sun at Mantawalu Kiki, in the Gulf of Tomini, Celebes island, on the 18th August, 1868, in company with professional astronomers from Manilla, conveyed by Commander Bullock, in the Serpent, for the same purpose. He then carried deep-sea soundings south of Flores island and Sumbawa, through Bali strait to Pampang bay, thereby finding a suitable route for a telegraph cable. He also obtained deep-sea soundings between Penang and the south point of Ceylon.
--For these services, after paying off the Serpent, he was promoted to the rank of Post-Captain, dated 4th April, 1870, and accepted the retirement of 4th August, 1873, his health having suffered greatly throughout almost the whole of the Serpent's surveying voyage.*
* For many months he was subjected to a wrong course of treatment by his medical adviser, who had mistaken his ailment, and this lamentable mistake nearly made a confirmed invalid of one naturally of an iron constitution.
--His war service*, for which he received medalf. comprised partidpatioo is tAe opesrbn in the Baltic. 1855 ; Canton, 1857 ; Nanking. 1858 ; Pcibo, 1860. The following charts are from Captain Bollock's surveys, who also compiled the seer: volume of the China Sea Directory t—Si-kLu>£. Kaa-K"t>2 to Oua-tan. Hichken River and Ynra-no-n,- p-f .< hja-wa to Wu-thu-lo. Htogo and OsakL I'u>C-mu HuUiv. Sao-o Bit (Formosa). ^ uri in-1 \\ A.Uurna HaHjoon. Hai-vun IUaad. Otaki and laaab* Bap. Hankau to Yo-chaa-fo.
(4) E.W. Brooker, (1828-1870), エドワード･ウォルフ･ブローカー
--Edward Wolfe Brooker, born Nov., 1827, entered the Navy April, 1842, as master: assistant on board the ShtarwaUr, in which vessel, and the Blazer, both commaaded Captain John Washington, he was employed for three years and a half in surrenny - North sra. Joining then, in October, 1846. the Raltlttnakt, Capt. Owen Stanley, he was, duriag ti-next four years, engaged on similar service in Australia, particularly in surveying the Grs-. Barrier reef on the cast coast, and in examining the islands of the Loaisiade Archipelago
and New Guinea.
--In April, 1851, Mr. Brooker, who attained the rank of second-master 16th May, 184.9, was appointed to the Spitfire, Capt. Spratt. In that vessel, in which he was made an Assistant Surveyor in April, 1852, and promoted to the rank of Master, March, 1855, he was employed until the commencement of the Russian war, in surveying the islands in the Greoat Archipelago, and afterwards in performing surveys of the Dardanelles, the sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus, Varna, the Drobutscha, Alma Bay, Sebastopol, Khersonese bay, Balaklava. Kertch, &c He was present at the embarkation of the troops at Varna and at the landing in the Crimea, at the bombardment of Sebastopol, Oct., 1854, in the expedition to Kertch, and at the capture of Kinburn.
--During the operations connected with the latter affair, Mr. Brooker, then additional master of the Spitfire, was detached on board the Cracker gunboat, Lieut.-Commander J. H. Marryat, for the purpose of determining the course of the channel leading into the river Dnieper, and for laying down buoys along the south side of it, a service which was accomplished so completely that he was in a position to inform the Rear-Admiral of his ability to pilot in the men-of-war, the object being to take the enemy's forts in reverse. Sir H. Stewart, in his despatch addressed to Sir Edmund Lyons, writes, " to do full justice to merit and exertion must be my excuse for presuming to request your most favourable notice of Lieut. Marryat and Mr. Brooker. They have had anxious, difficult, and dangerous work to perform, and they have each of them executed it admirably." For his meritorious conduct he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant 5th Nov., 1855. He continued in the Spiifin until February, 1856, and then in the Tartarus, Capt. Mansell, in surveying the coast of Syria, where he continued until 1861, in July of which year he was appointed to the charge of the coast survey of Tasmania. Having surveyed George's bay and Hobartown, and made the necessary arrangements for following up the triangulation of the whole of the coasts of that colony, in March, 1863, the survey was suspended, owing to the local government of Tasmania failing to vote the necessary funds for bearing half the working expenses.
--On his return to England he received the annual surveying promotion to the rank of Commander on the 1st January, 1864, and was subsequently appointed to the charge of the survey of Portsmouth harbour and bar, where he continued until appointed in 1866 to the command of H.M.S. Sylvia, for surveying service in North China and Japan. The Sylvia did good work on the coast of Formosa, on the west coast of Nipon between Nagasaki and Simonoseki, in the inland sea of Japan, and at the entrance of the river Min in China.
--The President of the Royal Geographical Society, in his annual address for the year 1870, marked that "During the last year (1869) Commander Brooker, who had ably conductede North China and Japan survey up to that time, was compelled to resign from ill-healthid return to England." His illness ended fatally, and he died in the course of the year 170.
--Commander Brooker, who was an admirable water-colour marine artist, as well as a clever surveyor, wore the Crimean medal and Sebastapol clasp. He had been created a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and received the order of Medjidie of the fifth class.
The following charts were published from his surveys t—.
Tasmania.-- George's Bay. Hobartown.
S.C. England.-- Cowes Harbour.
