The Classical [ˈklæsɪkəl] Account of Knowledge
"The idea that when one knows he has a true belief, he gets it right, and in addition one has a justification (подтверждение). That is, one can offer good reasons in support of what one believes.
Knowledge is a justified, true belief. The view is often called a tripartite [ˌtraɪˈpɑːtaɪt] (трёхсоставный) analysis [əˈnæləsɪs] of knowledge, because it has three parts to it. It's very simple. Truth, belief, justification. That's all that is required for knowledge.
The Classical Account of Knowledge is been defended right back into antiquity [ænˈtɪkwɪti], there's a version of this position in Plato for example. Until quite recently, it was just the standard view about the nature of knowledge."
Edmund [ˈɛdmənd] Gettier [ˈgetiər]
"The idea that the Classical Account of Knowledge doesn't work came to light in the early 60s on account of a very famous paper "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" by Edmund Gettier. This paper completely demolishes [dɪˈmɒlɪʃɪz] (опровергнуть) the Classical Account of Knowledge."
Gettier cases
"These are cases of justified true belief where you don't have knowledge, and the reason why you don't have knowledge is that it's just a matter of luck that your belief is true in these cases."
Examples of Gettier cases
"The stopped clock case. Think about the agent looking at a stopped clock in order to find out what the time is. We stipulate [ˈstɪpjʊleɪt] (поставить условием) that he happens to look at the clock at the one time of the day when it's showing the right time.
The sheep case. Think about the farmer forming a belief by looking at a sheep shaped object, rather than the sheep. So he forms a belief about where there's a sheep in the field by looking at something which isn't a sheep. We stipulate that he just happen to be looking at a sheep shaped object which has a genuine sheep hidden [ˈhɪdn] from view (скрытый от глаз) behind. "
Problem
"Gettier problem isn't amenable [əˈmiːnəbl] (поддающийся) to an obvious solution. So if knowledge is not a justified true belief, well then, what is knowledge?"
SOURCES
'Introduction to Philosophy' course (the University of Edinburgh)
https://www.coursera.org/learn/philosophy