Mutation: Change in DNA.
Germinal mutation occurs during formation of an egg or sperm.
Somatic mutation occurs when the change occurs after conception.
Chromosomal aberration occurs when the number and physical structure of chromosomes are altered.
Nondisjunction: The embryo has too many or too few chromosomes as a result of failure of chromosome pairs to separate in the dividing cell (meiosis). When this type of error occurs it is called aneuploidy. There are 3 types of aneuploidy:
Monosomy: only one member of a pair of chromosome is present
Trisomy: 3 chromosomes are present instead of 2
Polysomy: a chromosome is represented 4 or more times.
Translocation or inversion: rearrangement of chromosome arms.
Inversion: chromosome region becomes reoriented 180° out of its location. Same genetic material is present but the order of arranged is aberrant. Affect phenotype severely or not.
Deletions: part of chromosome is omitted. Phenotype is altered.
The notation p.Ile35986Thr means that the amino acid Threonine (Thr) replaces Isoleucine (Ile) at position 35,986 of the protein.
In genetic nomenclature:
p. (protein level): Describes changes to amino acids. The first amino acid listed is the original (wild-type), and the second is the new one.
c. (coding DNA level): Describes changes to nucleotides. In your example, c.107957T>C means that Cytosine (C) replaces Thymine (T) at position 107,957 of the DNA sequence.
This is a missense mutation, where a single DNA letter change (T to C) alters the genetic "instruction" enough to swap one protein building block for another.