Japan.-- Kagosima Gulf. Sagistu-no-ura. Atsusi-no-o-sima to Mats-sima. Hirado-no-Seto (Spex Strait) to Simonoseki Strait. Kurusima-no-Seto. N. entrance to Spex Strait and Yebukuro-no-Minato Harbour. Yobuko Harbour.
Min River (entrance).
--During the year 1869, Commander Brooker was compelled to resign from ill-health and return to England, and Navigating-Lieutenant Maxwell remained in charge. The Sylvia had been re-commissioned in China, and Commander H. C. St. John appointed to conduct
the survey.
--12 October 1866 7 October 1869 Commander in Sylvia (from commissioning at Woolwich), surveying, China station (until Brooker was invalided)
(5) CAPTAIN SIR GEORGE STRONG NARES, K.C.B., F.R.S. (24 April 1831 – 15 January 1915), 1865-1878.
--George Strong Nares entered the Navy in 1845, passed his examination in 185 1, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in October, 1854. As a mate he served on the Arctic expedition in the Resolute, under Captain Henry Kellett, during the years 1852-53-54.
--Subsequently we find him, in 1855, Second Lieutenant of the Glatton, Captain A. Cumming, and Gunnery Lieutenant in 1856, of the Conqueror, in the Mediterranean; also as First Lieutenant of the Britannia, training ship for Naval Cadets. He then wrote his book on Seamanship, since accepted as a standard work on this subject.
--Promoted to the rank of Commander in December, 1862, he succeeded to the command of the Salamander, employed on special service on the coast of Australia in 1864. This appears to have been his first opportunity of employment in the surveying service. In the Salamander, which was a paddle-wheel steam vessel, employed generally in connection with the colony formed at Cape York, of Australia, no opportunity was lost of adding to the hydrography of the Inner Passage to Torres strait and coast survey of Queensland, in parts
which had only been approximately examined before, and he also surveyed the eastern coast of Hinchinbroke island, the Palm island group, and Cleveland bay. On the way to England through Torres strait a line of deep soundings was carried by the Salamander through the Arafura sea. After a brief servitude in command of the Boscawen, training ship for boys, Commander Nares was appointed in 1868, on the withdrawal of the Hydra, under Captain Shortland, from the Mediterranean, to the Newport, for the continuation of the Hydra's work. In this vessel he surveyed the line for a sub-marine cable between Malta and Alexandria, completed the west coast of Sicily, and surveyed Milazzo and Syracuse.
--Next, he completed the coast of Tunis from Cape Carthage to Tabarca island, surveyed Pantellaria island and the port of Alexandria, and conveyed the Hydrographer and Director of Engineering Works to the Admiralty to the Suez Canal, sounding and taking sections, and assisting generally in contributing towards the Official Report subsequently drawn up and referred to at page 138. For his services on the occasion of and prior to the opening of the Suez Canal Commander Nares was posted in 1869. During the next year he continued the survey of the coasts of Sicily and the coral banks between it, and the coast of Tunis, finding a suitable deep-water channel south of the Skerki reef, through which the telegraph cable connecting Gibraltar and Malta was successfully laid. In September, 1870, the Newport was detached from the Mediterranean for the survey of the Gulf of Suez, which was accomplished as far south as Kosair and the Brothers islands.
--Captain Nares was next appointed to the command of the Shearwater, a vessel fitted out with a view to following up the work commenced in the Newport in the Red Sea. On the passage out from England investigations of the surface and under-currents in the strait of Gibraltar were made by Captain Nares, conjointly with Dr. Carpenter, of the Royal Society, in the month of August, 1871, and formed the subject of a paper drawn up 'by him for the Royal Society, and also published separately by the Admiralty. His successor in the Shearwater, Commander Wharton, R.N., followed up these experiments with a similar series made in the Dardanelles and Bosphorus. In April, 1872, when the Challenger deep-sea exploring voyage was decided upon, Captain Nares was selected for this important command, which he continued to hold until his return to England to take charge of the last English Arctic Expedition.
--In the early part of 1875, he was specially offered the command of the Arctic Expedition in the Alert and Discovery which left our shores in the early summer of 1875. This expedition having succeeded in reaching a higher northern latitude than any yet attained returned to England at the close of 1876.
--In 1878, Captain Sir George Nares, who had been created a K.C.B. for his services, re-commissioned the Alert for special surveying service, in the first instance in the neigh bourhood of the river Plate and Magellan strait of South America. Here he continued until 1879, when, on the death of Vice-Admiral G. A. Bedford, he was selected for and accepted the post of Marine Adviser to the Board of Trade, an appointment created in 1 850, and successively held by Admirals F. W. Beechey, Sir James Sulivan, and G. A. Bedford. Sir George Nares, who is a Fellow of the Royal Society, was granted a Captain's Good Service Pension in January, 1885.
(6) Sir Richard Edward Tracey, admiral Royal Navy, son of Commander Benjamin Wheatley Tracey R.N. (claimant to Tracy Peerage Case), was born on the 24 January 1837 in County Cork and died in London on 7 March 1907
and was buried at Kensal Green. (See English Census, 1901 living in Chelsea)
His brother Stopford Cane Tracey (b. 24 or 26 August 1838 Cork d. 18 September 1906 Isle of Wight) was a Staff Commander in the R.N. (See English Census, 1901 living in Chelsea)
Richard Edward Tracey was twice married:
(1) to Janet Douglas Wingate (b. 1844 - d. 1875) daughter of the Rev. William Wingate, on 8 Jul 1865 at Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France (marriage recorded for potential Royal Navy widow's pension).
