D-dimer elevation

    • Arterial thromboembolic disease

      • Myocardial infarction

      • Stroke

      • Acute limb ischemia

      • Atrial fibrillation

      • Intracardiac thrombus

    • Venous thromboembolic disease

      • Deep vein thrombosis

      • Pulmonary embolism

    • Disseminated intravascular coagulation

    • Preeclampsia and eclampsia

    • Abnormal fibrinolysis; use of thrombolytic agents

    • Cardiovascular disease, congestive failure

    • Severe infection/sepsis/inflammation

    • Surgery/trauma (eg, tissue ischemia, necrosis)

    • Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

    • Vasoocclusive episode of sickle cell disease

    • Severe liver disease (decreased clearance)

    • Malignancy

    • Renal disease

      • Nephrotic syndrome (eg, renal vein thrombosis)

      • Acute renal failure

      • Chronic renal failure and underlying cardiovascular disease

    • Normal pregnancy

    • Venous malformations