archismojapan - Biography-JFC経歴と業績

Background of John Francis Campbell.ジョン・フランシス・キャンベルの経歴と業績

Celtic Folklore, Geologist, Painter, Globe Trotter.ケルト民話学者、地学者、画家、そして地球の徘徊者

Who travelled Japan in 1874-75, and observed the transit of Venus at Gotenyama.明治初期に日本旅行、御殿山で金星日面通過観測など

I. Biography of John Francis Campbell, 1821-1885.

I-I. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

--CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS, of Islay (1822–1885), Gaelic scholar, was born on the 29th of December 1822, heir to the beautiful Isle of Islay, on the west coast of Argyllshire. Of this inheritance he never became possessed, as the estate had to be sold by his father, and he began life under greatly changed conditions. Educated at Eton and at Edinburgh University, he occupied at various times several minor government posts. His leisure was largely employed in collecting, translating and editing the folklore of the western Highlands, taken down from the lips of the natives. The results of his investigations were published in four volumes under the title Popular Tales of the West Highlands (1860–1862), and form a most important contribution to the subject, the necessary precursor to the subsequent Gaelic revival in Great Britain. Campbell was also devoted to geology and other scientific pursuits, and he invented the sunshine recorder, used in most of the British meteorological stations. He died at Cannes on the 17th of February 1885.

--Publications

(1) 1856, Popular tales of the West Highlands, orally collected by J.F. Campbell.

(2) 1862, Popular tales of the West Highlands by J. F Campbell( Book), volume 1 & 2.

(3) 1863, Frost and fire : natural engines, tool-marks and chips : with sketches taken at home and abroad by a traveller.

(4) 1865, A short American tramp in the fall of 1864.

(5) 1865, Life in Normandy; sketches of French fishing, farming, cooking, natural history, and politics, drawn from nature.

(6) 1872, Leabhar na Feinne ; heroic Gaelic ballads collected in Scotland chiefly from 1512 to 1871.

(7) 1876, My circular notes. Extracts from journals, letters sent home, geological and other notes, written while travelling westwards round the world, from July 6, 1874, to July 6, 1875.

(8) 1881, The Celtic dragon myth, (1910).

(9) 1883, Thermography.

(10) 1911, The Celtic Dragon Myth, by J. F. Campbell, with the Geste of Fraoch and the Dragon, Translated with Introduction by George Henderson, John Grant, 1911.

1-2. Obituary of John Francis Campbell, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1885.

John Francis Campbell, of Islay, the bearer of a name well known among geologists some years ago, was born in Edinburgh on the 29th December, 1821. He had high family connections on the side of both parents—his father being cousin to the present Duke of Argyll, and his mother, who died while he was still a youth, being the Lady Ellinor Charteris, daughter of Francis, seventh Earl of Wemyss. By birth he was heir to a large patrimonial estate. This inheritance was, however, lost to him through adverse circumstances shortly after he came of age ; and the magnanimous spirit in which through life he bore this reverse of fortune gained him the abiding esteem of the large circle of friends whose regard his generosity of heart and many attractive qualities must in any case have secured.

When, on the death of his father, who several years before had contracted a second marriage, he found himself at a comparatively early age the head of the family, he did everything in his power to promote the welfare of his step-mother and her children. In the year 1855 he joined them in their newly-adopted home at Niddry Lodge, Camden Hill ; and, laying aside the study of the law which he had for some years previously pursued, he found occupation successively as Private Secretary to his chief, the Duke of Argyll; Secretary to the Board of Health, to the Mines Commission, and to the Lighthouse Commission,—the two latter employments stimulating him in those studies of Geology and Solar Physics which engaged his attention and effort even in the last years of his life. During the years 1861-1880 inclusive he held in succession two posts in the Queen's Household. Having withdrawn from the Court at the latter date, he afterwards occupied himself till the close of his life with scientific study, travelling, and the social life of his home.

His many journeys in former vacations had taken him several times into Iceland and Scandinavia. On one occasion (1873-74) he passed from Archangel through Eussia to the Caucasus, returning by Constantinople and Southern Europe. In 1874-75 he made a voyage round the world, during which he visited Japan, China, Java, and Ceylon, etc.; in 1876-7 he spent some months at various stations of India, and witnessed at Delhi the ceremony of proclaiming the Queen Empress ; during 1878 to 1880 and 1881 he visited Syria and Palestine, and twice resided in Egypt. In all these wanderings his instinctive powers as a practical linguist were very valuable to him ; his ready skill as a draughtsman not less so.

His chief published works are : " Popular Tales of the West Highlands" (in four vols.), a work for which his fluent command of the Scotch Gaelic and his enthusiastic memories of his boyhood's island home eminently fitted him ; "Leabhar na Feinne," genuine Texts of Gaelic Folk-lore, too recondite for any but Celtic scholars ; " Frost and Fire," a book in which incidents of travel and matters of scientific observation, geological and otherwise, are mingled in an original fashion ; "My Circular Notes," an entertaining account of his journey round the world ; " Something from the Gold-Diggings of Sutherland," specially geological. Among his minor writings are articles on "Glaciation," read before the Geological Society, and published in their Quarterly Journal.1

His mind was acute, ingenious, and indefatigably active; but he had never subjected it to received methods of scientific training, and he was more disposed towards detecting the weak point in the arguments and inferences of other thinkers than willing to adopt them. His mental stores, whether gleaned in the field of Folk-lore and Myth or in that of experimental Science, were original, not derived from other workers. This circumstance gave a special kind of interest to his observations and opinions, even where the listener might not accept his conclusions.

His invention of the "heliometer,"2 an instrument in use at Greenwich, and which was mentioned with honour by Professor Balfour Stewart at the meeting of the British Association in 1883, is probably the only distinction that will survive him. But he was not only entirely uninfluenced by any desires after a lucrative result of such work as he did, but comparatively indifferent even to the fame which it might have brought him. He loved knowledge for its own sake ; his desire was for " more light." His best praise will dwell in the hearts of his many friends ; all who knew what his own heart was—those who have shared his refined and genial hospitality, or benefited by his ready generosity, counsel, and help— will never lose their warm remembrance of his truly noble spirit and kindly bearing, and will apply to him with added emphasis the well known lines—

"Who broke no promise, served no private end,

Who knew no enemy, and lost no friend.3

He died at Cannes, February 17th, 1885.