15 July 1865 Glasgow Herald
Richard E. Tracey, commander, Royal Navy, to Janet Douglas, eldest daughter of the Rev. W. Wingate, 9 Stanley Crescent, Kensington Park, London.-No cards.
18 July 1865 Cork Examiner
... Richard E. Tracey, Commander R.N., to Janet Douglas, eldest daughter of the Rev. W. Wingate, Stanley-crescent, Kensington Park. London.
1 June 1867 Hampshire Telegraph
.. Richard E.Tracey RN, of a son. stillborn.
13 February 1875 Pall Mall Gazette & 20 February 1875 Hampshire Telegraph
Feb. 10?. Tracey, wife of Mr. Richard E., Captain Royal Navy
(2) on 30 November 1887 (Sevenoaks, Kent, England???) to Hon. Adelaide Constance Rohesia de Courcy (b. 1855 - d. 9 July 1926), the only daughter of John Constantine de Courcy, (22nd Lord Kingsale and 29th Baron Kingsale in the Irish peerage) and Adelaide Brown-Westhead. From 30 November 1887, her married name became Tracey. She held extensive lands in Cork.
Tracey, the Hon. Lady.
Adelaide Constance Rohesia, only child of John Constantine, 29th Lord Kingsale, who d. 1865, by Adelaide, who d. 1885, only dau. of the late Joshua Proctor Brown Westhead, Esq., of Lea Castle, Worcestershire ; m. 1887, as his 2nd wife, Sir Richard Edward Tracey, an Adm. ret., who was A.D.C. to Queen Victoria I8S0-8 ; Second in Command of the Channel Squadron 1888-90; Superintendent of Malta Dockyard 1892-4 and President of the R. Navil Coll., Greenwich, 1897-1900, and who was cr. K.C.B. 1898, and d. 1907.
The county families of the United Kingdom (1919)
Career Synopsis:
15 January 1852, Master’s assistant in the Royal Navy
1854, Midshipman
30/01/1858 Mate/Sub Lieutenant
28 June 1859, Lieutenant
21/11/1864 or 19 April 1865, Commander
29 November 1871, Captain
1 January 1888, Rear-Admiral
23 June 1893, Vice-Admiral
29 November 1898, Admiral
24 January 1901, Retired Admiral
He entered the navy in 1852. He served during the Baltic campaign of 1854 as a midshipman of the Boscawen, and received the medal; he passed his examination in January 1858 while serving on the Harrier, sloop, on the south east coast of America, and was promoted to Lieutenant on 28 June 1859. After studying on board the Excellent he was appointed in July 1860 to the Conqueror in the Channel squadron, and two years later received a supernumerary appointment to the Euryalus, flagship of Sir Augustus Leopold Kuper on the East Indies and China station. While in her he took part in the active operations in Japan, especially the engagement with the forts of Kagosina in August 1863 and the attack on the batteries in the Straits of Simonoseki in September 1864 was promoted to commander. The Japanese government under the Togugawa Shogurata having asked the English naval officers might be lent for training purposes to their newly formed modern navy, the request was granted and Tracey placed in charge of the mission. He and his companions set about organising and superintending the naval school at Tsukiji during 1867-8, and while thus employed he was borne on the books of the flagship. But a new Japanese administration interrupted Tracey’s work, which was not resumed till 1873, when Commander (Sir) Archibald Douglas took out to Japan a second naval mission. Tracey, however for a short time rendered similar services to the Chinese navy, for which he was decorated by the emperor with the order of the Double Dragon, and on the 9th November 1869 was appointed to command the gun-vessel Avon, in which he remained on the China station until his promotion to captain on 29 November 1871. On the 20th July 1876 he was appointed to the Spartan, corvette, which he commanded for four years on the East Indies station, and particularly on the east coast of Africa, where he cruised for the suppression of the slave trade. In January 1881 he became flag captain in the Iron Duke to Sir George Ommanney Wills, commander-in-chief on the China station, and returning home early in 1884 was appointed to the Sultan, which he commanded for a year in the Channel squadron. In April 1885 Tracey became an aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria, and in July was appointed to Portsmouth dockyard. He reached flag rank on 1 January 1888. Tracey first hoisted his flag as second-in-command of the fleet under Sir George Tyron in the manoeuvres of 1889, and in September of that year was appointed in the same capacity to the Channel Squadron. In January 1892 he was made admiral superintendent at Malta, and on 23 June 1893 was promoted to vice-admiral. In 1896 he was an umpire in the naval manoeuvres, and for three years from October 1897 was president of the Royal Navel College at Greenwich. He was invested as a Knight Commander, Order of the Bath (K.C.B.) in May 1898, and was promoted to admiral on 29 November 1898. He retired on 24 January 1901. An engraved portrait was published by Messrs. Walton of Shaftesbury Avenue.
eam Reserve.
(7) Frank Tourle Thomson, Captain for the Challenger, 1874-77.
VI. Royal Navy; China Stationイギリス海軍中国拠点
Jonathan Parkinson, The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief, 2018.
pp.45-50.
