Pedaliaceae
Pedaliaceae R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 519. 1810. nom. cons. 'Pedalium Family'
Salient Features
Members are trees, shrubs and herbs with short stalked trichomes.
Leaves usually opposite, upper in spiral, simple, more or less succulent.
Flowers solitary or in dichasia with extrafloral nectaries in axils of bracts at the base of pedicel.
Flowers with 5 united sepals and 5 united, zygomorphic petals, corolla often bilabiate.
Stamens 4, inserted on corolla tube near base.
Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, bilocular, each locule with 1 to many ovules in axile placentation.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or drupe or nut, often armed with hooks, horns, prickles or wings.
Diversity:
World- 14 genera, 67 species (The Plant List 2013); 13 genera, 75 species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016); 10 genera, 34 species (Mabberley 2017); 12 genera, 79 species (Roskov et al. 2021)
India - 2 genera, 4 species (Karthikeyan 2000); 4 genera, 7 species (BSI, 2021)
Indian Himalaya- 1 genus, 1 species (Singh et al. 2019)
Uttarakhand - 1 genus, 1 species (Uniyal et al. 2007)
General Characters:
Pedaliaceae in Watson & Dallwitz (1992 onwards)
Pedaliaceae in POWO 2021 (Plants of the World Online)
Pedaliaceae in Wikipedia
Systematic Position of Family in Different Systems of Classifications:
Systematic position in 2-Superkingdom, 7-Kingdom classification of Ruggiero et al. (2015)
Super Kingdom- Eukaryota, Kingdom- Plantae, Subkingdom- Viridiplantae, Infrakingdom- Streptophyta, Superphylum- Embryophyta, Phylum- Tracheophyta, Subphylum- Spermatophytina, Superclass- Angiospermae, Class- Magnoliopsida, Superorder- Asteranae, Order- Lamiales
Bentham & Hooker (1862-83)
Class : Dicotyledons
Subclass : Gamopetalae
Series : Bicarpellatae
Orders : Personales
Engler & Prantl (1887-1915)
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Embryophyta Siphonogama
Subdivision : Angiospermae
Class : Dicotyledoneae
Subclass : Metachlamydeae
Order : Tubiflorae
Suborder : Solanineae
Hutchinson (1973)
Phylum : Angiospermae
Subphylum : Dicotyledones
Division : Lignosae
Order : Bignoniales
Cronquist (1988)
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Scrophulariales
Thorne & Reveal (2007)
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Lamiidae
Super Order: Lamianae
Order : Lamiales
Takhtajan (2009)
Phylum : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Lamiidae
Super Order : Lamianae
Order : Lamiales
Reveal (2012)
Class : Equisetopsida
Subclass : Magnoliidae
Super Order : Lamianae
Order : Lamiales
Suborder : Lamiineae
APG-IV (2016)
Clade : Angiosperms
Clade : Eudicots
Clade : Core Eudicots
Clade : Superasterids
Clade : Asterids
Clade : Lamiids
Order : Lamiales
Shipunov (2020)
Class : Angiospermae
Subclass : Asteridae
Super Order : Asteranae
Order : Lamiales
Suborder : Lamiineae
(Merged with Labiatae)
Genera & Species in Pantnagar
To see larger images please click on the names
***Cultivated Flora***
Sesamum indicum L.
Vernacular name: Bene seeds, Beniseed, Benne, Gingelly (English); Til (Hindi)
Nativity: Indian Subcontinent (POWO, 2019)
Common Characteristics: Erect, annual, hairy herbs. Leaves linear, ovate- lanceolate to 3 lobed or 3 partite. Flower pink or white, bell shaped, pendent.
Flowering period: June to October
Propagation Methods: Grown by seeds (Dave’s Garden)
Photographed in crop field along Nagla Road