1 Another work by Mr. Campbell, "A short American Tramp," contains many

valuable observations on Climate (see GEOL. MAG. 1868, Vol. V. p. 299).

2 See List of Instruments set forth by the Meteorological Society.

3 Pope. The original second line is,

" "Who served no patron, etc."

1-3. Meeting with Campbell

While researching the achievements of Colin Alexander McVein, Chief Surveyor of the Meiji Government, I discovered the name Campbell of Islay in Mrs McVein's diary. He came to Japan as if to save McVane, who was in a tight spot in the Home Office's Geographical Dormitory Quantity Lands Division, and together they prepared and carried out observations of the Venusian solar transit. After McVane returned to the UK, they continued to correspond with each other several times until Campbell's death. I had no idea who this 'Campbell of Islay' was, but in April 2019, while doing various information searches, I discovered the name Campbell of Islay buried in Google Books. I was very happy, but even more surprised to discover that this man was not just a traveller, but a multi-talented man: a lawyer, an administrator (Undersecretary of the Wang Shi Shan Shu), the Secretary General of various public corporations, an earth science researcher and inventor, a painter and folklorist. We decided to look into his background and achievements. The issues discussed are as follows.

(1) He focused on the folk culture of the Scottish Highlands in the mid-19th century, collecting and analysing the legends preserved in Gaelic, the archaic language of the Scottish region. It was considered that it was in the self-reliant (and self-sufficient) mountainous areas, rather than in the big cities, which were the political and economic centres, that the old culture remained. The question of where did the Scots come from and where are they going? A hundred years later, Kunio Yanagita would focus on the same self-sufficient mountainous areas, but had Yanagita not read Campbell's Folk Tales of the Western Highlands? Both Campbell and Yanagida were administrators.

(2) He studied earth sciences from Charles Lyell and conducted field research in Greenland, Iceland and Norway, analysing the role of volcanoes and glaciers in the formation of the earth. He published his findings in Frost and Fire, which received great critical acclaim.

(3) He wrote and sketched many travelogues in Normandy, North America and around the globe. For Japan, he wrote My Circumnavigation (1876). Although a travelogue should be written in plain language, the text of My Circumnavigations is very difficult to understand. It is peppered with quotations and golden sayings from the East and West, and various scholarly discussions are arranged in such a disorderly manner that it is difficult to understand what the author is trying to say. For example, the codicil "Don Fernando can not do more than he can do." occurs frequently, but what is this?

(4) Although he made significant achievements in Gaelic folklore and earth science research, he lived solely as a government official and was not honoured as a researcher in these fields. He was invited to become the first Professor of Human Folklore at the University of Edinburgh, but turned it down.

(5) Invented the Sunshine Recorder. Improved by Stokes and known as the Campbell-Stock Sunshine Recorder.

(6) Installed Japan's first Camera Obsucura on Gotenyama.

(7) Invented the concept of thermography Thermography.

I. ジョン・フランシス・キャンベル, 1821-1885.

I-I. 1911年エンサイクロペディア・ブリタニカ

-1822年12月29日、アーガイルシャー西海岸の美しいアイラ島の相続人として生まれた。この遺産は父によって売却されたため、彼はその所有者となることはなく、大きく変わった環境の中で人生をスタートさせた。イートン校とエディンバラ大学で教育を受け、政府の要職を歴任。彼の余暇の大部分は、原住民の口から聞き取った西ハイランドの民間伝承の収集、翻訳、編集に費やされた。彼の調査結果は『Popular Tales of the West Highlands』(1860-1862)というタイトルで4巻にわたって出版され、その後のイギリスにおけるゲール語復興の先駆けとなった、この分野への最も重要な貢献となった。キャンベルは地質学やその他の科学的探求にも力を注ぎ、イギリスのほとんどの気象観測所で使用されている日照記録計を発明した。1885年2月17日、カンヌで死去。

--出版物

(1) 1856, J.F.キャンベルが口頭で集めた西ハイランドの民話。

(2) 1862, J.F.キャンベルによる西ハイランドの民話(書籍)、第1巻と第2巻。

(3) 1863, Frost and fire : natural engines, tool-marks and chips : with sketches taken at home and abroad by a traveller.

(4) 1865年、1864年秋の短いアメリカ旅行。

(5) 1865, ノルマンディーの生活; 自然から描いたフランスの漁業、農業、料理、自然史、政治のスケッチ。

(6) 1872, Leabhar na Feinne; 主に1512年から1871年までにスコットランドで収集されたゲール語の英雄バラッド。

(7) 1876年、『私の回覧ノート』。1874年7月6日から1875年7月6日まで、西方世界一周旅行中に書かれた日記、家に送られた手紙、地質学的メモ、その他のメモからの抜粋。

(8) 1881, ケルトの竜神話, (1910).

(9) 1883年、サーモグラフィー。

(10) 1911年、J.F.キャンベル著『ケルトの龍神話』、ジョージ・ヘンダーソン訳、序文付き、ジョン・グラント、1911年。

1-2. ジョン・フランシス・キャンベルの訃報，Journal of the Royal Geographical Society，1885．

数年前まで地質学者の間でよく知られていた名前を持つアイラのジョン・フランシス・キャンベルは、1821年12月29日にエディンバラで生まれた。父は現アーガイル公爵の従兄弟で、母は第7代ウェミス伯爵フランシスの娘エリナー・チャーテリス夫人であった。生まれながらにして、彼は広大な財産を相続した。しかし、彼が成人して間もなく、不利な状況によってこの遺産を失ってしまった。この不運に終生耐えた寛大な精神は、彼の寛大な心と多くの魅力的な資質がどのような場合でも確保していたに違いない、大勢の友人たちからの変わらぬ尊敬を集めた。

彼の父親は再婚てから数年後に死去し、キャンベルは比較的早い時期に一家の長になり、継母とその子供たちの福祉に全力を尽くした。1855年、彼はカムデン・ヒルのニドリー・ロッジに新居を構え、彼らと一緒に暮らした。それまで何年か続けていた法律の勉強をやめて、彼は主席のアーガイル公爵の私設秘書、保健委員会、鉱山委員会、灯台委員会の事務局長を歴任した。1861年から1880年まで、彼は女王の宮廷で2つのポストを続けて務めた。宮内省を退職後、生涯を閉じるまで、科学研究、旅行、自宅での社交に没頭した。