Vice Admiral 11 January 1864.
To take up the China command, early in 1867 he proceeded by rail and sea to Alexandria then overland to Suez. He commented as follows on the great French engineering works, 'Time, money and perseverance will, I believe, complete the great work of the Suez Canal. De Lesseps is sanguine, at no distant period, of being able to pass a ship-of-the-line from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea (25):
On 9 March he left Suez in the P. & 0. Surat, 2,578 grt, at Ceylon switched to their Ottawa, 1,275 grt, and arrived at Singapore on Sunday afternoon, 31 March 1867. In China he flew his Flag in Rodney, 78 guns, 2,770 tons, a screw steam assisted, second rate. The ship was commanded by that fabulous Victorian eccentric and future Admiral and Commander in Chief, both in the Pacific and then at The Nore, Captain Algernon Charles Fieschi Heneage (1833-1915). For a short period in Forte in 1860 he had served as Flag Lieut. to Sir Henry. Borne in Rodney were Commander Richard E. Tracey and Lieutenant Arthur K. Wilson, and party, 'For Instruction of Japanese (26).
The British Minister to Japan, Sir Harry Parkes, had strived successfully to have such a training group ordered to Japan in order both to enhance British standing, and to counter French and Dutch ambitions in that direction. Writing from Osaka to the Foreign Office, Lord Stanley, on 31 December 1867 Sir Harry reported:-Captain Tracey, Lieut Wilson and two men reached Yokohama on 23 October 1867 ... the others followed on 11 November 1867 (27):
Members of this party, however, were not to undertake their duties in Japan for longer than three or four months from November 1867 as under the conditions of civil unrest between Shogunate and Imperial interests the British felt that the status of the group could not in all fairness be described as neutral. In February 1868 Sir Harry was to feel obliged to write twice to Richard Tracey. Extracts follow:- '18 February 1868 ... enjoining neutrality on all British subjects in the civil contest which has unfortunately broken out in this country..: 29 February 1868 ... you discontinue for the present your duties of Naval drill and instruction and to retire to Yokohama... (28)'
The Tracey Mission duly was withdrawn, in 1873 to be replaced by the Archibald Douglas Mission. Shortly thereafter Tracey himself, for a short period of time, was to hold a similar training post with the Chinese Nary.
As the new C. in C., China he actually first hoisted his Flag in the wood paddle despatch vessel Salamis at Singapore, 2.20 p.m. on Sunday, 31 March 1867. It was on 1 April 1867 that government of the Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang was transferred from the authority of the Indian government to that of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. The first colonial governor was His Excellency Coined Harry St. George Ord, CB, of the Royal Engineers.
Assumed command of the Station on Friday, 5 April 1867. From Singapore his predeceuor sailed for home on Monday, 8 April. Then in Salamis he sailed for Kuching on 15 April there to meet the acting Rajah of Sarawak, Tuan Muda, Charles Antoni Johnson Brooke, who earlier had served as a Midshipman in Dido then under his command. Reached Labuan on 22 April, the acting Governor there being his old friend Hugh Low. On 30 April he arrived at Hong Kong, the Governor there now being Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell (1814-1881), cousin of Francis Brinkley (29). In respect of one important duty happily the USN, Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell, was to work closely with 'Bell soon was on good terms with his opposite number in the Royal Navy, Vice Admiral Keppel, cooperating in the control of pirates. These gentry, Bell wrote Keppel, "... invariably board in calms, light weather, or at anchor, and overpowered by numbers, with stink pots, pistols, and muskets, and frequently in the very entrance of the ports open to trade" (30):
In his letter of 13 July 1867, Sir Harry Parkes informed Edmund Hammond at the Foreign Office:-Admiral Keppel arrived at Yokohama on the 5. and came on at once to Yedo where he staid with me for a week (31):
With the death of Alelcsandr Andreyevich Baranov in April 1819 the fortunes of the Russian American Company ebbed, a decline much assisted by an alteration in focus from commercial activity to that of bureaucratic government So it was that on 18 October 1867 all of Russian America was acquired by the United States. This, the Alaska Purchase initiated by the then Secretary of State, William H. Seward, took place for a consideration of US$7.2 million.
1 January 1868: opening of the port of Hyogo/Kobe to foreign residence and commerce. On 3 January 1868 the fifteenth and last of the shoguns, Tokugawa Yoshinobu (Keiki) (1837-1913), having resigned the previous November but still with many active supporters, accepted the successful outcome of the palace coup achieved in Kyoto by Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa 'had interests. Although a short civil war then did occur, Boshin Senso, he worked to restrict such activity thus enabling the Meiji 'Restoration' to take place in a manner relatively free of bloodshed. This civil war did include what might be regarded as the first Japanese naval engagement of modern times. Off Awaji Island on 28 January 1868 the balcitfu Kaiyo Maru fought the Satsuma han Kasuga in a modest and inconclusive gun battle (32). As a result of earlier assistance and co-operation received, many of the new leaders of Japan, including, for example, Ito Hirobumi, had good reason to be inclined towards friendship with Great Britain (33). Together with other British officials, at Osaka on 22 May 1868 he was presented by Sir Harry Parkes to the young Mikado, H.I.M. Emperor Mutsuhito (1852-1912). His reign was to be known as the Meiji, 'enlightened rule', era. On the following day the C. in C. hosted a reception onboard Rodney, with Ocean and five other British men-of-war in company. Thirty senior Japanese government officials, together with Sir Harry Parkes, were the guests of the Admiral and, as Sir Harry Parkes was to write to Lord Stanley on 30 May, 'a sumptuous entertainment was served on the poop of the Rodney:
At Singapore on 30 June 1868 the ship chandler and agency house of W Mansfield & Co., at the time he an unenviable financial position, handled their first vessel of The Ocean Steam Ship Company of Liverpool. She was their Achilles, 2,280 grt, Captain T Russell (34). As with Swims in China and Japan so with Mansfields in the Straits, all were to grow together to attain prominence in their mutually important relationship with Alfred Holt's Ocean Steam Ship, the Blue Funnel Line.
