Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. 384. 1789. nom. cons. 'Spurge Family'
Characteristic Features:
Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs, vines or trees often bearing milky latex
Flowers unisexual
Ovary superior, tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular, bearing one apical axile ovule in each locule
Diversity:
World- 228 genera 6,547 species (The Plant List 2013); 209 genera, 6,252 species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016); 214 genera, 5600 species (Mabberely 2017); 226 genera, 6482 species (CoL 2021)
India - 51 genera 243 species (Balakrishnan et al. 2012); 72 genera, 446 species (BSI, 2021, different circumscription)
Indian Himalaya- 51 genera, 197 species (Singh et al. 2019)
Uttarakhand - 28 genera 58 species (Uniyal et al. 2007)
General Characters:
Euphorbiaceae in POWO 2021 (Plants of the World Online)
Euphorbiaceae in Wikipedia
Systematic Position of the Family in Different Systems of Classifications:
Systematic position in 2-Superkingdom, 7-Kingdom classification of Ruggiero et al. (2015)
Super Kingdom- Eukaryota, Kingdom- Plantae, Subkingdom- Viridiplantae, Infrakingdom- Streptophyta, Superphylum- Embryophyta, Phylum- Tracheophyta, Subphylum- Spermatophytina, Superclass- Angiospermae, Class- Magnoliopsida, Superorder-Rosanae, Order-Malpighiales
Bentham & Hooker (1862-83)
Class : Dicotyledons
Subclass : Monochlamydeae
Series : Unisexuales
Engler & Prantl (1887-1915)
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Embryophyta Siphonogama
Subdivision: Angiospermae
Class : Dicotyledoneae
Subclass : Archichlamydeae
Order : Geraniales
Hutchinson (1973)
Phylum : Angiospermae
Subphylum: Dicotyledones
Division : Lignosae
Order : Euphorbiales
Cronquist (1988)
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Euphorbiales
Thorne & Reveal (2007)
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Rosidae
Super Order: Podostemanae
Order : Euphorbiales
Takhtajan (2009)
Phylum : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Dilleniidae
Super Order: Euphorbianae
Order : Euphorbiales
Reveal (2012)
Class : Equisetopsida
Subclass : Magnoliidae
Super Order: Rosanae
Order : Euphorbiales
APG-IV (2016)
Clade : Angiosperms
Clade : Eudicots
Clade : Core Eudicots
Clade : Superrosids
Clade : Rosids
Clade : Fabids
Order : Malpighiales
Shipunov (2020)
Class : Angiospermae
Subclass : Rosidae
Super Order: Celastranae
Order : Malpighiales
Suborder : Linineae
Genera & Species in Pantnagar
To see larger images please click on the names
~~~Wild Flora~~~
***Cultivated Flora***
Acalypha hispida Burm.f.
Vernacular name: Cat's tail, Chenille plant, Foxtail, Red-hot Cat’s- tail
Nativity:Bismarck Archipelago (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Bushy, dioecious shrubs. Leaves heart shaped, margin toothed. Inflorescence droop in pendent cluster, female flower sessile.
Flowering period: Flowers freely
Propagation Methods: Grown by leaf cuttings and herbaceous stem cuttings (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ Garden Section
Acalypha wilkesiana Mull.Arg.
Vernacular name: Copper Leaf, Jacob's Coat
Nativity:Bismarck Archipelago to Southwest Pacific (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Evergreen branched shrub. Leaves oval to elliptic, long petiolate. Infloresence axillary and unisexual.
Flowering period: July to September
Propagation Methods: Propagate by herbaceous stem cuttings (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ CAg
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss.
Vernacular name: Garden croton
Nativity:Malesia to Southwest Pacific (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Evergreen shrub. Leaves shape variable in shape, size, colour, linear, lanceolate, fiddle shaped, spatulate, ovoid, with yellow and orange patches.