以前、休暇を利用して何度もアイスランドやスカンジナビアを旅していた。あるとき（1883-74年）、彼は大天使からエウシアを経てコーカサスへ行き、コンスタンティノープルと南ヨーロッパを通って帰ってきた。1874年から75年にかけては世界一周の航海を行い、その間に日本、中国、ジャワ、セイロンなどを訪れた。1876年から7年にかけてはインドのさまざまな地方に数カ月滞在し、デリーで皇后宣布の儀式に立ち会い、1878年から1880年、1881年にかけてはシリアとパレスチナを訪れ、エジプトには2度滞在した。1878年から1880年、1881年にかけてはシリアとパレスチナを訪れ、エジプトには2度滞在した。これらの放浪のすべてにおいて、彼の実践的言語学者としての直感的な力は彼にとって非常に貴重なものであり、また図案家としての即興的な技量もそれに劣らないものであった。

主な出版物は以下の通り：「西ハイランドの民話』（全4巻）。 (全4巻)、流暢なスコットランド・ゲール語と少年時代の故郷の島での熱狂的な思い出が彼にぴったりとはまった作品、"Leabhar na Feinne"、本物のゲール民間伝承のテキスト、ケルトの学者以外には難解すぎる；旅先での出来事と地質学などの科学的観察が独創的な手法で組み合わされた「霜と火」、世界一周旅行の楽しい記録「私の周遊記」、地質学に特化した「サムシング・フロム・ザ・ゴールド・ディギングズ・オブ・サザーランド」などがある。また、「氷河」に関する論文は、地質学会で読まれ、その季刊誌に掲載された1。

彼の頭脳は鋭く、独創的で、不屈の活動家であったが、科学的な訓練方法を受けたことはなく、他の思想家の議論や推論を積極的に採用するよりも、その弱点を見抜くほうに傾いていた。民俗学や神話の分野で得たものであれ、実験科学の分野で得たものであれ、彼の精神的蓄積は独創的なものであり、他の研究者から得たものではない。このような事情は、たとえ聞き手が彼の結論を受け入れないような場合でも、彼の観察や意見に特別な面白さを与えた。

グリニッジで使用されている「ヘリオメーター」2 の発明は、1883年の英国学会の会合でバルフォー・スチュワート教授が名誉のために言及したもので、おそらく彼の功績の中で唯一残されたものであろう。しかし彼は、自分が行ったような仕事で利益を得ようという欲望にまったく影響されなかっただけでなく、それが彼にもたらすかもしれない名声にさえ比較的無関心であった。彼の望みは "より多くの光 "であった。彼の最高の賛辞は、彼の多くの友人の心に宿るだろう。彼自身の心を知る者、彼の洗練された気さくなもてなしを分かち合った者、彼の用意周到な寛大さ、助言、助けによって恩恵を受けた者は皆、彼の真に崇高な精神と親切な態度を温かく思い起こし、よく知られた台詞をさらに強調して彼に当てはめることだろう。

約束を破らず、私的な目的も果たさず、

敵を知らなければ、友を失わない3

1885年2月17日、カンヌで死去。

1 キャンベル氏の別の著作「A short American Tramp」には、気候に関する多くの貴重な観察が含まれている（GEOL. MAG. 1868, Vol.）

2 気象学会が定めた観測機器のリストを参照。

3 ポープ。原文2行目は "Who served no patron, etc."。

I-III. 私のキャンベルとの出会い

・明治政府測量師長コリン･アレクサンダー･マクヴェインの業績を調査研究している途中、Campbell of Islayという人物をマクヴェイン婦人の日記に発見した。内務省地理寮量地課で窮地に陥っているマクヴェインを救うかのように来日し、一緒に金星日面通過観測を準備、実施した。マクヴェインがイギリスに帰国した後も、キャンベルが亡くなるまで年数回文通をして交流を続けた。この「アイラのキャンベルCampbell of Islay」とは一体何者なのか全く分からなかったが、2019年4月、いろいろと情報検索をしている最中に、Google BooksにCampbell of Islayの名前が埋もれているのを発見した。とても嬉しかったが、この人物が単なる旅行者でなく、弁護士、行政官（王璽尚書次官）、各種公益法人の事務局長、地球科学の研究者であり発明家、画家，民俗学者というマルチタレントであることを知ってさらに驚いた。彼の経歴と業績を調べてみることにした。論点は以下の通りである。

(1) 19世紀半ば、スコットランドのハイランド地方の民俗文化に注目し、スコットランド地方の古語であるゲール語で残された言い伝えを収集分析した。政治経済の中心となった大都市ではなく、自立した（自給自足的）な山間部にこそ、古い文化が残っていると考えた。スコットランド人はどこから来て、どこにいくのだろうかという疑問。百年後、柳田国男が同じように自立した山間部に注目するが、柳田はキャンベルの『西ハイランドの民話』を読んでいなかったのであろうか。キャンベルも柳田も行政官であった。

(2) チャールズ･ライエルから地球科学を学び、グリーン･ランド、アイスランド、ノルウェーなどをフィールド調査し、地球形成において火山と氷河の役割を分析した。その結果を『霜と火Frost and Fire』として出版し、これは大きな評価を受けた。

(3) ノルマンディー、北米、そして地球一周と、多くの旅行記を文字とスケッチで残した。日本については『私の周遊記(1876年)』。旅行記であれば平易に書かれているはずなのに、『私の周遊記』の文章はとても難解である。古今東西の名言や金言がちりばめられ、さまざまな学問的考察が無秩序に並び、何を言いたいのかわからない。たとえば、"Don Fernando can not do more than he can do."という成句が頻発するが、これはナンなんでしょうか。

(4) ゲール語民俗学と地球科学研究に大きな業績を残しながら、あくまで行政官として生きたため、これらの研究者者としての栄誉に浴さなかった。エジンバラ大学に最初の人類民俗学教授として勧誘されながらそれを断った。

(5) 日照計Sunshine Recorderを発明した。ストークにより改良され、Campbell-Stock Sunshine Recorderと知られる。

(6) 日本で初めて、カメラ・オブスクラCamera Obsucuraを御殿山に設置した。

(7) サーモグラフィThermographyの概念を考案した。

from "Life in Normandy (1862)"聡明な青年

Portraits of J. F. Campbell in 1843 and 1874.