In August 1868 a civil engineer from Scotland, Richard Henry Brunton (1841-1901), arrived at Yokohama. In accordance with treaty obligations his services had been engaged by the Japanese government to survey possible sites and then to construct a number of lighthouses around their dangerous coast as very necessary aids to safe navigation. A number of these fine structures survive today (35). Even before Brunton had arrived in Japan, the C. in CI predecessor, Sir George King, had provided suitable vessels, for a survey of the coast to decide on sites for the lighthouses which were to be given top priority: Likewise it was Sir Harry Parkes who was to ensure that the, shogunate implement the terms of the treaties (36)?
Similarly the actual coastlines of Japan were to be surveyed. among other vessels also the small converted gunvessel Sylvia, 865 tons, was to be employed in Eastern waters. These waters included the coast of China and in her case Sylvia was to be so occupied for the greater part of the several years between 1867 and 1880. In November 1868 at Anping in Formosa an incident had taken place with the British Consul, John Gibson, consequently requesting the assistance of a gunboat in order that action could be taken as, 'redress for outrages which had been denied to more peaceable efforts! In a brilliantly handled affair, at night and with odds of twenty to one against, Lieut. and Commander Thornhaugh Philip Gordon of Akerine captured Fort Zeel.dia, then in the process of being actively re-fortified by the Chinese. In consequence of this successful feat of arms the local Taiwan officials complied with Mr. Gibson's demands. Further, shortly thereafter the Chinese administration removed the responsible Taotai from his post and subsequently they were to adhere to Treaty obligations. In his letter of 6 January 1869 the C. in C. outlined the episode in a report to the Admiralty, describing Lieut. Gurdon's role as being carried out with great 'zeal and gallantry' (37). On 1 June 1869 Gordon was promoted Commander. He was to retire late in 1873. Gibson, a Barrister-at-Law and M.A., Edinburgh, had joined the China service in Hong Kong in June 1857. In 1858 he had been appointed Acting Private Secretary to Lord Elgin, Her Majesty's Plenipotentiary during his successful negotiations held that June in Tientsin. Other important appointments had followed but, alas, he was to die of consumption in Amoy on 28 July 1869 (38). In 1869 the British prime minter was the liberal, William E. Gladstone. Being far removed from the scene of the incident, and being, "utterly ignorant of the manners and customs of the Chinese", the government at home had not appreciated the circumstances surrounding the disagreements with Mr. Gibson and their initial reaction had not been to look with favour upon the successful operation in capturing Fort Zeel.dia (39):
The civil, Boshin, war in Japan referred to above finally was to take the form of the establishment of rebel forces, the ICerais, at Hakodate on Hokkaido, or Yezo. French sympathies were with the rebels who were assisted by six or seven French officers .der Jules Brunet. The rebel naval forces were .der the command of Enomoto Takeaki (40). From Hong Kong on 11 January 1869 the C. in C. informed London of this sudden development, the departure of this Tokugawa break-away group, the Kerais, for Halcodate (41). However just over six months later, writing in Rodney at Yokohama on 24 June 1869, he was able to inform the Admiralty:-'Para. 2. I have the honor to report for the information of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty that the attack (by the Mikados forces) was made on the 44 of Jun, by five of the Mikado's vessels, but was conducted with so much caution on each side that there was little result' 'Para. 3. On the 94 instant the attack was repeated by land and sea, the troops covered by the ships. Captain Ross of the Pearl reports that they fought with great gallantry not withstanding a brave and vigorous resistance on the part of the Kerais, they were driven out of their entrenchments with considerable loss on each side, and several guns defending the passes were captured by the Mikado's forces. The Kerais still hold the forts, and their fleet appears to be anchored within a line of torpedoes (mines) which the Mikado's vessels are not disposed to pass: 'Para. 4. By the latest accounts, occasional firing is exchanged between the Mikado's ships and the forts and ships of the Kerais; the resistance of the latter continues with unabated vigor, which is not diminished by the dilatory action of the Mikado's forces. The immense preponderance of the latter can scarcely fail to give them the victory (42):
The C. in C. quickly was to be proved entirely correct in expressing this opinion as at Hakodate during the afternoon of 23 June 1869 the Mikado's forces were victorious. Enomoto together with some 2,000 followers were captured and held as prisoners, Enomoto himself surrendering on 26 June. Subsequently from the Mikado himself Captain Ross of HMS Pearl was to receive the award of a sword as an expression of His Imperial Majesty's thanks, with some smaller presents being given to other members of the ship's company.