Flowering period: September to October
Propagation Methods: Propagated by cutting, layering and tooling (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ Garden Section
Euphorbia cotinifolia L.
Vernacular name: Caribbean Copper Plant, Mexican Shrubby Spurge, Red Spurge, Tropical smoke bush
Nativity:Mexico to Tropical America (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Shrub or small tree. Leaves purplish- brown, rounded- ovate, long petiole. Infloresence terminal and cyanthia.
Flowering period: November to March
Propagation Methods: Propagated by seeds and cutting (Useful Tropical Plants)
Photographed near Gandhi bhawan
Euphorbia cyathophora Murray.
Vernacular name: Painted-leaf Poinsettia, Summer Poinsettia, Mexican Fire Plant (English); Titli phool (Hindi)
Nativity:Central U.S.A. to North Central Argentina (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Annual herb. Leaves shape pandurate or lanceolate to ovate. Terminal cyanthia inflorescence. Basal bracts looks like leaves and having orange-red pathches on base side and upper bracts comparatively small and entirely orange- red.
Flowering period: April to November
Propagation Methods: Propagated by seeds (Weeds of Australia)
Photographed @ MFC
Euphorbia milii Des Moul.
Vernacular name: Crown-of-thorns, Christ Plant, Christ's thorn
Nativity:Madagascar (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Deciduous perennial shrub with black thorne on stems. Leaves obovate. Flowers are enclosed in paired bracts.
Flowering period: Blooms whole year
Propagation Methods: Propagated by softwood cutting (SFGATE)
Photographed @ Garden Section
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.
Vernacular name: Poinsettia, Christmas flower, Mexican flame leaf
Nativity:Guatemala, Mexico (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Perennialshrubs. Leaves alternate, ovate. Bracts large and entirely red. Cyathia, terminal, in compact cluster.
Flowering period:December to March
Propagation Methods:Propagated by stem cuttings (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ Garden Section
Euphorbia tithymaloides L.
Vernacular name: Devil's backbone, Japanese poinsettia, Redbird cactus, Slipper spurge
Nativity:Florida, Mexico to Tropical South America (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics:Shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite, sessile, acuminate. Flowers red and borne in cluster on terminal end of branches.
Flowering period: Rarely blooms
Propagation Methods: Propagated by stem cutting (SFGATE)
Photographed @ Garden of Admission cell
Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.
Vernacular name: Chinese croton, Variegated Leaf (English); Laila Majnu (Hindi)
Nativity: Southeast China to Malaysia and Taiwan (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Small shrubs. Leaves opposite, shiny, adaxially dark green and abaxially deep red. Cyathia in small axillary clusters.
Flowering period: October to April
Propagation Methods: Propagated by stem cuttings and air layering (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ MFC
Jatropha integerrima Jacq.
Vernacular name: Peregrina
Nativity: Cuba (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Woody shrubs. Leaves dark green, varies in shape pandurate, obovate or ovate, apex acuminate. Flowers in terminal or subterminal corymbose cymes.
Flowering period: March to November
Propagation Methods: Propagated by stem cuttings and seeds (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ CAg
Jatropha podagrica Hook.
Vernacular name: Buddha Belly Plant, Gout Plant, Australian bottle plant
Nativity: Southern Mexico to Nicaragua (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Deciduous shrub. Stem caudex, inflated near soil level. Leaves palmately compound, borne on upper part of caudex. Flowers in cymes.
Flowering period: July to October
Propagation Methods: Propagated by seeds (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed @ Garden Section
Suregada multiflora Baill.
Vernacular name: False Lime, (English); Ban Naranga (Hindi)
Nativity:Eastern India to Chinaand West and Central Malesia (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Small or medium sized tree. Leaves alternate, entire or dentate. Infloresence cyme. Fruit globose and 3 lobed.
Flowering period: February to September
Propagation Methods:Propagated by seeds (Flora and Fauna Web)
Photographed @ CAg