とてもハンサムでダンディ、一生独身。来日時の身長は2メートル近く、体重は100キロあった。

裏表紙挿絵, Popular Tales of the West Highlands, illustrated by J.F.Campbell

1-3. Early Life生い立ち

(1) Parents両親：Father was Mr Walter F. Campbell of Islay, M.P, and mother was Lady Ellinor Charteris, eldest daughter of the seventh Earl of Wernyss.

・父親はアイラ島のウォルター・キャンベルで当時国会議員を務めていた。母親は七代ウィームズ公の長女エリノー・チャータリスであった。1821年12月9日（1822年12月29日という説もあり）にエジンバラで生まれ（アイラ島生まれとの説もあり）、その後、父親の領地のあったアイル島で育った。祖父の代からこの島を所有者であった。

・第八代アーガイル公と従兄弟関係であったとあるが、どちらの両親も兄弟姉妹関係にはないので、再従兄弟といった祖父祖母の代の血縁関係なのかもしれない。→実際は、このキャンベルの祖母がアーガイル公爵家出身でした(2023年10月6日修正)。

・ウォルターはアイラ島の農業開発を目指し、港湾や道路や圃場の整備に多額の投資をした。しかし、1846年のジャガイモ大飢饉により事業は失敗し、大きな借金を抱えるようになった。アーガイル公爵家の支援により借金を清算し（1851年アイラ島売却）、家族ともどもロンドンに引っ越した。ノルマンディのカーンに別荘を持ち、父親はそこで亡くなった。

・妹は政治家グランヴィルと結婚し、このグランヴィルは1860年代のグラッドストーン内閣時に外務大臣を務めた。キャンベルが世界旅行した時期、従弟ジョージはインド省大臣、義弟グランヴィルが外務大臣になっており、権威を笠に漫遊しようと思えばいくらでもできたが、彼の文章からそんなことは微塵も感じ取れない。駐日公使パークスはキャンベルに大いにゴマすりの行動があった。

(2) Education教育

・イートン校を卒業後、科学と博物学を学ぶためにエジンバラ大学に入学した。しかし、途中、法学部に転部して、1851年、29歳で卒業した。この転身は博物学者の道を諦め、父親の借金精算の世話になったアーガイル公ジョージに尽くすためであったろう。

II. Achievements業績

(1) Public Career 公的業務

・エジンバラ大学卒業後、ロンドンのInner temple法曹院に勤めるようになるが、法廷弁護士の実務にはついたことはなかった。

・1853年に第八代アーガイル公が王璽尚書大臣の職に就くと、この従弟の個人秘書となった。翌年、衛生局の事務局次長（すぐに事務局長に昇進）、1856年には鉱山委員会の事務局長、1859年に燈台委員会の事務局長を務めた。

・1860年から1874年まで王璽尚書次官Groom of Privy Chamber（3名定員）、1875年から1880年まで王璽尚書侍従Groom in Waiting（5名定員）を勤めた。

・スコットランドのベン・ネヴィス観測所の建設に関与。

(2) Works in Gaelic Folklore Studyゲール民俗文化に関する著作

・ゲール民俗文化の先駆的研究者。ゲール民俗民話を集め、『西ハイランド地方の民間伝承Popular Tales of the West Highlands, 1860-64)』として出版した。スコットランドの「グリム」とも言われる。

・この業績が認められ、エジンバラ大学に民俗学教授に招かれたが、そんな窮屈な象牙の塔での学究活動はいやだと断ったと言われる。

(3) Works in Natural Science地球科学分野

・幼少期に自然科学に関心を持っていたことから、エジンバラ大学に入学し、地質学、気象学、天文学などの広い自然科学分野の知識を習得したらしい。しかし、学業途中で法学に転部して卒業した。

・1857年、太陽光記録計Sunshine Recorderを発明し、後にジョン･ストークスによって改良され、キャンベル･ストークス日照記録計として実用化された。日本の気象関係者の間では「カンベル日照記録計」として知られ、光センサーが発明される1970年代まで世界中どこの気象観測所にも設置されていた。日照計を発展させ、1881年に『Thermograph（サーモグラフ）』の著作を通して、温度を可視化する装置を概念化した。私は2020年1月復刻版を海外から購入した。

・日照記録計の発明過程について、つい最近、サンチェス博士他がすぐれた論文を著された。簡単に紹介すれば、キャンベルが衛生局事務局長を務めていた1853年、ロンドンにコレラが大流行し、彼はロンドン各地の気象観測データを集めて、気象条件とコレラ発生の相関関係を導き出そうとした。気温や気圧の計測は可能であったが、太陽光の強さと日照時間を計測する手法はまだ確立していなかった。キャンベルは大きなガラス玉をお椀の中に置き、太陽光がガラス玉を通って焦点を結ぶ痕跡に着目した。お椀内部に感光紙を貼り付けておけば、熱を持った焦点は黒焼けの痕跡を残すという、写真の原理を応用した。<Campbell-Recorderキャンベル太陽光記録計>を参照

・地球科学の考察結果を『霜と火Frost and Fire: Natural Engines, Tool Marks and Chips, 1865』として出版した。インターネット上でPDF判を入手したが、まだ私は完読していない。

・1874年12月9日に金星日面通過が起きることを知り、自分で観測を企画し観測器機を携えて日本までやってきて実施した。かつて、日食の観測をしたことがあり、その経験が役に立った。

p.11

III. Thermography

The writer began to work with solar heat in 1853, and set himself to devise a new art by which to test a theory built on facts. He named the method “Thermography” in 1879. In a manual of photography, by Robert Hunt (Glasgow, 1853), is a chapter on “Thermography.” Following Moser, Hunt made experiments, and in 1840 he suggested the name. “When two bodies are sufficiently near, they impress their images upon each other,” even in the dark. Every thing radiates heat , more or less. The vapor of Mercury attacks a prepared metal plate, in those parts which correspond to the white ground of the engraving, pressed upon the plate. The name dates from 1840. The writer’s study sprung from amateur photography. It is based upon the action of “heat” upon seal materials which are not sensitive to “light.” A cold seal stamps an impression on hot wax; and a hot seal stamps cold wax.

(4) Misc. Worksその他

・日本の古美術に関心を持ち、1874年12月、東京で大量の古美術品を買い漁り、帰国してからロンドンで展覧会を開き、ディロン、ドレッサー、バージェス、ラムゼィなど、日本趣味の友人知人に披露した。

・Travel and Journals旅行記：Norway (1857), Iceland (1861), America (1864), in 1865 in Northern Scandinavia (1857). North America (1864) and the Far East and India (1874-5), India (1876-77), Egypt (1878, 1880). My Circular Notes (1876).