Piracy on the coast of China had always been, and was to continue to be a great problem. When British flag junks and shipping were attacked then naturally the C. in C. became involved. In 1868 Admiral Keppel had made certain proposals to the Admiralty, who, desiring to obtain wider approval, so informed the Foreign Office. Politely, on 3 August 1868, the Foreign Office replied, ... I am directed by His Lordship to acquaint you, in reply, for the information of The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty that Lord Stanley fully concurs in Their Lordships proposal to approve Sir Henry Keppel's proceedings in this matter (43):
To illustrate the significance of this difficulty, in mid 1869 Sir Henry arranged that one of his gunboats, in company with two similar Chinese warship, should engage in joint patrols:-'HM Gunboat Bouncer and the Chinese gunboat Chen To have been employed during the month of May cruising in company searching for piratical vessels which have committed depredations in the neighbourhood of Hong Kong (44):
In just one week, 12 to 18 June 1869 inclusive, Bouncer captured sixteen junks, each ranging in sire from fifteen to 100 tons, the sixteen carrying a total of seventy six guns and crewed by 424 men, took three prisoners, and released fifty four. The junks themselves were disposed of as follows:-'Seven were handed over to the Chinese squadron. Four were destroyed as being unseaworthy. Five were returned to owners:
Between them the Chinese gunboats apprehended a total of just seven junks during the week (45). The services of these Chinese gunboats, to a great extent their navy being ineffective, were supplemented by revenue cutters. These cutters were operated by the ubiquitous, and efficient, Chinese Maritime Customs. From 1863 to 1908 the Inspector-General of Customs was the Northern Irishman, Sir Robert Hart. From Peking on 29 August 1868 Sir Robert wrote to the British Minister at Peking, Sir Rutherford Akock, to report the ordering in Britain of three armed Customs steamers, primarily for the Customs operated lighthouse service but also:-'a) to perform the military duties of Customs cruisers for the protection of the revenue. b) to assist in the suppression of piracy in Chinese waters (46):
As will be seen throughout this volume these attempts at suppression never were to succeed entirely. Gradually the pirates became bolder and more experienced, in due course tackling European merchant ships including those carrying parties of armed guards.
In the interim at 5.35 p.m. on 8 April 1869 the screw steam gunboat Opossum, 284 tons, Lieutenant and Commander John E. Stokes, arrived at Ichang at the foot of the Yangtse Gorges. It was known beforehand that the River was navigable as for as Ichang however,'... Opossum was the first (steam powered) vessel that had attempted it (47):
As has been indicated above, in November 1866 Sir Harry Parkes had reminded the Japanese government of their agreement to a treaty clause whereby Japan should 'provide the treaty ports with such lights as may be necessary to render secure the navigation of the approaches to said ports'. During the months of domestic unrest additional time had been required, but progress had been made. Shortly after the arrival of Richard H. Brunton in August 1868 Admiral Keppel had made available HMS Manilla, a merchantman taken up for Admiralty service, and in her Brunton made his first voyage of inspection (48). The following year the first Japanese lighthouse tender was acquired, a barque rigged screw steamer, Sunrise, 374 tons, re-named Tornio Meru (49). By August 1875 very useful progress was to have been made in establishing an appropriate network of such lighthouses, from Yeso in the north through to Kyushu. Richard Brunton, who had praise for men such as Inoue Kaoru and Ito Hirobumi with whom he had worked at certain times, also had advised the authorities on the construction of telegraph systems and railways, and in 1870 had supervised the construction in Yokohama of the second iron bridge to be built in Japan (50).
Writing in Rodney from Yokohama on 12 June 1869 the C. in C. felt able to comment in his letter to the Admiralty:-As far as British Interests are concerned in China and Japan affairs during the last two years have not been an tranquil as at present (51):
As another indication of maritime trading enterprise, during the summer season of 1869, thus when water levels in the Yangtse were high, six steamers loaded tea at Hankow, 636 nautical miles upstream from the open sea, direct for the English market. Four of these were owned by Alfred Holt's Blue Funnel Line and one, Agamemnon, still commanded by Isaac Middleton, loaded a record breaking 2,516,000 lbs., or 1,12321 long tons. Her delighted owner later was to write that she brought back the largest cargo ever embarked in one ship and ranted the largest freight that he, Mr. Holt, had ever heard of, GBP 28,087. In addition Agamemnon made an excellent passage by leaving Hankow on 9 June and passing Gravesend in the River Thames two and a half months later, on 25 August 1869 (52).
