Violaceae
Violaceae Batsch, Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 57. 1802. 'Violet Family'
Characteristic Features:
The members of the family are herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas.
The leaves are simple, undivided or divided.
The flowers are actinomorphic or zygomorphic and pentamerous.
The androecium is of 5 connivent stamens.
The gynoecium has tricarpellary, syncarpous ovary with parietal ovules.
The seeds are often arillate or caruncled.
Diversity:
World- 25 genera 806 species (The Plant List 2013); 31 genera 980 species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016); 29 genera, 815 species (Mabberely 2017); 29 genera, 1293 species (Roskov et al. 2021)
India - 3 genera 41 species (Karthikeyan et al. 2009); 3 genera, 43 species (BSI, 2021)
Indian Himalaya- 3 genera, 37 species (Singh et al. 2019)
Uttarakhand - 2 genera 12 species in (Uniyal et al. 2007), 2 genera 10 species (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018)
Pantnagar - 1 genus, 1 species
General Characters:
Violaceae in Watson & Dalwitz (1992 onward)
Violaceae in POWO 2021 (Plants of the World Online)
Violaceae in Wikipedia
Systematic Position of the Family in Different Systems of Classifications:
Systematic position in 2-Superkingdom, 7-Kingdom classification of Ruggiero et al. (2015)
Super Kingdom- Eukaryota, Kingdom- Plantae, Subkingdom- Viridiplantae, Infrakingdom- Streptophyta, Superphylum- Embryophyta, Phylum- Tracheophyta, Subphylum- Spermatophytina, Superclass- Angiospermae, Class- Magnoliopsida, Superorder-Rosanae, Order-Malpighiales
Bentham & Hooker (1862-83)
Class : Dicotyledons
Subclass : Polypetalae
Series : Thalamiflorae
Orders : Parietales
Engler & Prantl (1887-1915)
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Embryophyta Siphonogama
Subdivision: Angiospermae
Class : Dicotyledoneae
Subclass : Metachlamydeae
Order : Tubiflorae
Hutchinson (1973)
Phylum : Angiospermae
Subphylum : Dicotyledones
Division : Lignosae
Order : Violales
Cronquist (1988)
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Dillenidae
Order : Violales
Thorne & Reveal (2007)
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Rosidae
Super Order: Violanae
Order : Violales
Takhtajan (2009)
Phylum : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Dilleniidae
Super Order: Violanae
Order : Violales
Reveal (2012)
Class : Equisetopsida
Subclass : Magnoliidae
Super Order: Rosanae
Order : Violales
APG (2016)
Clade : Angiosperms
Clade : Eudicots
Clade : Core Eudicots
Clade : Superrosids
Clade : Rosids
Clade : Fabids
Order : Malpighiales
Shipunov (2020)
Class : Angiospermae
Subclass : Rosidae
Super Order: Celastranae
Order : Malpighiales
Suborder : Passiflorineae
Genera & Species in Pantnagar
To see larger image please click on the name
~~~Wild Flora~~~
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.)F.Muell.
***Cultivated Flora***
Viola tricolor L.
Vernacular name: Heartsease, Johnny Jump Up, Wild Pansy
Nativity: The species is native to Europe Northwest Iran (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Annual herbs. Branches arising from the base, Leaves ovate- spatulate, toothed to pinnatifid. Flowers solitary axillary.
Flowering period: January to March
Propagation Methods: Propagated by seeds (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ MFC