・1876, My circular Notes: Extracts from Journals, Letters Sent Home, Geological and Other Notes, Written While Travelling Westwards Round The World, from July 6, 1874, to July 6, 1875. 2 volumes.

・Science自然科学：contributions in the fields of geology, geomorphology and photography, as well as inventing a practical sunshine recorder (1853) 。1857年に太陽光記録計を発明した。ストークによってキャンベル･ストーク太陽計として実用化された。（added in October 14, 2019）。

(a) First sunshine recorder design (Campbell, 1857).(b) Modified version including a glass sphere, with the wooden bowl used from 23 December 1882 to 21 June 1883 at Kew Observatory (© Science Museum Group, Object Number 1995–818,http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/.

同左の改良型

Campbell-Stokes Sunshine Recorder at Meteorological Institute, Tsukuba

Illustration of "Thermography"

John F. Campbell. ⓒMVA.

III. Relation to Colin A. McVean.マクヴェインとの関係

(3) Campbell's Correspondence Recieved by McVeanマクヴェイン宛てのキャンベルの手紙

・キャンベルからマクヴェイン宛てにイザベラ･バードという女性が訪問するので、よろしく対応を頼むという手紙が存在する。簡単に紹介すると、バードははキャンベルの『私の周遊記』を読んで日本に関心を持ち、実際に話を聞くためにキャンベルに会いに行った。そこでキャンベルは、日本のことについて知りたいのならつい最近帰国したマクヴェイン夫妻から直接聞いたほうがよいと助言した。

・キャンベルのこの手紙の後、マクヴェイン夫妻のところにバードがやってくるようになり、アイオナとエジンバラで数回、長い時間話し合ったと日記に書いてある。

・キャンベルはバードに対して、女一人で日本旅行するのは無茶だと語ったのに対して、マクヴェインは日本のツテを紹介してあげるから行きなさいと助言した。

・キャンベルが無事にロンドンに帰り着くと、頻繁に手紙がマクヴェインのもとに送られてきている。その中には、アーガイル公から義兄を日本で大変よく面倒を見てくれたことに対する感謝状も含まれている。

(4) Ikon.—Friday, 18. — Shimanita to Matsuida, 12 miles.

—First we walked with Waters, engineer of the mine, to the works. We scrambled up a very steep hill-side to a boss of magnetic iron ore, which projected southwards from the hill, in a wood. A pickaxe whirled round and stuck fast in a cleft. My hammer stuck fast, and became a magnet, being steel. The compass wheeled round in all sorts of directions, as if bewitched. A string of keys stood on end and fixed themselves on the side of a narrow split. When men sit there, watches stop.

2-2. Why came to Japan?なぜ日本にやってきたか

(1) Arrival and Reception日本到着と対応

・マクヴェイン日記によれば、1874年11月に横浜港に到着し、ハリー･パークスとともに出迎えにいった。キャンベルは数日間横浜に滞在し、その間にイギリス領事館員とカタタ他が対応した。11月末に東京にやってきて、虎ノ門ヤマトヤシキのマクヴェイン宿舎（現大倉集古館位置）に投宿した。キャンベルはメアリの実家の人物たち（コーワン製紙工場主、エジンバラ市長、エジンバラ大学教授）とも親しい付き合いをしていた。金星日面通過観測が終わるまでマクヴェイン家に滞在し、その様子を本書に詳述している。

(2) Observation of the Transit of Venus金星日面通過観測のため

・1874年12月3日から9日までの金星日面通過観測の準備と実施の前後、東京在住のイギリス人学者らと会った。ダイアー、エアトン、アンダーソン、チェンバレンなどなど。

・12月9日に予想されていた金星日面通過観測を御殿山で準備をし、明治政府要人を迎えて成功させた。

(3) Visit to Nikko and Shinshu日光と信州の訪問

・その後、一週間ほど日光旅行し、駐日公使のハリー･パークスから観測を成功に導いたことに対してミカドから褒美を頂戴するようにとの指示を聞かず、12月半ばには真冬の中山道を通って「日本のハイランド」信州地方を目指して旅立った。途中見聞したことを文章とスケッチにしながら京都に達し、1875年2月に神戸から離日。帰国後『私の周遊記録My Circular Notes, 1876』として出版した。日本についての記述が中心であるにもかかわらず、書名からそのことが分からず、日英交流史の中でまったく知られていなかった。

・日本訪問の目的は、日本のハイランド地方の民俗文化の見聞と金星日面通過観測であったことは明白だが、イギリス出発前に日本にいる人物たちとどのようなやりとりをしたのかは不明。イギリス政府の要職を勤め、また、キャンベルの義弟がインド省大臣を務め、さらに妹が外相グランヴィルの妻となっており、パークスは粗相の無いように最高の対応をした。

・キャンベルは東京で木戸孝允を訪問しており、おそらく彼が岩倉使節団をロンドンで接待し、その時、木戸と懇意になったのだと思われる。

・1874年10月に、外国人の遊歩規定が見直しをされ、学術と病気療養の目的に限って国内旅行が認められるようになった。

・ハリー･パークスに頼んで、明治政府から国内遊歩証を発行してもらった。

・金星日面通過観測を終え、直ぐにマクヴェインとブラック（他に写真家のモーサーがいたらしい）を伴い日光にでかけた。

・中山道を通って信州を目指したが、おそらくそこを日本のハイランドと考えて、残されていた民俗文化を見たいと思っていたのであろう。

VI. Relation with Jules Verneジュール･ヴェルヌとの関係

Jules Verne, 1828 February 8 - 1905 March 28.ジュール･ヴェルヌ

(1) 1859, Voyage en Angleterre et en Écosse (Voyage to England and Scotland)『イングランド・スコットランド旅行』

(2) 1861, Paris au XXe siècle (Paris in the 20th century)『二十世紀のパリ』

(3) 1861, Joyeuses misères de trois voyageurs en Scandinavie () 『スカンディナヴィアにおける3人の旅行者の陽気な不幸』

※キャンベルは、アイスランド、ノルウェーなどを調査し『霜と火』を書いている。

(4) 1863, Cinq semaines en ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon).気球に乗って五週間