Admiral: 3 July 1869. 8 July 1869. In Japan the establishment of the Military Ministry, Hyobusho, to administer the affairs of both the Army and the Navy. Necessarily the army was to receive the greater priority as, to give just one reason, the domestic situation was not to settle down for a number of years. The authorities correctly recognised that once the internal administration of the country was running peacefully then the status of The Emperor's armed forces could be reconsidered. At this stage in the early development of their armed forces it has been written, As an auxiliary force was how many in Japan's new government now the nary (53):
Under sail Rodney left Yokohama on 25 July 1869 bound for England via the Cape. 'The same day I shifted my flag to Ocean (54): He was present both in Yedo Bay, and ashore, on the occasion of the first visit paid by a member of the British Royal Family to His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan:-'On the 4 September (1869) His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh had an audience of the Mikado. His Royal Highness was accompanied to the castle by Admiral the Honourable Sir Harry Keppel (55):
At the conclusion of his very successful visit, on 16 September 1869 HRH sailed for Osaka, thence Nagasaki. With the wooden hulled ironclad steam frigate Ocean, 6,535 tons, screw iron troop ship Adventure, 1,794 tons, and paddle desparch vessel Salamis, 985 tons, in company, Sir Harry Keppel accompanied the steam frigate Galatea, 4,686 tons, 1-1RF13 command, on her departure from Yedo Bay. Shortly thereafter the C. in C. returned to Hong Kong. As has been seen some of Thomas Glover's interests and connections were mentioned in 1866 during the time that Admiral King had served as C. in C. Now on 27 September 1869 Admiral Keppel wrote to the Admiralty on the subject of, 'Purchase of Coal for use of the Navy at Nagasaki'. Ibis supply of coal was offered by Mr. Henry Gribble of Glover & Co. (56). In due course the export of coal from mines such as Takashima and Miike in Kyushu were to be an important source of foreign earnings used to finance the emerging economy of Meiji Japan.
On 24 October 1869 Sir Harry handed over the Station to his successor, Admiral Kellett. The ceremony surrounding his departure from Hong Kong on Tuesday, 2 November was without precedent. Amongst other ships in port, but flying the Royal Standard, was the frigate Galatea, 26, Captain His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh. HRH and officers of Galatea manned the barge, with HRH at stroke and Commodore Challier at the helm, which conveyed the Admiral out from the Government wharf and his guard of honour, to the P. & O. s.s. Salsette, 1,491 grt, in which ship he was to take passage home. Appropriate salutes were fired. Waiting onboard Salsette at her moorings in Victoria harbour were H.E. the Governor, Sir Richard MacDonnell, and Sir Henry Kellett. Just prior to Salsette sailing HRH, 'presented me with a gold watch as a souvenir'. The event that morning was recorded in the log book of the sloop Rinaldo:- '8.0 a.m. Dressed ship. HMS Galatea hoisted Royal Standard: saluted with 21 guns. Adm. Hon. H. Keppel, KCB left Govt. wharf for Mail ship under a salute of 17 guns from the Fort.
From his service record up to 31 December 1869 it is recorded that he had spent seventeen years and 219 days on half pay (57). A GSP at the higher rate was awarded to him on 9 April 1870. On 22 lune 1870 at Oxford University, the Chancellor at the time being Lord Salisbury, he received an honorary degree, DCL. GCB: 20 May 1871. C. hi C., Plymouth: 1 November 1872 to 1 November 1875. Flag in the old three decker Royal Melanie, launched in 1828 and completed in 1835. Here at Devonport once again he was to be served by an old friend and now Flag Captain, Algernon C.F. Heneage (58).
VII. Relationships with Japanese Officials and Individuals.日本政府及び個人との交流
7-1. 「シルヴィア」号『大日本外交文書』
7-2. The Sylvia Called Imabari Domain in 1869.1869年の今治藩の寄航
(1)『愛媛県史 近世 下』1987年、
「藩治職制」に伴う改革は明治元年一二月三日、家中総登城で発表され、七日に弁事役所に報告された。執政は服部和泉・戸塚求馬ら従来の家老五人、参政は池内亮之進・富島格ら一〇人で、用人・大目付・郡奉行らの重役の外、公用人池上邦五郎以下数名の中下士の登用がみられる。藩庁は議政所と改称され、三局の各部署に執政・参与と庶係を配した。これら役職の改廃や担当者名は一二月五日に領内に示達された。島方への回達分によると勘定所は郡政局掛、勘定目付は会計方、目付は監察などと改められている（大浜柳原家文書）。しかし官職の改訂はみたものの短期であり、特記すべき行政の治績のないまま版籍奉還に至った。なお明治二年三月一七日、イギリス測量船シルビア号が野間郡波方沖に碇泊し、医師モウルが藩主定法の足を診療したり、乗組みのイギリス人、中国人らが越智郡鈍川村に泊まり込んで、鹿狩りを楽しむ一幕もあった。
7-3. 加藤克「明治初期の「自然史」通詞 野口源之助 : ノグチゲラの名前の由来 (試論)」、2004年
英国は慶応4 年1 月に九州平戸海峡の測量を申し入れ、軍艦シルビア号をその任務にあてた29。この際に、通詞として真島襄一郎30が雇われ、翌年の瀬戸内海付近の測量時にも艦長のブルッカーが真島の再雇用を申し入れている31。この瀬戸内海の測量に際しては、英国側から日本側に対して水路測量の指導をも申し入れていたが、日本側が必要な艦船を準備することができず、真島を乗船させることと、近隣諸藩への手配にとどまった。同年9 月に日本は英国人を雇って北海道沿岸部の測量の指導を仰ごうと試みたが、英国人士官の指導、日本の主導という実施体制では測量作業に手間取ることが予想されたため、英国が予定している伊勢･紀伊沿岸測量に同行し、指導を受けた上で日本が予定する翌年の北海道沿岸測量にあたってはどうかと英国側から提案された32。この提案に基づき、日本政府は柳楢悦率いる第一丁卯丸を派遣し、シルビア号艦長セントジョン（H.C. St.John）の指導の下、本州南岸的矢・尾鷲および瀬戸内海で水路測量を行った。この訓練の上、翌年2 月より開始された日本海軍軍艦春日丸による水路測量に同行したシルビア号の通詞として乗船したのが野口源之助である。
野口が通詞として選定された経緯は、以下のようなものである。
1 月17 日 シルビア号が日本軍艦の水路測量に同行するにあたり、英公使パークスから澤外務卿および寺島外務大輔に対して日本側の軍艦名および乗組士官の名前の確認、必要な石炭などの準備の進捗状況の照会があった33。
1 月20 日 外務省において澤･寺島とパークスの会談があり、三日前の書簡内容の確認と通詞として前年に同行した榊原安太郎34の同行についての依頼があった。
2 月7 日 英公使館において大隈・寺島とパークスの会談があり、測量船が春日丸に決定していること、英国側が希望した通詞榊原が病気のため野口源之助を乗り込ませたいとの申し入れがあった35。
2 月12 日 弁官宛兵部省上申書により野口源之助を乗船させるべく対処して欲しい旨の依頼があった。この件については寺島外務大輔が神奈川県に掛け合っていること、外務省からも依頼があったようである36。
2 月19 日 以上の依頼に対して神奈川県より以下の上申と弁官の対応があった。
脚注
29 「英国公使ヨリ澤外務卿宛 英国測量船「シルヴィア」号ノ北海道沿海測量ニ際シ同行ノ日本船名、乗組仕官名并ニ日本側ノ手配ニ関シ照会ノ件」（『大日本外交文書』1、史料566）、附記1、慶応4 年正月21 日付岩下佐次右衛門宛アーネスト・サトウ書簡。
30 真島襄一郎は、島田組名代。明治6 年より蓬莱社製紙・製糖造局長として全権を委任された（王子製紙株式会社『日本紙業総攬』、1937 年、社団法人製糖協会『近代日本糖業史』上、1962 年）。
31 前掲注29 附記2、慶応4 年2 月25 日付伊達中納言・東久世中将宛ハリー・パークス書簡。
32 前掲注29 附記4、明治2 年3 月2 日付パークス書簡。
33 「英国公使書翰」（「外務省日誌」『維新史料稿本』第10 冊）
7-4. British Legation, Yedo, October 9, 1871.
Sir,
I beg to enclose for the information of the Government of His Majesty the Tenno a copy of a letter which I have received from Captain St. John, commanding Her Majesty's Ship "Sylvia " lately em-ployed upon the survey of the Coast of Yezo. I avail myself of this opportunity to renew to Your Excellencies the assurances of my highest consideration.
F. 0. ADAMS, H. 13, M.'s Chargé d'Affaires in Japan.
Their Excellencies The Ministers for Foreign Affairs,
Iwakura Tomomi, Terashima Munenori, Yamaguchi Nawoycshi.
Copy. H. M. S. "Sylvia," Yokohama October 3, 1871
British Legation, Sir, Yedo, October 9. 1871. It is with pleasure I am able to give the follow-Sirs, ing report relative to the Japanese Surveying Of-I beg to enclose for the information of the Govern- ficers who have been in company with me during ment of His Majesty the Tenn() a copy of a letter the summer months of the past and present year.
Captain Zanigi, commanding the Kasugamaru, and Mr. Ito, have worked on parts of the Yezo coast quite distinct from that on which I was em-ployed. Their work I have carefully and critically examined, and consider it both correctly and creditably executed.
These two officers are now quite capable of carrying on surveying work independently and by themselves, and may be so employed on any part of the Japanese Coast the Government wish executed.
For the last two summers these officers have used instruments I was fortunately able to spare them, but I hope very shortly those I ordered from England will arrive. Mr. Noguchi, the Interpreter the Japanese Government kindly provided for my Yezo trip, has been of the greatest assistance, and I shall he much pleased if the Government will allow his remaining on hoard, until I finish this season's work.
I intend leaving here to survey Cape Sima and Mura Bay about the 10th instant, and shall be employed in that neighbourhood for five or six weeks. The Japanese Government will doubtless feel satisfaction at knowing they have now officers who can make plans and understand marine surveying, and are consequently capable of fixing properly the remarkable features of the coasts and ascertain the depth of the numerous harbours, bays, and channels, and thereby render the navigation of their seas etc. so much more safe and profitable and which is daily becoming of much more importance as their shipping increase in members. If any of the Government would like to see the alterations in the Coast of Yew I have found, and the plans of the harbours I have surveyed round the coast, I shall have pleasure in showing the work to them.
I have, etc., (signed) H. C. St. JOHN.
F.() . Adams Esq., etc., etc., etc,
※ウィリアム・マックスウェルから艦長業務を引き継いだセント･ジョンが、1年間にわたる日本海軍士官（伊藤や柳ら）との共同測量を終えて、その報告を明治政府と本国政府に行ったものである。「この二人の士官は独立して測量業務を実施する能力を持ち、これから日本政府実施しようという海岸域の測量に従事できるであろう」というのは、セント･ジョンはこの二人の上達に喜んでいるのは事実であるが、多分にリップサービスが含まれている。