※サミュエル･ファーガソン博士、ディック･ケネディ、ジョーの三人のイギリス人が気球に乗ってアフリカ探検をする。熱気球旅行については写真家ナダールの発想。

(5) 1864, Voyage au centre de la terre (A journey to the Centre of the Earth).地底旅行

※ルーン語による暗号文を解読し、アイスランドのスネフェルス山頂にある火口から地中に入り、苦境を乗り換えながら地中海のストロンボリ島の火山噴火に乗じて地上に生還。

・ジョン･キャンベルの『霜と火Forest and Fire』はアイスランド、グリーンランド、ノルウェーの自然環境調査。

(6) 1865, De la Terre à la Lune (1865Journey to the Moon.地球から月へ

※南北戦争後のアメリカ合衆国を舞台に、「大砲クラブ」が人間を乗せた大砲を月に撃ち込む。

(7) 1867，Les Aventures du capitaine Hatteras (Adventure of Captain Hatteras.ハテラス船長の冒険

※はテラス船長率いる冒険隊が北極点を目指す。

(8) 1868, Les Enfants du capitaine Grant (Children of Captain Grant) 『グラント船長の子供たち』

(9) 1870, Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers.海底二万里

※巨大な海洋生物により船舶が襲撃され、アロナックス博士らがアメリカ合衆国の軍艦で調査を行う。それはネモ船長が率いる潜水艦ノーチラス号であった。

・1874年にエジンバラ大学のトムソン教授は海洋調査を学会と政府に提案し、海軍のチャレンジャー号を借りて2年間にわたり海洋調査を実施する。

(9) 1873, Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours. 八十日間世界一周

※大金持ち貴族のフィリアス･フォッグは植民地における鉄道建設が進み、80日間で世界一周できるかどうかを「リフォーム･クラブ」で賭けをする。1872年10月2日のロンドンを出発した。

・ジョン･キャンベルはこの物語が出版された翌年に世界一周旅行に旅立つ。この物語の主人公とは違って地球を西回りに旅行し、1年を要した。

(10) 1882, The Green Ray. 緑の光線

※グラスゴー在住の貴族兄弟が姪のミス･キャンベルが幸運をもたらすという「緑の光線」を見るために、マル島、アイオナ島、スタファ島を訪問する物語。

・主人公のミス･キャンベルがジョン･キャンベルとの関連を想起させ、さらに主人公らが向かう島々は伝統的にマクヴェインやマクレーン氏族の住むところであった。

REFERENCE関係資料

1. Various Biography自伝及び伝記

1-1. 2019 The Editors of The Gazetteer for Scotland. Supported by: School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society

--John Francis Campbell (Iain Og Ile) 1821 - 1885

Polymath. Born in Edinburgh, a cousin of George, 8th Duke of Argyll, Campbell was brought up on his family's estate on Islay. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied the sciences and natural history, but graduated in law in 1851. With his father deeply in debt and forced to sell his estates, the young Campbell moved to London to practice as a barrister, but much preferred science. He gained the position of Private Secretary to his cousin the Duke, and was appointed Secretary to a succession of Royal Commissions, on Heating and Ventilation, on Lighthouses and on Coal. He also served Queen Victoria as Groom of the Privy Chamber (1860-74) and Groom in Waiting (1874-80).

--Campbell is perhaps best known as a collector of Gaelic folklore, systematically recording the Gaelic oral tradition principally in the West Highlands and Islands. Between 1849 and 1873 he travelled in Scandinavia and Northern Russia, recording the trips in detail in his journals. He also visited North America (1864) and the Far East and India (1874-5). He made contributions in the fields of geology, geomorphology and photography, as well as inventing a practical sunshine recorder (1853), later improved by Sir George Stokes and known as the Campbell-Stokes Sunshine Recorder.

--His works include Frost and Fire (1865) explaining the action of volcanoes and glaciers, and Popular Tales of the West Highlands (in four volumes, 1860-62). His journals and manuscripts, including many beautiful watercolours and early photographs of the places and peoples he visited, are held by the National Library of Scotland. He died in Cannes (France), where he lies buried.

(2) The Celtic Magazine, conducted by Alexander Mackenzie, November 1884.

DEATH OF JOHN F. CAMPBELL OF ISLAY.

We regret to record the death of Mr J. F. Campbell of Islay, a gentleman well known throughout the Highlands as a distinguished Celtic scholar. He died at Cannes, where he was spending the winter, on Tuesday, the 17th February, at the age of sixty-three.

--The deceased was the only son of the Into Mr Walter F. Campbell of Islay, M.P., by his first wife, Lady Ellinor Charteris, eldest daughter of the seventh Earl of Wernyss. He was born in Edinburgh on the 09th of December 1821, and educated at Eton and Edinburgh, and in 1851 was called to the bar of the Inner Temple, but never practised.

--In 1854 he was appointed private secretary to the Duke of Argyll when Lord Privy Seal. In the following year he was appointed assistant secretary to the General Board of Health, and subsequently held, in 1856, the secretaryship of the Mines Commission, and, in 1859, that of the Commission on Lighthouses. Possessed of literary tastes, and deeply interested in the manners and customs of the Highlands, and the legendary lore of the people, Mr Campbell devoted much attention to the study of Celtic folk-lore.

--He took an active part in the ()mimic controversy, and between 1860 and 1868 published his Popular Tales of the High-lands, in four volumes In 1870 he publisher' the first volume of a work entitled " Leabhar Na Feinne : Heroic Gaelic Ballads." He was also the author of two volumes entitled "Frost and Fire: Footmarks and Chips," in which scientific observations' and sketches of travel were pleasantly recorded.

--Several other works also came from his pen, including a series of letters describing a trip round the world. In 1861 he was appointed a Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, and in 1874 her Majesty appointed him one of the Grooms-in-Waiting. which office be resigned in 1880. Be. sides many earlier European and much Alpine climbing, Mr Campbell travelled, for purposes of research and observation, in 1857 in Norway, in 1861 in Iceland, in 1864 in America, in 1865 in Northern Scandinavia. In 1873-74 he made a journey by Norway to Archangel, and thence through Russia to the Caucasus, returning by Constantinople and the math of Europe. He made a voyage round the world, visiting Japan, China, Java, and Ceylon, in 1874-5, and to 1876-77 he visited India. In 1878 he resided in Egypt, and during that year made a short journey to Syria and Palestine. He again visited Egypt in 1880. His works, a list of which is annexed, show the extent of his observations and thought on Ethnological, Geological, and Physical subjects. His Heliometer, mentioned with special distinction by Professor Balfour Stewart at the meeting of the British Association in 1883, is in constant use at Greenwich, and other scientific instruments invented or adapted by him, are in use at the Ben Nevis Observatory. For the last twenty years Mr Campbell hoe been well known to a large circle of Londoners. At Niddry Lodge were to be always found many of the most celebrated men of the day. Mr Campbell was a brother-in-law to Lord Granville, to Sir Kenneth S. Mackenzie of Gairloch, Bart., to Mr Henry Wyndham West, Q.C., Recorder of Manchester, and M.P. for Ipswich, and to the Into Mr Bromley.Davenport.

--His chief published works are—. Popular Tales of the West Highlands," 4 vols., 1860.6a. "Life in Normandy," his father's notes, edited, a vols., e863. "A Short American Tramp, 1864," 1 vol., 1865. " Frost and Fire," Vat, 1865. "Gold Diggings in Sutherland," 1867. Leabhar na Feinne," Gaelic texts, 1 cot, folio, 187a. " Glaciation of Ireland, quarto, Jour. Geol. Soc., 1873. "My Circular Notes, 2 note, 1876. "Glacial Periods," a vol., 1883 and many pamphlets on various subjects.

A friend "who knew him well and loved him" writes-- . Wherever the Gaelic tongue is spoken, sal wherever sturdy independence of thought, associated with geniality of temperament and manliness of character is highly esteemed, the death of John Campbell of Islay will be sincerely deplored. Devotedly attached to the land of his birth, and a keen student of its poetic traditions, be bar enriched the literature of the country with a work which is likely to take a permanent place in the esteem of his fellow.countryman. The "Popular Tales of the Wert Highlands" must always have an enduring interest for every true lover of the region to which that excellent work relates, and can never fail to excite the patriotic fervour of every Highland.. Mr Campbell's life was devoted to the accumulation of the Folk Lore which reflects so accurately the sympathies, habits, and instincts of a people, and his labours were labours of love. This abiding memorial will be found in the hearts of those whom his writings have so much delighted, and a large circle of mourning hiends have the melancholy satisfaction of feeling that their grief is shared by numbers who had not attained to the privilege of his personal friendship.

1 Another work by Mr. Campbell, "A short American Tramp," contains many valuable observations on Climate (see GEOL. MAG. 1868, Vol. V. p. 299).

2 See List of Instruments set forth by the Meteorological Society.

3 Pope. The original second line is, "Who served no patron, etc."

(3) Mainstream Companion to Scottish Literature by Revor Role, Mainstream Publishing, 1993.

Campbell, John Francis (1822-85). Folklorist. He was born on 29 December 1822 on the island of Islay and was educated at Eton and the University of Edinburgh. His family's aristocratic connections brought with them the benefit of patronage and their eldest son became in turn a groom-in-waiting at court, secretary to the Lighthouse Commission and secretary to the Coal Commission. In his spare time Campbell collected a large number of traditional fairy-tales, which he published in four volumes in Popular Tales of the West Highlands, (1860-62). The tales were trans-lated into English but Campbell was careful to give Gaelic variants and to name the prove-nance of his collection. His knowledge of Gaelic gave him easy access to the folk tradition of the islands and West Highlands, and his most enduring monument is Leabhar na Feinne (1872), a collection of Ossianic ballads in which he also attacked the authenticity of the OSSIAN poems by JAMES MACPHERSON. Campbell enjoyed foreign travel and he was also something of an inventor and a dabbler in the natural sciences — he invented an apparatus for measuring the sun's rays. He died on 17 February 1885 in Cannes, France. WORKS: Popular Tales of the West Highlands, 4 vols. (1860-62); Frost and Fire (1865); A Short American Tramp in the Fall of 1864 (1865); Leabhar na Feinne (1872); My Circular Notes (1876); The Parallel Roads of Lochaber (1877); Time Scales (1880); Thermography (1883); The Celtic Dragon Myth (1911) EDITIONS: J. G. Mackay, ed., Ancient Legends of the Scottish Gad, from the Manuscript Collection of J. F. Campbell (London, 1914); W. J. Watson, ed., More West Highland Tales, from the Manuscript Collection of J. F. Campbell (Edinburgh, 1940)

(4) The London Gazette, March 30, 1860, p.1252.

St. James's Palace, March 28, 1860. The Queen has been pleased to appoint John Francis Campbell of Islay, Esq., to be one of the Grooms of Her Majesty's Privy Chamber in ordinary, in the room of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Thomas Noel Harris, deceased.

(5) Review of John F. Campbell's "My Circular Notes," on NATURE of April 20, 1876.

CAMPBELL’S “CIRCULAR NOTES”

My Circular Notes. Extracts from Journals, Letters sent home, Geological and other Notes, written while Travelling Westwards round the World, from July 6, 1874,

to July 6, 1875. By J. F. Campbell, Author of “ Frost and Fire.” 2 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co.,,1876.)

All who are acquainted with the undoubted merits of Mr. Campbell's earlier work—merits to which not even the most serious and glaring defects in style, matter,

and arrangement can render us insensible—will hail with pleasure the appearance of this latest production of his ever lively pen and amusing pencil. We cannot but think that in this, his second venture, the author has greatly profited by some of the severe but not unfriendly criticisms which were elicited by the publication of his first work.

Mr. Campbell has, in “My Circular Notes,” avoided the grave mistake of mingling together in wild confusion humorously-written notes of travel and sober arguments on difficult scientific questions ; and he has exetcised, as we think, a very wise discretion in relegating to an appendix the discussion of thet important geological

problem, the hope of solving which seems to have been his main incitement to undertaking this journey round the world. In perusing this scientific portion of his book, with which of course the readers of NATURE are principally concerned, we are happy to find far fewer examples of that looseness and inaccuracy of language and to miss that dogmatic tone and redundancy of illustration which were the conspicuous blemishes of the author’s earlier work. And all these improvements have we think been effected, without any sacrifice of his really graphic and vigorous style of writing upon scientific questions. .

Before proceeding to notice the purely scientific portion of “ My Circular Notes,” we must remark that, even those who care nothing about the geological problems discussed in it, will find very much to interest them in this most lively and amusing record of travels. Those who would realise the curious scenes which may be witnessed in the Western States of North America, where the most volatile elements of old nationalities are uniting to form a new community those who take interest in that wonderful social experiment which is now being tried in Japan, no less a one than the transplanting, bodily, of the full-grown civilisation of the West among the most conservative races of the East—and those who desire to learn something of the relics of the ancient nations, languages, folk-lore, and creeds of Ceylon—cannot do better than accept the guidance of Mr. Campbell. In him they will find a most yivacjous and ever-amusing companion. Yet, on the other hand, his digressions upon such subjects as emigration and the struggle of races, and his treatment of questions like the relationships of languages and the origin of myths, will sufficiently prove that he has thought earnestly upon many social and philological problems, and has aimed at something higher than merely writing a diverting

book of travel.

VoL. xu1.—No. 338

In adopting the method of loosely stringing together extracts from his journal with private letters, and making no attempt to weld them into a consecutive narrative, our author certainly trespasses somewhat upon the indulgence of his readers. This disadvantage is perhaps in some degree compensated for, however, by the freshness and vigour of his descriptions and reflections, appearing as they do, just as at first dashed off in the presence of the strange scenes which inspired them.

The problem on which the author of this work has sought to throw light in making this journey round the world is one of considerable interest to geologists at the present time. In 1840 Agassiz brought forward evidence which soon convinced even the most sceptical that, not only did the glaciers of the Alps at one time extend far beyond their present limits, but that many districts—such as parts of our own islands, for example—which are now entirely devoid of glaciers, must once have been subjected to the powerful erosive action of moving ice. The idea was at once taken up by Buckland, Lyell, and other observers in this country, who showed that the new “Glacial theory ” afforded a complete solution of what had hitherto constituted some of the most difficult and perplexing problems of geology.

By some later authors, however, the “Glacial theory,” which had soon met with all but universal acceptance, was pushed far beyond those limits which geological ob-

servation warranted. It was asserted that, not only did the existing rock-surfaces of the more northern regions of the earth owe some of their later touches to the erosive action of glaciers, but that many even of the grandest valleys and the deepest lakes were entirely scooped out by their agency. Some even went farther than this, and declared that the whole region around either of the poles must at one period have been enveloped by continuous sheets of solid ice (“ice-caps ”) which extended far into temperate and even tropical latitudes. They maintained, in opposition to the arguments of Lyell, that no changes in the distribution of land and water on the earth’s surface could possibly account for the former extension of glaciers, and they invoked the aid of some astronomical cause to account for the alleged phenomena. A few waxed even bolder than this, and insisted that they had found evidence, which warranted them in believing io the regular recurrence, during past geological time, of alternating mild and glacial periods; and several rival astronomical theories were even suggested to account for these supposed rhythmical changes in climate..

Among the foremost of the champions of these extreme views appeared the author of the present volumes. In 1873, he read before the Geological Society a paper in which he attributed the production of the whole valley system of Ireland to the erosive action of a polar ice-sheet. The remarks elicited from several geologists during the discussion of this paper appear to have induced Mr. Campbell, who, during his travels in Scotland, Norway, Iceland, North America, &c., had acquired great skill in recognising the peculiar marks produced by glacial action, to extend the limits of his observations by a journey right round the continent of Europe. What he then saw led him so far to distrust his former conclusions concerning the existence of a universal glacial period and a polar ice-sheet, that he determined to put the quéstion to the severest test possible, by a complete tour of the globe.

Mr. Campbell’s mode of arguing this question is as follows :—At the present time glaciers entcr the sea, within the northern hemisphere, down to the latitude of 60°; the sea is frozen and ice-marks are produced on the shore as far south as 40°; and icebergs drop their rocky burdens within 37° degrees of the equator. If there ever prevailed a universal glacial period with a gencral reduction in the temperature of the whole northern hemisphere, we ought to find traces of ylacial action everywhere round the whole vlobe and extending even to more southern latitudes than 37% Ifthe ice-cap “ever existed, the marks of it ought to be found on all meridians alike. If ever there was a glacial period in our world, glacial marks ought to be found everywhere, in the same latitudes and at the same levels, in the same state of preservation.”

Keeping these premises constantly before his mind, our author found, during his journey of cleven months, quite sufficient evidence to cause him to make a full retraction of his former conclusions on the subject. As far as Chicago he observed everywhere the most striking traces of former glacial action ; but in the same latitudes to the westward he found these marks of old glaciers entirely disappearing ; and although some signs of ylacial action were detected in the Rocky Mountains theinselves, yct from this great range onwards to Ceylon they were found to be wholly wanting, Mr. Campbell’s previous expedition in castern Europe had led him to conclusions as to the /vca/ character of glacial action which were quite in harmony with those obtained in this journey round the globe, and he enunciates the results of his latest observations upon the subject as follows :— Whether I take marks which can be explained by glacial erosion, such as firths, valleys, lakes, &c., or marks which clearly are not glacial, such as peaks and canons, I find nothing to suggest a general glacial period in America or in Europe ;” and he further proceeds to state that he can find no evidence whatever of a recurrence of universal ylacial periods such as might result from the action of some astronomical cause.

We have already extended this notice of Mr. Campbell’s valuable work to the farthest limits, and must refer to the book itself for the details of the evidence on which his conclusions are founded.

In bringing our remarks to a close, we may add that the author’s present views on the influence produced on climate by the changes of level in different districts, resulting in alterations in the direction of ocean currents, &c., appear to be quite in harmony with those so long and firmly maintained by Lyell, in opposition to the cosmical thcories of the extreme giacialists, His observations on Western North America are fully confirmed by the more detailed examination of the districts by several of the United States’ pcolovists ; and his conclusion that there is no evidence of the former existence of a general “Glacial period” are quite in accordance with those enunciated by Dr. Hector and other observers who have studied the glaciers of the southern hemisphere. Vrof. Nordenskjold has, moreover, shown how completely palicontological evidence of the clearest character disposes of the notion of frequently recurring glacial epochs in past geological times.

We cannot but admire the candour with which Mr. Campbell renounces his previously-expressed opinions ; and we may, perhaps, be allowed to express a hope that

the facts and arguments which have led him to so greatly modify his views on glacial phenomena, will not be without effect on the minds of others, who, like him, have certainly pushed their conclusions derived from a study of very limited portions of the earth’s surface, to generalisations far beyond what those observations can be legitimately made to support. J. W. J.